Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

Cibrarij
llniorrailg of Jlittaburgl)

Darliugton ^leinorlal Library

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Siuil; T^C-t

TRANSACTIONS

or THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,

HELD AT PHILADELPHIA,

FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

VOL. IV.—NEW SERIES.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

PRINTED BY JAMES KAY, JUN. & CO., PRINTERS TO THE SOCIETY.

RACE ABOVE FOURTH STREET.

1834.

,'-')

^&^

EXTRACT

FROM THE

LAWS OF THE SOCIETY RELATING TO THE TRANSACTIONS.

. 1. The Transactions shall be published in numbers, at short intervals, under the direction
of the Committee of Publication.

2. Every communication to the Society, which may be considered as intended for a place
in the Transactions, shall immediately be referred to a committee to consider and report
thereon.

3. If the committee shall report in favour of publishing the communication, they shall
make such corrections therein, as they may judge necessary to fit it for the press ; or if they
shall judge the publication of an abstract or extracts from the paper to be most eligible, the}-
shall accompany their report with such abstract or extracts. But if the author do not ap-
prove of the corrections, abstract, or extracts, reported by the committee, he shall be at
liberty to withdraw his paper.

4. The order in which papers are read before the Society shall determine their places in
the Transactions, priority of date giving priority of location.

COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION.

Franklin Bache, M.D.

Isaac Lea.

R. Eglesfeld Griffith, M.D.

n

^

i'

OFFICERS

OF THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1834.

Patron,
President,

Vice-Presidents,

Secretaries,

Counsellors elected for ihree j^ears.
In 1832,

In 1833,

In 1834,

Curators,

Treasurer and Librarian,

Vol, IV.— 6

His Excellency, the Governor of Pennsylvania.

Peter S. Du Ponceau.

Nathaniel Chapman,
Joseph Ilopkinson,
Oeorge Ord.

rpranklin Baehe,
J John K. Kane,
I Alexander D. Uache,
Lcharles D. Meigs.

f William Hembel, Jan.,
J William Rawle,
) Robert Hare,
l__Charles D. Meigs.

f William Short,
J Samuel Moore,
■^ Clement C. Biddle,

(^William II. Keating.

fNicholas Riddle,
J William II. Dc Lanoey,
*] Thomas Biddle,

(^James Mease.

{

John P. Wetherill.
Robert E. Griffith,
Isaac Lea.

John Vaughan.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,

Elected since the publication of the Third Volume, New Series, of their Transactions.

Charles J. Ingersoll, of Philadelphia. "1

Jacob Perkins, of Philadelphia. ^ Omitted in former volumes.

Judge Tait, of Alabama. J

Thomas I. Wharton, of Philadelphia.

Lorenzo Martini, of Turin.

Andres del Rio, Professor of Mineralogy at Mexico.

Marc Antoine JuUien, of Paris.

Prosper Count Balbo, of Turin.

Hyacinth Carena, of Turin.

Louis Philippe, King of the French.

Thomas P. Jones, M.D., of Washington City.

Henry Vethake, Professor of Natural Philosophy, Princeton, New Jersey.

Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey.

Edward Everett, of Massachusetts.

Jjouis iM'Lane, of Delaware.

William C. Rives, of Virginia.

Alexander Everett, of Massachusetts.

Martin Fernandez Navarrete, of Madrid.

Francisco Antonio Gonzales, of Madrid.

Jolm James Audubon, of Louisiana.

Hartman Bache, Major of Topographical Engineers, of Philadelphia.

Baron Larrey, of Paris.

Julius T. Ducatel, M.D., University of Maryland, Baltimore.

Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia.

Jolm P. Hopkinson, M.D., of Philadelpliia.

John Bell, M.D., of Philadelphia.

Robley Dunglison, M.D., University of Maryland, Baltimore.

Stein Bille, Charge d'Aflaires of his Danish Majesty.

Viii LIST OF MEMBERS.

Tlioiiias Sergeant, of Philadelphia.

Theodore Loriii, of Paris.

Jiiitrh L. Ilodgo, M.D., of Philadelphia.

.1. .T. Abort, Colonel of Topographical Engineers, of Washington City.

Juan Jose INIarlinez, of Spain.

The Duke of Sussex.

E. S. Bring, Professor of the University of Lund in Sweden.

Professor Bujalsky, of St Petersburg.

iMarmaduke Burrough, M.I)., of Philadelphia.

jSIattliias W. Baldwin, of Philadelphia.

Edwin James, M.D., of Albany.

iMoncurc Hohinson, of Virginia.

M. J. Labouderie, of Paris.

Charles Nagy, of Pest in Hungary.

Jacob Randolph, M.D., of Philadelphia.

Joshua Fr.inci.? Fisher, of Philadelphia.

Gouverneur Emerson, M.D., of Philadelphia.

Henry C. Carey, of Philadelphia.

Henry R. Schoolcraft.

Viscount Santai'cm, of Portugal.

Titian R. Peak-, of Philadelphia.

Franklin Peale, of Philadelphia.

Samuel V. Merrick, of Philadelpliia.

Henry J. AVilliams, of Philadelphia.

OBITUARY NOTICE.

Since the publication of our last volume, death has deprived us of
many valuable members. Among them we particularly notice the
venerable Isaiah Thomas, the late president of the Antiquarian So-
ciety of Massachusetts, and the constant friend and benefactor of our
institution ; the Rev. Nicholas Collin, the last of the missionaries sent
by the government of Sweden to preside over the Swedish congrega-
tions in this country ; Zaccheus Collins, one of our vice-presidents ;
the Rev. Mr Schweinitz, of Bethlehem ; Mr William Shaler ; Mr
Reuben Haines ; Captain William Jones ; Mr Edward Burd ; the
Rev. Charles J. Wharton, of Burlington, New Jersey ; and the Rev.
Joseph Hutchins, one of the original members of our Society, of whom
only two at present survive.*

Among our foreign associates, we have lost, in Denmark, Professor
Rask ; in France, Vauquelin, Abel Remusat, Latreille ; and, while
writing this notice, we receive the melancholy news of the death of our
learned associate, Charles Pougens, who closed his long and laborious
life on the 19th of December last.

• The Right Rev. Bishop White, and Thomas Bradford, Esq.

Vol. IV.— c !

'^Ilt-

CONTENTS.

Laws of the Society relating to the Transactions. ----- iii

Officers of the Society for the Year 1834. ------ v

List of the Members of the Society elected since the Publication of the Tliird Volume,

New Series. --------- vii

Obituary Notice. - .:-:;,,-■-. - - - - - is

ARTICLE L

Grammatical Sketch and Specimens of the Berber Language : preceded by four

Letters on Berber Etymologies, addressed to the President of the Society. By

William B. Hodgson, Esq. _ - . - . ^ -

1

ARTICLE II.
Description of a new Species of Sarracenia. By Thomas Nuttall. - - - 49

ARTICLE III.

Description of a Species of Orang, from the north-eastern Province of British East

India, lately the Kingdom of Assam. By Richard Harlan, M.D., &c. - - 52

ARTICLE IV.

Silver Ores reduced by the Method of Becquerel. By Andres del Rio. - - 60

Xll CONTENTS.

ARTICLE V.

Observations on the Naiades, and Descriptions of new Species of that and other Fa-
milies. By Isaac Lea. -.------ 63

ARTICLE VI.
Description of a new Genus of the Family Melaniana of Lamarck. By Isaac Lea. 122

ARTICLE VII.

Report of a Committee of the American Philosophical Society on Astronomical Ob-
servations ; containing Observations made in different Parts of the United States,
on the Solar Eclipse of February 12lh, 1831. ..... 125

ARTICLE VIII.

Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media degentium. Secundum Observationes

Ludovici DaviJis de Scliweinitz. ...... 141

ARTICLE IX.

Descriptions of the Inferior Maxillary Bones of Mastodons in the Cabinet of the
American Philosophical Society, with Remarks on the Genus Tetracanlodon
(Godman), &c. By Isaac Hays, M.D. ..... 317

ARTICLE X.

On Irradiation. By Benjamin F. Joslin, M.D., Professor of Mathematics and Natural

Philosophy in Union College, Schenectady, New York. ... 340

ARTICLE XL

Names which the Lcnni Lenapc, or Delaw.ire Indians, who once inhabited this
Country, had given to Rivers, Streams, Places, &c. &c., within the now Slates of

CONTENTS. Xlll

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia : and also Names of Chieftains
and distinguished Men of that Nation ; with the Significations of those Names,
and Biographical Sketches of some of those Men. By the late Rev. John Hecke-
welder, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. - - - - - - 351

ARTICLE XII.

Notice of Fossil Bones found in the Tertiary Formation of the State of Louisiana.

By Richard Harlan, M.D., &c. - - - - - - - 397

ARTICLE Xm.

Notice of the Discovery of the Remains of the Ichthyosaurus in Missouri, N. A.

By Richard Harlan, M.D., &c. - - - - - - - 405

ARTICLE XIV.

Descriptions of new North American Insects, and Observations on some already de-
scribed. By Thomas Say. ....... 409

Donations to the Library. ........ 471

Donations to the Cabinet. ........ 491

Index to the First, Second, Third and Fourth Volumes, New Series. - - 495

Vol. IV.—d

'tl.:4ll!-:ii >.'(..

ERRATA.

Page 74, line 5, for divided read undivided

Page 75, line II, for Ohio read Tennessee

Page 324, line 22, for (Plate XXVI. c) read (Plate XXVI. b)

Page 336, line 20, for whose read of whose

TRANSACTIONS

THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. -

■ S t *

VOL. IV.— NEW SERIES.

■...• S-- ,; .;. - , . ..-•> ..■•J-.' ,;■■•_- > ivT,

■■'., : ;•. ':-■, NO.' L^' •■- •^/:/'

■f'

Grammatical Sketch and Specimens of the Berber Language : preceded

by four Letters on Berber Etymologies, addressed to the President

■ of the Society by William B. Hodgson, Esq. Read October 2d,

;:* •'■'.•':■:•■>■■■•;"■■.■•■■■ ^'.'. LETTER I. ' .. . ■^"-'' '^Jv v' ' •■-: ■■- ■•
..■•■; ■ ;. • . •,." . . --. Algiers, 18 May 1828. ' ";

Dear Sir,

IN compliance with your desire, I have the pleasure to send
you a grammatical sketch of the Berber language, as spoken by the
Kabyles of this regency ; or rather, I ought to say, a series of specimehs
of its grammatical forms and of its syntax. I hope to be able to pre-
sent you with a grammar in the proper sense of the word; but
that is not the work of a day, and it will require time and labour to
accomplish it. All the moments that I can spare from my official
duties and the study of the Oriental languages are employed in ac-
quiring a competent knowledge of that curious idiom, which, from
the phenomena it exhibits, may in many respects be compared to those

Vol. IV A . , .

. ■:'- • ■ .•',,• f ......-•■.•■■.

2 . - ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

of our American Indians ; at least, it appears to me that it possesses
many of their polysynthetic forms, as you have denominated them ;
it will be at least a curious discovery, if it can be shown that the
Berber appertains to that class of languages which was thought to be
exclusively confined to our American continent ; at any rate it is
important to fix its proper place in the glossographic scale, and to
ascertain the family to which it belongs. The more I investigate
the subject, the more I am satisfied that the idiom of the Berbers
is not the remains of the ancient Punic; but that it is the same
language which was spoken by the inhabitants of the northern
coast of Africa, at the time of the foundation of Carthage ; much
corrupted, however, by the introduction of Arabic, and perhaps.
in this district at least, of Punic words and forms. The former,
indeed, are so visible, that it is easy to perceive that they do not
belong to the original language, from the peculiar structure of
which they essentially differ. The latter, if any there be,' it is not
so easy to observe, as there are no remains of the Punic language
sufficient to assist us in the inquiry. We may, perhaps, discover
hereafter, some traces of it, by comparing the Berber of what was
called Africa Proper, with the dialects of those parts where Cartha-
ginian colonization did not extend. If the Punic idiom was ever in-
corporated to any extent with the language of the Numidians in
the vicinity of Carthage, or in the countries under her dominion, it
must have produced a marked difference between their dialects and
those of the more distant tribes, which cannot escape the inquisitive
eye of philologists. • .._ :■ .■,..■

My knowledge of the Berber language is, as you will readily per-
ceive, very limited. But I have an intelligent Taleb. a native Ka-
bylc, who is well skilled in that idiom, and in the literal and vulgar
Arabic. Hamet, as he is called, is a young man, twenty-one years of
age, belonging to the Emazzean tribe, vulgarly called Betii Boojciah.
and to the village of Thcgedowem. He studied the Koran and Sidi
Khalil for six years, at the Medcrcs or Theological School of B()(»jciah.
near which he resides. After having completed his course of divin-
ity, he came to Algiers, where he was made known to me by a Ka-
byle, in the employment of this consulate. On the suggestion of Mr

. ON THE BEUBER LANGUAGE. - 3

Shaler, I engaged his services, and he now resides in the Consular
house, at Mr Shaler's expense : such is the devotion of this excellent
man to the cause of science, and to every thing that may be honoura-
ble or useful to our comi try. ..• '.^v .•• ■ '-••...•.
■ • Through the medium of the Arabic language, my young Marabout
instructs me in his native tongue ; and the enclosed sketches are the
first fruits of the instruction I have received from him. He has
translated for me into Arabic several Berber tales ; one of M'hich I
have selected, and send you, as well as a piece of Berber poetry, wij;h
literal translations, which I have been able to make into English by
means of the explanations of my Taleb. I could not have done it
without his aid. His mind is equal to the analytical labour which
-it required.

" '. But I have found him particularly useful in my investigation of
the origin of the Berber language. The plan which I pursued was
to ascertain whether the proper names of persons and places which
abound in the books of ancient history and geography, some. of the
latter of which have been preserved to this day, were in any way
connected Avith the Berber idiom. If I should not only find that they
bore some analogy to it, but that they had such significations as
might naturally be supposed to be connected with proper names, a
strong argument would be obtained in favour of the antiquity of this
language and of its being aboriginal to the country. If those signifi-
cant names extended east and west from one end of the African con-
tinent to the other, and from its northern coast south even to the
Desart of Saara, where no Phenician colony can be supposed to have
existed, it would be clear, independently of the inferences that may
be drawn from the different structure of the two languages, that our
Berber could not be the Punic, as Marsden and others have supposed ;
biit was the language of the Autochthones, of the ancient inhabitants
of- the country, which the Phenicians who founded Carthage and
their descendants were obliged to learn and to speak in common with
their own, and which procured them the appellation of Th/rii hilingues.
Full of this idea, Mr Shaler and I immediately set to work, by
turning over the leaves of Herodotus, Pliny, Strabo, Pomponius Mela,
and other Greek and Roman writers; and having collected a conside-

■f .

4 • '. .- • ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. .. ". ...

rable list of geographical names, we hastened to present them to our
Taleb, and were not a little delighted to find, that he recognised in
many of them words of his own language, bearing such significations
as might naturally be supposed to have been affixed to towns, rivers,
mountains, &c. and that this was particularly the case with those
names which still continue to be in use from the remotest antiquity,
and which have at this day the same meaning which they probably
had in ancient times. So far as we have gone, our success has ex-
ceeded our most sanguine expectations ; so much so, that although our
labours are by no means at an end, I cannot refrain from giving you
some specimens of our progress. I regret exceedingly that Mr Sha-
ler's departure deprives me of his powerful assistance; I feel, never-
theless sufficient courage to proceed in this interesting investigation,
and hope to obtain still more convincing proofs of the fact that the
Berber language is no other than the ancient Libyan, or Numidian,.as
you may please to call it.

Permit me then to lay before you some of those curious etymolo-'
gies. They are too striking and too numerous to be the work of
chance ; and if the proper names which ancient historians and geogra-
phers have preserved should be found to be, as I have no doubt they
are, of Berber origin, it cannot but throw some light on the history of
Northern Africa and of mankind.

I begin with the word Jltlas, the name which has been given
from the highest antiquity to that chain of mountains which extends
from the western coast of Africa to the confines of Egypt. As this
name has come down to us through the Greeks, and is closely con-
nected with the ancient mythology of that people, it seems natural
to suppose that it is of Grecian origin ; but I am rather inclined to
believe that it is derived from the language of the people who inhabit
those mountains, from whom most probably the Greeks received it,
and, according to their well known custom, softened the harshness
of its sounds to give it that euphony which their delicate ears indis-
pensably required.

I cannot find that the Berbers of this day have any discriminating
name for the chain of Mount Atlas. They call it Adhraer^, the moun-

/^ In this word dh has tlic sound of ^ in modern Greek, or of the English th in then, that.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. O

tain, and in the plural Eilhrarin. This word is written variously
by the different authors who have treated of the Berber language.
Hornemann writes it Idrarn, Ali-Bey Mrer, Dr Shaw Jlthrair ; Mr
Shaler's vocabulary has the spelling of two persons, one of whom
writes Mrar, and the other ^derer. This shows how differently the
auditory organs can be affected by the sounds of a language greatly
differing from our own. Then why could not the Greeks in those
remote times have transformed Mrar or Adhraer into Jitlas ? Etymo-
logists well know how easily d or dh is changed into / ; and the
liquid sound of r into / and s. I think it unnecessary to cite any
examples to you, who are, no doubt, familiar with these transmuta-
tions or organic sounds. It might be said, perhaps, that when the
Greeks invented the fable of the giant of these mountains, who sup-
ported the world upon his shoulders, they changed Mrar into ,^tlas
by analogy to the words of their own language ii^'icc and iex.Ti,;, expres-
sive of his mighty struggles to bear the weight imposed upon him : but
we must be on our guard against fanciful conjectures.

There can be no doubt but that this word Jldrar or Adhraer is
very ancient. Dr Shaw, in his valuable work on Barbary and the
Levant, observes that it has been remarked by the ancient geogra-
phers, that the Atlas chain of mountains was called in their times
Dyris or Dyrim, and Jldderis or Adderim ; and upon that he proceeds
gravely to discuss a Hebrew etymology of these words which he found
in Bochart, and an Arabic one of his own. But we have at last
shaken off the yoke of that pedantic prejudice which formerly traced
all etymologies to the Hebrew and the Semitic languages. We do
not think that the christian religion will be less followed, or the
Mosaic account of the creation less believed, because we cannot find
a Hebrew origin for all the idioms of the earth.

These names, which are found in Strabo among the Greeks, and in
Pliny, Solinus and Marianus Capella among the Latin writers, appear
to me to be nothing else than the Berber words Athraer, Edhrarin,
which, as I have said before, mean a mountain or mountains, diffe-
rently corrupted from what they had been before when they were
changed to Atlas/ Adrar, Athraer, Bdhrarin, Adderis nr Adder im,
are evidently the same word, with such variations as may naturally
Vol. IV.— B .

6 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

be expected, when proper names pass from one language into another.
There is surely not more, nor perhaps so much difference between
them, as between Antwerpen and Amheres*, Mechlin and Malines,
Lugdunum and Lyons, 'oivactit and Ulysses. Kagx'"^"'' and Carthage.
And if the Romans or the Greeks changed Adrar and Edhrarin into
Mderis, or in the accusative Adilerim; why from Mderis might
they not have made Adras, Atras or Atlas ? The weight of proba-
bility, at least, appears to be in favour of this supposition. If it should
be found correct, we may say of Mount Atlas, in the language of
Virgil ;

iEternumque tenet per sEBCula nomen. .,

I should not, however, have advanced this conjecture, if it had not
been supported by many more palpable etymologies of the proper
names of ancient Numidia. I request your patience while J proceed
to lay some of them before you.

The next that I shall adduce is the still existing name of Thala, a
town celebrated in the history of the Numidian wars for its protracted
siege, sustained against the army of Metellus, and for the sublime devo-
tion of its citizens, who preferred committing themselves to the flames,
rather than to the hands of their conquerors. See Sallust, Bell. Jugurth.
50 — 52. Thala is the parallel of Numantia, and the ancient Numi-
dians probably rivalled the Iberians in warlike virtues and the love of
independence. Tacitus, Annal. III. c. 21, mentions another town of
the same name.

There are in this name no discrepancies of orthography to re-
concile between the ancient and modern spelling. The Romans
wrote it Thala, and precisely thus do the Kabyles pronounce it at
this day. In their language it means a covered fountain, in contra-
distinction to an open spring, which is called Aenser. There is at this
moment in the mountains of Boojeiah, a village of Kabyles, called
Thala Edhrarin, that is to say Thala of the mountains, from the
number or^peculiar character of its fountains : the ancient Thala may
have been so called for the same reason ; and with this idea the follow-
ing passage of Sallust presents a remarkable coincidence. "Apud

* The SpanisI) name for Antwerp. - ■ ■ . •• i '. '

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 7

Thalam, baud long a moenibus, aliquot fontes erant :" this is the ad-
vantage which, he says, Thala possessed over the town of Capsa, where
there was but one spring of water, una modo jugi aqua.

The custom of the Kabyles relative to these covered fountains is
curious and interesting. A house is constructed over them, for their
defence from the rays of the sun, from rain, and the pollution of
animals. No man is allowed to enter these sacred precincts ; women
alone, who have ever been the " drawers of water" among uncultiva-
ted people, can tread the hallowed spot : if a man violate the sanc-
tuary, punishment is inflicted, and an ox is sacrificed as a piaculum
to the genius of the fountain. The practice of sacrificing goats, cocks,
&c. to Jin or Genii is still observed by the Arabs and Moors. The
ox is dissected by the Amehran or chief of the Kabyle thedderth or
village, and by him distributed to the people, who attend in numbers
on these occasions.

lUi se pr£Eda3 accingunt, dapibusque futuris.

Thus what may be indifferent to an aerial being, becomes accepta-
ble to grosser humanity. , :■.■:%

Ampsaga is the name of a river well known to geographers. Plin.
1. 5, c. 2. Mela, 1. 1, c. 7. It is now called by the Arabs Wed
El-Kibeer, or the Great river, the same name which the Spaniards
have corrupted into Gaudalquivir ; but it continues to bear its ancient
appellation among the Berbers.

On this river, Dr Shaw makes the following remark. " The Wed
El-Kibeer or Great river, the Ampsaga of the ancients, falls into the
sea, ten leagues to the east of Jijel. On one branch of the stream
now called the Rummel, stands Constantino, the capital of the eastern
province of Algiers, and which, as the ancient Cirta, was the metropo-
lis of Numidia." Then the Doctor again quotes Bochart for a He-
brew etymology of this name. He might as well have sought in that
language for the origin of the name of our river Mississippi. To me,
the name Ampsaga appears to be derived from the Berber word
Sagar which signifies ivood, coupled with the particle am, like ; so
that Am-Sagar means the river-like wood or the woody river, a very

S ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

natural name to be given to a stream* ; and the description of the
Ampsaga by my Kabyle Taleb establishes at once its reason and
propriety. Its banks, he informs, abound in pine, of which there is
a considerable exportation. The cones of the tree are esteemed a
salutary and pleasant fruit, and it is on the Ampsaga that the best
is said to grow. He was shown the varieties of the pine-tree in Mi-
chaux, and identified that of the Ampsaga with the j^inus longifolia.
The generic name in Arabic is Senuhar, and in Berber Jizumbey.
To prove that the ancient Ampsaga is still so called by the Kabyles,
the following fact furnishes a conclusive argument : on one occasion I
propounded some names of antiquity to my Taleb, to ascertain if they
bore any meaning in his language. Among others, I mentioned
Ampsaga, a river in the w^est, inadvertently confounding it with the
Muluchah. He immediately replied that the Ampsaga was a river
to the east of Bujeiah. In those mountains he resides. The manner
in which this information was obtained leaves no doubt of its truth
and correctness. Since the days of Pliny, therefore, the Ampsaga has
preserved its name among the people who live in its vicinity.

To the etymology or signification of this name, as given by my
Taleb, I can see no objection that can fairly be made. It may be
said, perhaps, that because the banks of a river are covered with wood,
it does not follow that the river itself is like wood, and that it is not
probable that it would have been so denominated. This, undoubtedly,
is not according to the modern idiom -of our language ; but it is not by
this rule that we are to judge of that of the Berbers. And if we
were even to do so, we should recollect that our adjective and adver-
bial termination ly (in the northern languages Uch, lyk, lig,) is derived
from like, and that it is used in many cases where it does not directly in-
volve the idea of similitude. When we say manly, loomanly. lovely, we
mean like man, like woman, like love, and that is the true construction
of this grammatical form ; but when we say greatly, unfortunately,
steadily, the idea of like disappears, although it may have been an-
nexed to those words when they were first used. It is thus that
forms of expression in a series of ages come to vary from their original

* The Arabs call a stream near Spaitla Wed El Hataab, i. e. River of Wood. Shaw.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 9

meaning, and although they are retained they convey a different sense
from that which their etymology would point out.

These compounds of am are very common in the Berber language
in words implying some qualification. A person who has fine eyes
is said to be amtheit. Now theit signifies eyes, and thus compounded
with «m, it might be translated by the barbarous English word eyey,
as the French say of a person having a big belly, that he is ventru ;
and yet this word is compounded of «m, which signifies liJic^ and if it
were to receive an etymological interpretation, it might be said to
mean like an eye.

Thus the Berber prefix am has experienced the fate of our suf-
fix ly, and whoever has reflected on the peculiarities of languages,
will easily understand how this has happened, and will know that
what appears to us strange and uncouth in the idiom of another
nation, will sometimes, gn a critical examination, be found to exist in
our own.

Tunes or Tunetum, modern Tunis. The word T7mncs, according
to the paraphrase of my Taleb, means a foreigner in jjeace and safety.
If we suppose Tunes to have been posterior to, or coeval with Car-
thage, then the erection of such a town in its vicinity might have
been by convention between the Suffetes of that city and the Numi-
dian princes. Or might not that name have been given to it in
remembrance of the asylum granted to the fugitive Tyrians? The
philosophic eye of Mr Shaler discovers many reasons in the relation
of Carthage to the surrounding nations, why a free port for strangers
might have been established in its neighbourhood. If the chronology
of Herodotus be admitted, a post securing protection or perhaps
franchises to the Greek and Phenician traders, was a certain means of
attracting commerce. At any rate, this etymology of the name of
Tunis has in it nothing improbable, and I should think, must be
adopted, until a better one shall be discovered.

Sitifi or Sitiphis is another name also well known to the ancient
geographers and historians ; Ptolemy calls it Sitipha Colonia. In the
middle ages it was the capital of a district or province called Mauri-
tania Sitifense, and was at an early period the metropolis of that portion
of the Caesarian Mauritania. In Mayo's Tabula Romani Imperii, it
Vol. IV.— C

10 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

is marked at less than one degree south of Salde, the modern Boojeiah.
The word Esfeef, in Berber, signifies a white earth, chalk or clay.
My Taleb informs me that this earth is brought from the vicinity of
an ancient town of the Romans, and sold to the Tulba (Talebs) of
Boojeiah, for the purpose of whitening the slates, or Looha, on which
they wyite their lessons from the Koran. He has always understood
that this decayed city was called Esteef: Dr Shaw says it is now called
Seteef. That this place should have been so named from the peculiar
nature of the soil where it stood, is not improbable; such denomina-
tions are common in our own country. The productions of the soil
are likewise sometimes named after the places w^here they are found ;
thus Creta, chalk, was so called from the island of Crete, now Candia.
Angela, Jlugila, Jlugilse (Herod. Tlin.). Tliis name, as ancient as
the times of Herodotus, is still given at this day to an Oasis situate in
the desert of Barca, in the dominions of Tripoli. Herodotus informs
us that it abounded in dates, and so probably it does at present. There
can be no doubt that this name, which was continued during so many
ages, is of Berber derivation. In that language agela means ivealth,
riches, possessiotis, and a more appropriate name could not be given to a
fertile tract of country situate in the midst of a sandy wilderness. It
is analogous to the European names Richland, Richmond, Richelieu.
It cannot be supposed to be of Punic origin ; Carthage never carried
her conquests to those desolate regions, and at the time when Herodo-
tus wrote, about three hundred years after the foundation of that city,
her language could not have extended to the deserts of Libya.

Tipusa (Ptol.), Thapsus (Plin.), Capsa (Sail.) Capse (Notit. Episc.
Eccl. Afr.), Capsx (^thic.)*. My Taleb is of opinion that these dif-
ferent names are derived from the Berber word Thefza, sandy,
gravelly, meaning a sandy or gravelly soilf. The two first derivations
appear to me probable enough ; but there might be some difficulty as
to Capsa, Capse, Capsae, where the letter C takes the place of T, with

which other names begin. Yet, such changes are not uncommon in

-If. ■ , ^ . _ ~

* Leo Africanus speaks of a town called Caphsa, BileHulgerid, the walls of which had
been razed to the i,'round, but the castle of wiiich, in his day, was still standing. He says it
was built by tlie Romans. ' ■■

t M. Venture, in his Vocabulary, gives Thefza as the Berber word for sand.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. I 1

the derivation of words. The town of Capsa, according to Sallust,
was deficient in water, having but one single spring from which it
could be supplied. Therefore it might have taken its name from the
dryness of its soil. But that is of little importance, as the objection
does not apply to the two first mentioned towns. There is at present,
in the empire of Morocco, a town called Thefza, which you will find
in Major Rennell's map, to which this derivation cannot be denied*.
I do not find it mentioned in any of the ancient geographers. It may,
nevertheless, be considered of great antiquity.

Ger is mentioned by Pliny, (1. 5, c. 1,) as the name of a river in
Mauritania Caesariensis. Ger or Gher^ in the Berber language, signi-
fies hefwcen. and is a very probable etymology of the name of this
river. There is a town in the empire of Morocco, which at this day-
is called Gher. It lies to the south east of Fez, between two ridges
of Mount Atlas. There is also Cape Gher on the western coast,
between Mogador and Santa Cruz. . '

The name of the river Tamila (Mela, c. 5 ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 2) may
be derived from Themtida, a pond, or Thabuda, a kind of grass growing
by the side of rivers.

Muthul (Sail.), from Jlmeuthul^ like a hare, or hare river.

Jlsana (Plin.), from jKsson, reeds.

Bagrada (Plin. 1. 8, c. 14), from Bagurda, a mouse, iWbwse river.
It is now called Mejerda. . •

The following are names of towns :

Tisidium (Sail.), Thisitha, cows, the cow pens.

Thena or Thense (Plin. Strabo, Ptol. &c.) appears evidently derived
from the Berber word Tene, dates : it is well known that this fruit
abounds in North Africa. .:. ' - >

Thelga, (the Methelga of Pliny) from Thelga, straw.

Siga (Plin. 1. 5, c. 11), perhaps from Sikka, a plough share.

From the names which were known to the ancient geographers I

_. *-Leo Africanus says, that this town was built by the Africans, on the side of Mount Atlas
and that its walls are made of most excellent marble, which, in the language of the country is
called Thefza, from which the town took its name,
t With the formation atn.

12 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

pass on to those which exist at present, but the antiquity of which is
not well established. I take them in different parts of North Africa,
from the Atlantic to the confines of Nubia, and from the Mediterra-
nean to the Desert of Saara, inclusively.

In the empire of Morocco, we find a town called Tenes, at a short
distance south west from the capital. This word in the Berber lan-
guage means worshij), adoration.

Tetuan, a well known sea port of the kingdom of Fez, is derived
from Tetoivaii*, which in Berber means eyes. Every where in the
East, places are so called from eyes, or fountains of water (ain).

Tamara, on the coast, south of Cape Ger, appears derived from The-
mara, a mark, e. g. for shooting.

Tafilet, Thafilelet. Afilelee, in Berber, means red morocco leather.
The place of its manufacture is called Thafilelet.

Azamor, on the Atlantic coast. This word means olive trees. ■
Tagarost, south east of Santa Cruz. Thagarorth, a fig tree.
Tregeget, in the mountains south east of Cape Blanco. This word
means to quake or tremble. .

Togda, on Tafilet river. Thogada, there is here. ' . '

In the country of the Mozabees (Ancient Ggetulia) we find:
Berigan (Ebrigan), black. , - .

Tsebiil (Thebiil), standing. . /, -' - : . 'c •

Wergela (Oorgelara), don't fly. • ; ■ . . - .

Engousa. (Egoitsah), grapevines.

Gar deia (Ghar-daiee), come hither. ' . ;.■>:•'

Tegorarin(Thegoriirin^, fig trees. ' -v

In Saara and the country of the Tuaricks, on the route from Tata in
Morocco to Tombuctoo, are the following towns, the names of which
are all significant in the Berber language.

Taudeny, snsTpicious. - ' . •

77scAe/, a spider. • • . , -. v ■.:•.

Jiroan, satiated with food.
Twat (Mwat), a bird of the bittern kind.

* M. Venture writes it thittaouin. ■ ... ■ .'.■

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 13

■ jE7zat«m, a guard stationed, collector of tribute.
On the route from Gadames and Mourtzoiik to Tombuctoo.

- Telliaguess, shade of day, or three days journey.

Tuggurt, Tegart, cultivated ground. These words are probably
corrupted from Thegerth, a garden.
. From Mourtzouk to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon, and to Bornou.

Temissa from Themis, fire, or Themissa, a species of grass.

Yzaghan {Isnagan), they fight.

Thegerhy {Thegarth), cultivated ground or garden.

On the coast of Barbary.

Seibouse, a species of small bird. This is the name of a river be-
tween Tunis and Constantine.

Zaine, another river, the ancient Tusca. Zaine, oak.

- Tuckust, a mountain near Bona. This word means perpetual snow.
Tamendfust, the eastern cape of the bay of Algiers. Thamete/us,

the right hand.

Tivunt, name of a river. This word means portion or division, and
is here particularly appropriate, for this river separates the dominions
of Algiers from those of Morocco.

Baryth (some write it Baruth^ is the name of a cape west of Algiers,
believed to be the Promotitorium Jlpollinis of Pliny, 1. 5, c. 2. The
commentators have exhausted their ingenuity to derive this name from
some word in the Hebrew or some other oriental language, signifying
the sun, day light, or something analogous to the attributes of Apollo,
forgetting that when the Romans gave names to towns or places in con-
quered countries, they did not translate those which the barbarians had
before given them, any more than we translate in America the Indian
names of towns, mountains or rivers. Thus New York is not a trans-
lation of the Indian name Manhattan, nor Philadelphia of Coaquan-
nock. We sometimes preserve Indian denominations, but never trans-
late them. It is the same with French names. We have corrupted
L'Anse a la Graisse, into Lancelot Grease, but did not translate it into
Greasy Bend or Greasy Cove.

Baryth is, in all probability, the name which the native Africans
gave to the cape which the Romans called the Promontory of Apollo.
This word, as I am informed by my Taleb, means in the Berber lan-
VoL. IV.— D

14 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

guage, reconciliation after a victory. It is therefore very natural to
suppose, that cape Baryth was so named in ancient times, from a treaty
of peace concluded on that spot, between some of the tribes or nations
which in those days inhabited the country.

I have not been so successful in discovering the Berber etymologies
of proper names of persons, as I have with respect to those of places.
Whether it is that they have been disfigured by the Grecian and Roman
writers, I cannot tell : certain it is that I have not yet been able to
satisfy myself, except as to the name of Jugurtha, which, it appears to
me, may be easily recognized in the Berber word Jugurth, which sig-
nifies a croiv or raven. This name reminds me of those of our Indian
chiefs, the bear, the wolf, the tortoise, &c. and is good enough for a
barbarian king. Corvus, Corvimis were not uncommon names even
among the civilized Romans. But of the names Juba, Syphax, Masi-
nissa, even with the aid of my Taleb, I own I cannot make any thing.
Still I do not mean to give up the pursuit. When I shall have acquired
a competent knowledge of the Berber idiom, I may possibly discover
what hitherto has eluded my research.

I am, &c.

WILLIAM B. HODGSON.

Peter S. Duponceau, Esq.

■ ^ '■ ■■'"" '. ' :' ' ' ' ': '' '^"' '■ " ' ;

■• ■ .■■■'•

LETTER IL • - '

. • ' •' Algiers, Sept. I, 1828.

Dear Sir, ■ " '

Since I had the pleasure of writing to you on the 1 8th of May
last, inclosing a sketch of the grammar, with various specimens of
the Berber language, and at the same time communicating the result
of my etymological researches, I have addressed to you several let-
ters, some of which, at least, I presume, have reached you. I informed
you in them of my slow progress in the investigations which I have
undertaken on your flattering invitation ; being desirous of convincing
you of my disposition to comply with your wishes, and at the same

ON THE BERBER I.ANGUAGE. 15

time yielding to a growing inclination to pursue a subject which is
daily becoming more and more interesting to me. Philology is, in-
deed, an admirable science, and will amply repay the labours of those
who make it the subject of their pursuits. But it is not permitted to
me to attach myself exclusively to it. The service of my country, to
which I have devoted my life, and on which depend my future pros-
pects, demands the employment of the greatest part of my time in the
performance of public duties, and in the acquisition of the knowledge
which will enable me to render to my government the most elficieut
service. The departure of Mr Shaler. leaving to me in charge the
affairs of this consulate general, of course requires that, by assiduous
labour, I should endeavour to show myself worthy of the confidence
with which I have been honoured, and no favourite study shall ever
divert me from the more important path which duty prescribes to me.
Still, as the study of the African languages is connected with the pri-
mary object for which I have been sent to this country, I think 1
may, without impropriety, employ my leisure moments in the investi-
sation of the interesting idiom of the Berbers. Who knows whether
it may not be hereafter of some important use in our relations with
the Barbary powers?

I feel very sensibly the absence of Mr Shaler, whose able advice and
assistance were of infinite use to me. I feel the want also of his well
chosen library, which he has, of course, carried away with him. And
to add to my misfortunes, my faithful Taleb, Hamet, has been gone
some time on a visit to his native mountains. He has promised to
return ; but who knows what accidents or circumstances may yet pre-
vent his fulfilling that promise? The loss of that intelligent Numidian
would be to me irreparable. I have, however, his assurance, that, while
at home, he will execute the literary plans which I have suggested to
him.

The etymological investigations that I had begun are, therefore,
necessarily suspended. Nevertheless, I have not been idle. I have
now in my possession the materiel of a Berber grammar, an ample
vocabulary, and a large collection of Berber tales, songs, and other spe-
cimens of that language. These will be arranged, methodized, and
communicated to you or Mr Shaler in due time. I regret exceedingly

16 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

that I could not accompany my friend Hamet to the mountains of
Boojeiah, and spend at least six months with him among the native
Berbers. There I might have acquired a practical knowledge of their
idiom, which would greatly have assisted me in my future inquiries.

Philologists, it is said, are too fond of generalizing their ideas, and in
consequence are apt to build theories and systems, from which they
can afterwards with difficulty extricate themselves. While I am on
my guard against this danger, 1 acknowledge that I indulge sometimes
in the propensity of my brother word-catchers, and that I try to obtain
some general results from my laborious investigations. Being in this
mood of thinking, it has occurred to me that it would be a curious and
not unimportant subject of research, to inquire whether the Berber
language, so different from others in its etymology and grammatical
structure, stands alone of its kind along the mountains of North
Africa, or whether it is not connected with the neighbouring idioms
of Nubia, Abyssinia* and even of ancient Egypt? I am told that
philologists agree that it has no kind of affinity with the Coptic:
but I am not inclined to adopt implicitly the opinions of others ; I
should like to view the subject with my own eyes, and to form my
own conclusions from well ascertained premises. The ancient writers,
such as Herodotus, Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, were of opinion that
civilization had descended the Nile, and had penetrated into Egypt from
Ethiopia, and M. Champollion appears to have adopted the same senti-
ment. Why should not language have pursued the same course?
Great light, it appears to me, would be thrown upon this interesting
question, if we had materials sufficient to institute a fair comparison
between the languages of Mount Atlas, the Desert of Saara, and the
Oases ; the various dialects of Nubia, Dongola, Sennaar, Darfur and
Abyssinia, and what remains to us of the ancient Coptic. But, alas !
much as I would wish to contribute my feeble aid to this interesting
investigation, I am arrested in the outset for want of books, which are
not to be obtained in this country. I should want at least, the Mithri-

* It i3 a very remarkable fiict, that tlie aborigines of Abyssinia call themselves Ghatian,
according to Bruce. He knew that they were a shepherd people, but was of course ignorant
that tiie word Ghazian in Berber means shepherds. It should be written Amghazicn, by the
addition of the qualifying particle am, like. Hence, the names of the Ghcez and Amharic or
Amgliaric languages.

.. - ' ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. ■ . ' 17

dates, the Ethnographical Atlas of M. Balbi, Ludolph's Grammars of
the Amharic and Ethiopic, Quatremere's Researches on the Language
and Literature of Egypt, and a Coptic Grammar and Dictionary, if any
such exist. But these books are not to be procured here for any price.
I must therefore postpone satisfying my curiosity, until the means shall
be afforded me of acquiring that preliminary knowledge, without which
my efforts would be vain. .■•- . -^ - ■ -'•..

I have, however, had the good fortune to meet here with a copy of
the most excellent work of M. Champollion the yoimger, entitled
" Precis du Si/steme Hieroglypkique tics cmciens JEgyptiens." I have
read it with avidity, and was delighted to find in it some facts w^hich
seem to support the conjecture which I have ventured to offer to you.
The first thing that has struck me, is some real affinities in the gram-
matical forms of the Coptic and Berber languages. Nou, ne or noui,
and e7it answer in Coptic to our pronoun ichich. In the Kabyle dia-
lect of the Berbers, enoua and enta have the same signification. Yours
and his, in both languages, are expressed by nek and nes; towards you
would be in Coptic eroeek, in Berber the phrase is rendered by Gkdreek
or ^rcek. I should also observe that P. PH. are the masculine deter-
minate articles, and T. TH. the feminine in the one language, and
D. DH. are the masculine, and T. TH. the feminine determinate arti-
cles of the other, and that in both they are used as prefixes.
::.. These, indeed, do not amount to much ; but they appear to me to be
at least sufficient to induce a further inquiry. So far, I am certain,
that I cannot be taxed with a systematic spirit; or with being disposed
to assume as facts, wild and fanciful theories. Whether what is going
to follow will make me liable to that imputation, I leave you to judge.
1 offer it merely as conjectures ; at the same time, I cannot but acknow-
ledge that my imagination is tickled with my fancied discovery. I
think I have found Berber etymologies for four Egyptian proper names.
I give them to you for what they are worth.

Those names are Jimmon, Themis, Thebes or Thehais, and Thoth.
I shall proceed with them separately and in order.
~ 1. Ammon. This, as you well know, is the name of the Egyptian
Jupiter. It appears, however, that he was not of Egyptian, but of
Libyan origin. Propertius, 1. 4, eleg. 1, calls him Jupiter Libycus.
Vol. IV.— E

18 , '. ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. . ._ .

Lucan in his Pharsalia, lib. 10, v. 511, speaks of him also as a Libyan
God, the only one that had a temple in that country. It is related
in our books of mythology, that Hercules, crossing the Libyan deserts
with his army,' on his way to India, and perishing with thirst, implored
the aid of his father Jupiter, who appeared to him in the form of a
ram, and scratching the earth with his foot, a spring of water immedi-
ately spouted up. Thus, all the accounts we have of Jupiter Ammon
point to a Libyan origin, and it is well known that his celebrated tem-
ple was not in Egypt, but in an Oasis, supposed to be that of Siwah,
in the desert of Barca, where the Berber idiom is still spoken.

Yet the etymology of that name has been sought for almost in every
language, except the Berber, which ought to have been the first re-
curred to. The most generally adopted is, that this word is derived
from the Greek a>^of which signifies sand; because, forsooth, Ammon's
temple was in the midst of a sandy desert. It was forgotten that the
Oases are fertile spots, rich in vegetable productions, and abundantly
watered. But it would seem that in the opinion of some learned men,
the Greek and the Hebrew are the only legitimate sources of etymo-
logical research.

M. Champollion tells us, in the Tableau General prefixed to his
volume of plates, No. 39 or, that the name of Ammon, which phone-
tically is abbreviated by Men, appears to have been formerly pronounced
Amen or Emen : if he is well founded in this assertion, the etymology
of that word seems obvious, for Aman in the Berber language signifies
water, and what name Can be better appropriated to the God who first
supplied the Libyans in their sandy deserts with that invaluable ele-
ment ? Is it not natural to suppose, that it was not the sandy Jupiter,
but the Jupiter of water, who was honoured in that splendid temple
which religious gratitude erected to him ? Egypt, which owed her
fertility to the waters of the Nile, must have adopted that worship at
an early period, and the God of water might well have been placed at
the head of the heavenly protectors of that country.

Whatever you may think of this etymology, it is certainly prefera-
ble to any one that may be derived from the Greek language ; for, how
can it be supposed that it was spoken or even knowTi in Egypt in the
remote times to which the worship of Ammon may be traced ? M.

'■■''.,■ ON THE BERBER liANGUAGE. 19

Champollion's researches have proved to us that it existed as far back
as the reign of Sesostris. Therefore the derivation from ^Wa"" must be
considered at this day as utterly inadmissible, and no better one has
been suggested that I know of. I proceed to the next Egyptian name.

2. Themis. The ancient Egyptians, accoi'ding to Champollion, wrote
this name Sine*, with their phonetic characters. The Greeks wrote
ei/Ai:. This goddess was the daughter of heaven and earth. In the
Grecian mythology, she was the goddess of truth or justice. The
Greek version by Hermapion, of her hieroglyph, found on an obelisk,
is 'Ax»9£M. Now Themis, in the Berber language, signifies fire, the
great elemental principle of nature, and the symbol of purity. The
Romans and we derived puritas and purity from irSg fire, the purest
of all the elements ; why could not the name of the goddess of purity
be derived from a Berber word having the same sound and the same
signification ? I submit this etymology to you ; it may serve, at least,
until a better one shall be found.

3. Thebes, Thehais. History records, that after the demise of Menes
or Osiris, Egypt comprised four dynasties : Thebes, Thin, Memphis and
Tunis. Thebes was the capital of Thebais, in what the ancient geo-
graphers call .EEgyptus Superior, or upper Egypt. The following pas-
sage from Diodorus appears to me, if not fully to establish, at least to
give great probability to the etymology which I shall presently men-
tion. In the fifth book of his history, De Osiride et Iside, he says:

t;r£^n///oy ^oi«cr«, -rSc ^»Tgoc- '"It rcmalns to be said of Osiris, that he built a
city of one hundred gates in Thebais, to which he gave the name of
Blotherr

The explanation of this passage can only be found by recurring to
the Berber language. In that idiom, Thehais or Thebaish signifies
the breast of a woman, mamma, while Tamazegth is the dug or teat
of an animal. If by metonymy we say mamma for mother, may not
the same license be allowed to Osiris? The celebrated Thebes, the
hecatompylos of Homer, corresponded in magnitude and wealth to the
'' " :" "-■ .' .' ■ ■ "'■ ..■/■■ ■ .■ ■■■" " •'■".■^•■

* M. Champollion, Precis du Systeme HieroglypJiiqtce, pp. 265, 267, 281, second edition,
calls this Egyptian goddess J'/ne or Tkmei, which brings this name still nearer to the Berber
word TAemis, which the Greeks have preserved without variation. , ■ •

20 V ' ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. , •

populous and fertile district of Thebais. That region and its splendid
capital merited the appellation of mother country and maternal city,
and in this sense, probably, the Greeks adopted, and we still use the
word metropolis.

From Champollion we learn that monumental inscriptions prove
mouth to have been the ancient Egyptian word for mother. He cites
Plutarch in confirmation : and that author indeed says, that the ^^y^^-
tians ■^»Ata(»oi/cr;, indicate, designate mother by the term mouth. May not
the word have been thammdh, thamooth or thamorth, which in Berber
signifies the earth, our common mother, or thamattooth, a woman ; or
at least a derivation from some of these words ? Who knows what
changes have taken place in the Egyptian tongue, during so many cen-
turies ; what words, what synonyma, what proper, what figurative
expressions may have been lost or substituted for each other in the
course of so many ages ? It is a remarkable fact, that the Berbers (in
this district, at least) have lost their original names for father and
mother, and now use the Arabic words for these parental relations.
Nothing informs us that the city of Thebes was ever called mouth by
the ancient Egyptians ; but we know it was called mother, and the
strong analogy of its name, and that of its province with the Berber
words above mentioned, seems sufficient, at least, to put us on further
inquiry. ' ; ' ■

4. Thot or Thoth. This god was the Egyptian Hermes or Mercury.
Theut, Thut or Thot in the Berber language signifies the eye, and
this appellation seems to me distinctly to characterise the winged mes-
senger and plenipotentiary of the gods, and the vigilant guardian of
Juno. The early Greek historians relate, that when Osiris set out on
his expedition, with the view of traversing the globe, he left the admi-
nistration of his kingdom to his wife Isis, and appointed Thoth to be'
her counsellor. Vigilance and prudence, therefore, must have been
the qualities that recommended him to that high trust. The Egyp-
tians, according to Champollion, ignorant of the author of their pho-
netic signs, attributed the invention to Thoth, who was esteemed the
father of arts and sciences. With these qualifications, he might well
have been entitled to the allegoric name of the eye, so well adapted to
the objects of his celestial office. . *

■ • ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 21

I beg leave to trouble you with a few more observations.

The ancient city of Egypt, called On by the Hebrews and Heliopolis
by the Greeks, was by the Egyptians named Tailis (Vide D'Herbelot).
The Arabs, following the analogy of the Greek denomination, called
this city Ain-el-Schems, the eye of the sun. This corresponds with
the Greek Heliopolis. The import of the Egyptian Tadis would not
have been known probably, but for Berber etymology. In this lan-
guage, Tadij signifies the sun.

Apollinapolis is the Greek name of an ancient Egyptian city called
by the early inhabitants Etfu. This is a Berber word, and signifies
the light of the sun, whilst Tadij is the sun itself. This etymology
corresponds with the Greek name of Apollinopolis.

Having attributed an Ethiopian or Abyssinian origin to the Berber
language, I was pleased to find that the names for God, in two of the
principal dialects of that region, were Berber words. They are Egzar
and Ezgar ; the one signifies a river, and the other a bull. The Nile
and the bull Apis were objects of adoration to all Egypt.

In submitting these conjectures to you, (for they are nothing more,)
I have only in view, sir, to point out the Berber language, as well as
those of Nubia, Abyssinia and other adjacent parts, as sources from
which it appears to me that much light may be thrown on Egyptian
Antiquities ; which have lately and justly become an object of general
interest among the learned. If I have shown that there are at least
probabilities in favour of this hypothesis, I shall have the satisfaction
of having opened a path which may be hereafter trodden by others of
greater knowledge and abilities than any I can pretend to, and I hope,
with proportionate success. - ,

I am, &c.

WILLIAM B. HODGSON.
'Peter S. Duponceau, Esq.

Vol. IV.— F

22 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

LETTER III. :

Algiers, Jan. 20, 1829.

Dear Sir, ■ .

Since I last had the pleasure of writing to you, I have, in the
absence of my friend Hamet, directed my inquiries to the various
nations or tribes comprehended within the ancient Gaetulia. These
are denominated, in modern geography, Mozabies, Biscaries, Wadrea-
gans, and Wurgelans ; all of which communities are mixed with the
Bedouin Arabs. The Mozabies inhabit an Oasis or egzer of the Saara,
about three hundred miles south of Algiers ; the Biscaries, to the south-
east, inhabit a district bordering on the Saara, distant about two hun-
dred miles ; Tuggurt, the capital of Wadreag, is situated south-east from
the Biscaries, one hundred miles ; and Wurgelah is thirty leagues to the
south-west of Tuggurt. The egzer of the Mozabies is perhaps in latitude
thirty-one degrees north, and Wurgelah in the thirty-second parallel ; a
more particular description of these people and of their location, may be
found in Shaw's Travels in Barbary, and in Mr Shaler's " Sketches of
Algiers." As uniform orthography is of the first importance in relations
of countries and places, I have adopted that of the Sketches, which I
think exceedingly correct.

In the past history and present condition of Africa, the Berber lan-
guage has been the great object of my research. It will afford you
pleasure, sir, to know that I have ascertained it to be the native idiom
of the Mozabies, Wadreagans and Wurgelans. The Mozabies, sepa-
rated from these two by a trackless desert of eight days journey, are
yet more distinct, in their moral and physical constitution. They are
a white people, whilst the Wadreagans and Wurgelans are black.
Their dialects are identically the same, presenting only modifications
of the great language of the Atlas, such as are in all countries produ-
ced by habitudes and climate. The Kabyles, who are the Highlanders
of Africa, call a man ergaz ; the inhabitants of the lowlands of the
Saara adopt the soft sound of g and say erdjaz. Themis, fire, they
pronounce Temis. But amidst these various pronunciations, the Ber-
ber language is always to be recognised.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 23

The structure and grammatical changes of these dialects, do not, as
far as I have examined them, present any material differences. I de-
nominate them Mozabeah, Eregiah and Wurgaleah, from the names
of the tribes ; and their language is not known among them by any
other appellations. I incline to think that Hoest in terming the Ber-
ber of Morocco Tamazegth, and Shaw that of Barbary Shoiviah,
were both led into error. The inhabitants of Wadreag call their lan-
guage Eregaiah. the compound of Wad-reag, which means Oasis or Egzer
of Ereag. Wad is the Arabic of the Berber Egzer. These people call
their tribes respectively, Aith Emzab, Aith Eregaiah, Aith Wurgelah.
like the Aith Abbess, Aith Toojah of the Atlas, and the name of their
language is that of the tribe, in the form of the Arabic substantive.
Aith answers to the Beni or children of the Arabs.

The Biscaries originally belonged to the Berber race, as the names
of their towns indicate. They now speak the Barbary dialect of Ara-
bic. How this tribe lost its ancient speech, is philosophically shown
by Mr Shaler.

The Mozabies are a remarkably white people, and profess the Mo-
hammedan religion. Differing in some points of discipline from the
four great Mezhebs or sects, they constitute the Thames or fifth.
Shaw, in relating that they are of the sect 3Ialekt, appears not to have
sufficiently examined the subject.

The Wadreagans and Wurgelans are a black people, possessing the
moral traits of the Berber, and some of the physical characteristics of
the Negro. They have woolly hair ; skin of a bronze or dark brown
colour, short nose, moderately depressed, with some cartilage in the
apex, and thick lips. They are doubtless the same race as the Brebers
and the Nubians of Browne. Malte-Brun is of opinion, that the
Copts and other Negro tribes of Egypt are a mixed race. The Wa-
dreagans are certainly not of the Caucasian family, as are the Mozabies
and Kabyles. Their classification is left to naturalists.

These Negroes are unquestionably the Melano-Gaitulians of Ptolemy.
When I first saw a Wadreagan, and heard him speak Berber, my satis-
faction was as great as that of the navigator, at the discovery of new
land. And I have no doubt that this language is spoken quite to the
southernmost part of the desert of Saara ; for in Major Rennell's map

24 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

of North Africa, we find another Tuggurt and another Wurgela, the one
in the twentieth, and the other in the twenty-fourth degree of north lati-
tude, and these Berber names are sure indications of the Berber language.
At any rate, I think we have here an additional elucidation of ancient
geography. It is true that Dr Shaw supposes the Mozabies, and the
Wadreagans to be the black Gaetulians of antiquity ; but as the former
are peculiarly white, his generality fails in the particulars. He does
not seem to have known the Wadreagans.

In the city of Tuggurt, the capital of Wadreag, there exists a dis-
tinct race of white people, called by the Mohammedans Muhedjerin.
The explanation of this term is found in the Koran of Maraccius or
of Savary, in the Surat of Women, 88th verse. It is there applied to
those who emigrate from their country, and adopt the religion of the
prophet, upon which condition the faithful may receive them as
friends and companions. The ancestors of these people are said to
have been Israelites. To the woolly head and black skin of the Wa-
dreagan, they present the striking contrast of light hair and fair com-
plexion. They are Mohammedans, speak only the Arabic language,
have a monopoly of the offices of state, under that of Sultan, and are,
in fact, the moneyed and influential men. Are they of the Leuco, or
white Ethiopians of Pomponius Mela ? Are they the lost tribes of Israel ?
The Falasha, a tribe of Jews discovered by Bruce in Abyssinia, still
looked for the Messiah. At Tuggurt or Jugurth, Israel has forgotten
Jerusalem ; and yet the Jugurthans say, his right hand has not forgot
its cunning.

The Canarii are placed by Shaw somewhere about the district of
Zebe or of the Biscaries, and he affirms that they eat dog's flesh, as did
their ancestors. Pliny speaks of the Canaries of Morocco, and I recol-
lect to have read of them in the Annals of Tacitus ; but I am ignorant
that there were such people in Gsetulia. It is certainly true, however,
that the Biscaries and the Wadreagans make great use of dog-flesh,
medicinally. In bilious affections to which they are subject, this meat
and its broth, spiced with ginger, cinnamon and pepper, appear to be
a sovereign remedy. It is emetico-cathartic, and induces copious dia-
phoresis, exhaling a fetid odour. This, I suppose, is rather the effect
of the spicy infusion, than of the chemical properties of canine viscera.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 25

The geographers and historians of antiquity, describe people and
places in Africa, some of which may never be identified ; and of others,
the existence, at any time, is not probable. Until I had compared their
wonders of the distant regions of this continent, with the discoveries
of modern science, I regarded them mostly as legendary tales, I now
believe, their reports were in general founded in truth. The fons soils
at the oasis of Jupiter Amnion is said, by Herodotus, to have been
boiling hot at midnight, and cold at noon. Belzoni found that an ex-
traordinary change of temperature at these periods, produced a differ-
ential heat, mistaken by the ancients, to be thermometric 1 believe
there was a nation, of whatever name, called by Melas Atlantes, who
cursed the sun at his rising. Until the introduction of Mohammedan-
ism, the Wadreagans may have thus done. A band of these people
having wandered to the mountains of Boojeiah, were asked, why they
had left their homes. They replied, the sun ate us up. The exist-
ence of headless Blemmyes, with eyes in their breasts, is too great a tax
on my credulity, but it seems true of the Troglodytes, that they chatter
rather than speak — Strident magis qidim loquimtur. Horneman has
proved this ; and Hadjees from their pilgrimage to Mecca, at this day,
recount the same thing, adding that these men have but one joint in
their legs. If this be true, that country which is said to have been
once inhabited by headless men, satyrs and retrogressive beasts, is yet
the land of " Gorgons, hydras, and chimaeras dire."

At every successive step of my investigations, new proofs accumu-
late in favour of my hypothesis, that the Berber is the original lan-
guage of all North Africa, including the Egypts and Abyssinia. The
dialect of the Tibboos now attracts me, like a mirage of their desert ;
like to that, I hope my idea of their speaking the Berber language,
may not prove an illusion*. The ample page of this country's history
is rich with the spoils of time. It is matter of lamentation, that the
Roman legions should have collected so few monuments to attest the
existence of this ancient and warlike people. Posterity will admire
the enlightened councils of our republic in preserving the records of
our red men. But where are the enduring medals to perpetuate those

* But see Letter IV, p. 28.

. Vol. IV — G

26 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

manly forms, for which after ages will inquire with intense curiosity.
The portraits now deposited in the war office will be effaced, before
perhaps the Indians themselves are extinct. They now stand, as the
"Last of the Mohicans," like blazed trees, in a clearing of white men.

I am, sir,

WILLIAM B. HODGSON.
Peter S. Duponcea.u, Esq.

LETTER IV.

Algiers, 1st April 1829;

Dear Sir,

I understand from Mr Shaler, that I am to be called home at
the beginning of next year ; but little time, therefore, remains to me
to pursue my favourite studies. I wish very much, when the new
consul shall arrive, to be able to proceed to Tunis, Tripoli and Alex-
andria*, where I think important discoveries may be made. At Cairo,
which is the Babel of the universe, I could procure vocabularies, and
information about all people and tongues, to the utmost verge of
Ethiopia. At Tripoli, I would converse with the inhabitants of Cyre-
naica, Tibboo, Ghadames and the mountains of Gharian, which con-
tain a numerous population of Berbers and Jews. Near the Syrtis
Minor, are the Libyo-Phenicians of Strabo. At Tunis may be found
nations of those districts of North Africa, more immediately under the
jurisdiction of that Beylick, particularly of Beled-ul-jereed. Beyond
anthropology, I propose not to conduct my inquiries. Before I return
home, it would be well that I should see mult as urbes et homines.
Plutarch tells us that he learned languages from things.

In my last letter, I endeavoured to illustrate the Egyptian mythology
by the Berber language. That theology is the parent of the Greek
and Roman. I have explained my derivation of the proper names
^mmon, Themis, Thoth and of Thebes. To these I now add Osiris,
Ms, Atoo and the name of the celebrated Nile.

* Thi3 wish was not fulfilled.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 27

OsiR-is, in Berber, means an aged venerable man, and Isis signifies
daughters, in the plural number, the singular being lie*. Cham-
pollion says that the termination is was added by the Greeks to the
names of Egyptian divinities. I shall not now review what has been
said of the interpretation of these two names by Kircher, Jablonski,
&c. &c. who make the former to represent the sun, and the latter the
moon. All the symbols of Osiris and Isis appear to me to accord with
my interpretation, the venerable beard, staff and flagellum of the one,
and the numerous mammillae of the other. They represented also the
organs of generation. In fact, sir, I believe that Osir was nothing
more than an Arab Scheikh, subsequently placed among the national
divinities.

./2^oo, according to ChampoUion, signifies, in Coptic, the wmt'erse ; in
Berber it means the whole aerial spacef. This confirms what Macrobius
asserts of Egyptian theology: "^gyptii, per nomina Deorum, uni-
versam rerum naturam, juxta theologiam naturalem, inteliigebant."
On this supposition, it is also probable that Ammon signified water,
and Themis ^re.

I now come to the famous river Nile. In the first book of either
Herodotus or Diodorus Siculus, the Egyptians are said to have called
the Nile Oceanus. lie or like, in Berber means the seaj, which
may have been changed into Nile, thus : the inhabitants of Egypt pro-
bably gave to their sacred river some appellation, such as the father or
fountain of the sea. With this supposition, Nile would be the genitive
inflection, " of the Sea." If the ancient historians, whom I cannot now
consult, report correctly, that the Nile was called Ocean, then the sea,
with the determinate masculine article, would be Dhile, which in the
softer enunciation of the Greeks, might have been made Nile. The

* Mr Shaler, in his vocabulary, gives the word amgar, amegat for old ; and' M. Venture
translates emgar, feminine, temgar, by vieillard. He gives tagcJiicht for daughtet, and
thiahhdain for girls. Mr Shaler has illi, elli, for daughter, in which he agrees with my Taleb.
These differences may be accounted for by the variety of dialects and the richness of the
language.

t M. Venture gives for the word air, adou, which is nearly the same. This word is. not
given in Mr Shaler's Vocabulary.

J The same author gives lebhar as the Berber word lanier for (the sea). But M. Langles,.
his editor, in a note (p. 438) observes that it is an Arabic word. So that lie or lUec appears,
to be the genuine Berber. Mr Shaler gives hhar or bahar, also Arabic.

Og ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

Berber word for se«, I obtained after a long search, from a native of
the island of Zerbi or Djerba, the ancient Meninx, in the Syrtis Minor.
The inhabitants of this island were the Lotophagi of Homer. They
speak the Berber language less mixed with Arabic than the Kabyles
of Algiers.

The structure of the Coptic language justifies the preceding deri-
vation. From ChampoUion I learn that "en Copte, la preposition n
remplace le cas genitif des Latins." (Precis, p. 129.) This is another
coincidence to be added to what I said in my preceding letter on the
similarity of forms between the Coptic and the Berber.

To derive the appellation Nile from Hebrew or Arabic roots, as has
been done by Pococke and other learned men ; would be to suppose
those to have been idioms of Egypt anterior to the flood. I have in
my possession a valuable Arabic manuscript of Abou Abbas Ahmed
Ben Josef, which he calls Jlkhbar-ul-cloimvel on Mhar-ul-Eunvel^ in
which is found a history of Egypt prior to the deluge, and the Nile
was so called at that remote period. Whence Abou Abbas obtained
his information would be curious to know ; for no records or traditions
of the condition of this globe previous to the grand cataclysm, can be
safely received but from the Genesis of Moses.

The Geographical Society of Paris, at its institution in 1823, pub-
lished a series of questions upon this part of Africa, the greater part of
which I hope I may be with time prepared to resolve. I have pro-
jected a map of North Africa, including the Saara, in which I have
found populous oases, I believe heretofore unknown, or which have
been comprehended within more general divisions of that desert. On
this map I have described itineraries from the Atlantic to Fezzan,
along the northern border of the Saara, and I have traced the lines
of march of trading Kafilahs through different sections of this vasty
waste.

I have conversed with the inhabitants of Dra, Tafilet, Fighig, Twat,
Tegoraza, Tedeekels, Wurgelah, Ghadames, Djerbi, Gharian, and
have found the Berber language radically the same in all these places.
The Tibboos are really distinct people, as a comparison of their words
will show.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

29

English.

Tibboo.

Berber.

Fire

Wenee

Themis

Water

Ee

Aman

Air

Abonoo

Atoo

Earth

Pestaboo

Thamoorth

I think I can account for this fact geographically. I have various
vocabularies ; among others, of the Tergiah, or language of the Tu-
aryks of the Saara, which is pure Berber. Terga is the singular of
Tuaryli.

There is a political phenomenon in the social history of the Berbers,
which is worthy of the attention of the antiquary and of the philoso-
pher. The towns of Ghadames, JFurgelah, Eghivaat, (Loivaat of
Shaw) and Tlemsan are, each of them, divided into two, three or four
distinct communities or tribes, who war with each other like the
Kabyle classes of the mountains : to these towns there is a common
wall ; but each community has its particular section enclosed by an
interior wall. Since the domination of the Turks, the Berbers have
abandoned Tlemsan. Captain Lyon made known this curious fact in
relation to Ghadames, and Shaw to Tlemsan ; but I believe I have first
noticed the political constitution of Wurgelah and Eghwaat. The
Geographical Society of Paris thus remarks upon the subject : - ce fait
etant important pour toute I'histoire de I'antiquitc, on est prie d'obtenir
le plus de details possibles sur I'origine, la nature, les conditions et les
resultats de cette union."

The town of Eghwaat is built in this

manner

3=:

1.1. The two tribes. 2. 2. Wall of partition and gate. 3. 3. Respective gates. 1. 4.
Respective gardens enclosed by walls.

Vol. IV.— H

30 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

The town is elliptic, but the gardens attached to it form of the whole
a parallelogram : the middle gate is closed in time of war.

The Beni Mozab are called in their language Aith eougalan, or the
tribe of the austere, which has been rendered into Arabic by Beni
Mosab or Mozab. Here then, sir, we call back these people to the
Berber charter ; they had almost lost for ever their very name. Their
sect of Islam comprehends the inhabitants of Djerbi, of the mountains
of Emfus, and of Oman on the Persian Gulph. In all essential points
of doctrine they are Wahhabees, but differ from them in two articles
of speculative divinity — the essence of God, and the nature of future
punishments. A third point of difference is the law of inheritance.
Their schism dates from the fifth century of the Hegira.

With a view to the future advantage of the infant colony of Libe-
ria, I have extended my inquiries to the mountains of Kong. Of the
Soing, the principal dialect, I have a vocabulary.

I have now laid open to you, sir, the wide field of my researches.
I have attempted something towards its exploration, but much will
remain for others. The most philosophical disquisition on the early
inhabitants of Africa that I have yet seen, is that of the learned Von
Heeren, entitled, "Ideen uber die politik, den verkehr und den han-
del der vomehmsten Volker der alter Welt," which deduces powerful
arguments from the Berber language, although so imperfectly known.
This encourages me to hope that my philological studies may con-
tribute something towards unrolling the mysterious scroll of man's
history.

I am, &c.

WILLIAM B. HODGSON.

Peter S. Duponceau, Esq.

: P.S. I enclose some remarks respecting the Tuarycks, which may
not be unworthy of your attention.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 31

REMARKS UPON THE TUARYCKS.

These great and warlike people were first described by the judicious
traveller, Frederick Hornemann, who, in the year 1798, passed from
Cairo to Fezzan. Captain Lyons, Messrs Denham and Clapperton,
and the lamented Major Laing, subsequently travelled through or
along the borders of the Saara, and have represented this nation as
distinguished by strong physical traits and manly characters.

The Tuarycks inhabit that extensive portion of the Saara circum-
scribed on the east by Fezzan and Tibboo, south by the Negro nations
of Bournou, Haoussa, Gouber and Tombuctoo, and on the west by
the oases of Tedeekels and Twat. The country of the Mozabis,
Engousah and Ghadames are their northern limits, beyond which
they never proceed. As Nomadic tribes, they are found in the vicin-
ity of all the Negro population, from Tibboo to Tombuctoo, where
they rove for the purpose of kidnapping. The number of slaves sold
in the northern njarkets of Mourtzouk, Ain-Lalal, Ghadames and
Mozab by these AnthropoMephts, must be very great ; for, of the slaves
with whom I have conversed at Algiers, the larger part were ravished
from their homes, while young, by these bandits of the desert.
Among the Negro tribes, they bear different names : as Sergoos, they
are known every where ; on the borders of Fezzan, at Aghadez and in
Haoussa, they are called Kelluvi; at Sackatou and among the inhabit-
ants of Gouber, they are known as Etesan; and at Tombuctoo and
along the Quorra or Niger, as Oulemidan. By the natives of Haoussa
they are also denominated Ouzanoroah, which has the import of the
Arabic word Kajir or infidel. Kilgaris is another name which they
bear in the district between Aghades and Soudan.

The Tuarycks are a white people of the Berber race, and are Mo-
hammedans of the sect of Maleki. In regard to the practice of religion,
it is believed they are quite as indifferent as the Kabyles of the Atlas ;
whilst they are superstitious, and greatly addicted to the use of
amulets or herzes, prepared by their marabouts. These independent
tribes are remarkable for their commercial habits and warlike pro-

32 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

pensities. Their kafilas or caravans carry on the commerce of Fezzan,
with Ghadames, Twat and Soudan ; and Mourtzouk derives its wealth
and importance from their enterprise. It was this trading impulse
which induced Hornemann to suppose that the Tuarycks had pushed
forward colonies to Angela and Siwah, and perhaps to Ghadames and
along the northern fringe of the Saara to the empire of Morocco.
This idea was suggested by the identity of language of the Si wahans and
Tuarycks ; but the former, rather than colonists, are believed to be the
descendants of the ancient Libyans, the aborigines of the great and
lesser oases ; and the Tuarycks are doubtless of the same stock.

The etymology of the appellation Tuaryck gives to this subject a
new aspect. This word in the Berber language signifies tribes. The
singular form is Terga, which makes Tuerga in the plural, or, as it is
commonly pronounced, Tuareg, and with our orthography Tuaryck.
To one man Tergi is applied, and Tuaryck to the nation. I speak
advisedly, for I have the authority of Twatters who have had long inter-
course with these people. If one be asked what language the Tuarycks
speak, he will reply Tergeah ; in the same analogy Arabcah is spoken
by Arabs and Kahylcah by Kabyles. I had long thought that Tuaryck
was a Berber term, and accident discovered its signification, which
had been refused to repeated inquiries. I had requested my Taleb to
render into Berber, some Arabic composition in which occurred the
word shuub, tribes. When the Taleb translated it by Tuerga, my
satisfaction was extreme, because henceforth it will serve to illustrate
the history of this interesting nation.

The Berber term Tuaryck corresponds with the Arabic Kabyle, or
with a more literal orthography, Kahail, both of which signify
tribes, borders or families. The important fact is hence deduced,
that the Kabyles of the Atlas have an appellation similar to the
Kabyles of the desert ; and they are the same people, as will be proved
by a comparative vocabulary.

These names were not given to the Numidians or Gfetulians by the
ancient historians. As the origin of Kabyle is positively known, that
of Tuaryck may be inferred by analogy. At the period of the Saracen
invasion, the Arabian caliphs found the Berbers unimproved in their
condition, as represented to have been under the government of Sallust.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 33

neque moribus, neque lege, neque imperio ciijusquam. These more
cultivated sectarians of the Koran applied the term Kabyle to the
unlettered and pagan Mauritaneans. With a like sentiment of supe-
riority, the stationary inhabitants of Fezzan and Twat may have
denominated Tuarycks, the Nomades of the desert, and so fully has the
name been adopted, that a district of the Saara is called Terga, accord-
ing to Leo Africanus.

The Kabyles of the Atlas, in assuming this appellation, seek to give
to it an honourable derivation. When the Mohammedans preached
to them the first article of Islam, that there is no God but one God,
and that Mohammed is his prophet, they replied Nekabel, we receive.
Hence, they affirm, comes the term Kabyle. The mountain of Fuss
near Tripoli was so called, say the Berbers, for the same reason, to in-
dicate the readiness with which they embraced the religion of the
prophet. Fuss in their language signifies hand.

The aborigines of our country are called Indian tribes ; and if the
man be an Indian, it is seldom asked whether he is a Chippeway or a
Choctaw. The Fezzanians in denominating the surrounding tribes
Tuarycks, and the Moors those among them Kabyles, have done what
we have in a similar case. We have adopted the epithet Indian, which
is not known to our indigenous population, and by which they are in
no wise characterised. It would seem that the human mind acts by
similar laws in all countries.

Are the aborigines of North Africa known by any generic name ; or
do the various tribes bear, each, a particular appellation ? To the first
part of this question it is answered, that the term Berber, of which the
plural form is beraber, is universally acknowledged by the original
population of this country. I have conversed with natives of Morocco
and of Tripoli, and every where the earlier Africans call themselves
Beraber. The etymology of this word cannot now, perhaps, be ascer-
tained ; but its origin is probably anterior to the Roman domination.
By the Arabian geographers and historians. El IVardi, Masoudi, and
Jichmed Tchelebi el Karamani, the Berbers are distinctly mentioned as
occupying the oases, and also various parts of North Africa. Leo Afri-
canus proposes two derivations ; the one from Ber signifying desert,
and the other from Burbrera, to mutter. As etymologies are intimately
Vol. IV.— I

34 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

connected with history and various local circumstances, of which I
am ignorant in relation to Berher, its derivation remains sub judice.
Gibbon asserts that this word is of Greek origin, being the corruption
of the epithet cȤea5M, which was applied to all foreigners.

The second part of the question is answered by the names of
numerous tribes which have been published by Hoest, Chenier, Abadea
and Jackson, inhabiting the empire of Morocco, and by Shaw, of those
belonging to Algiers. To all of these individual names, the word
aith is prefixed, which corresponds with the Arabic beni or welled.^
signifying sons or children. The tribe of Beni or Welled Ammer,
as among the Arabs, would be called Aith Ammer by the Berbers.
The term aith would be rendered into Arabic more literally by eA/,
meaning companion, family, people ; for the Moors say ehli darek the
people of your house, and the Kabyles for the same phrase say aith
eonalihameek. This peculiar Berber denomination pervades this
continent. The Beni Mozab, are, in their own language, called Aith
oodjelan; and I believe, that instead of the Arabic names which they
never fail to assume before strangers,- the Berbers will every where be
found to have their peculiar appellations. Among the Tuarycks of
Hagara, who inhabit the interior of the Saara, "in the deep bosom of
that ocean buried," there are tribes called Aith el Hadj, Aaith el Noah,
Aith Emgat and Esukemaran. The two first names, Hadj and Noah
indicate how great has been the influence of the Koran and its language
in obliterating the very nomenclature of families. In the oases of
Tedeekels, Twat, Tegorara and Fighig, the epithet aith predominates.
The late major Laing traversed the great desert from Ghadames to
Ain Salah, the principal town of Tedeekels, and thence passed through
the desert of Tenezarof to Tombuctoo. If the papers of this distin-
guished traveller should ever be recovered, much important informa-
tion will be had, in relation to the Tuarycks and Berbers. But if his
orthography be so incorrect as that of Ensala, which should be Ain
Salah, a subject already obscure will become impenetrably dark. The
Quarterly Review of last year contains some notice of major Laing's
travels among the Tuarycks. A vocabulary of their language, which
has been long esteemed a desideratum, I herewith present.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

BS

Singular.

Plural.

Water

Aman

Amanan

Fire

Temis

Sun

Tafookt (literally

the light of the sun)

Moon

Ayur

Ayuran

Star

Ithree

Ithran

Man

Erdjaz

Erdjazan

Woman

Tamtot

Khaleth and Tesidnan

Head

Ikf

Ikfowan

Eye

Teit

Tetouan

Hand

Afuss

Efessan

Dog

Aidee

Edan

Cat

Amshish

Emshash

Bull

Azger

Ezgeran

Cow

Tafoonest

Tezith

Bread

Agrom

Meat

Aksoum*

Salt

Tesint

Country

Tamoort

This vocabulary is a specimen of the Berber language, wherever it
is spoken. The only difference betwixt the highlander and the inhab-
itant of the plains, in this respect, is that the former pronounces th at
the beginning and end of words, which the other enunciates /; and the
hard sound of g becomes the softer dj: i. e. Themis makes Temis,
and ergaz is pronounced erdjaz. The grammatical structure of the
language is every where the same. The proof is therefore conclusive,
that the Tuarycks and the Kabyles are one people, and that the great
Libyan race still exists in Africa : its language has not been effaced,
nor has its character degenerated ; its independence has been preserved
amidst invasions and corruptions, and it now commands the proud
eulogy of Rome,

genus insuperabile bello.

* May not the name of the ancient town of Axum, in Abyssinia, be derived from this
word? The Abyssinians are great meat-eaters.

36 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

The aboriginal tribes of North Africa possess no literature, nor any
monumental records to attest their history. What has been trans-
mitted by Greek and Roman writers is an imperfect sketch, and em-
braces but a short period anterior to the Christian sera. Where
tradition fails, the early condition of a people may be read in the
unerring page of human speech. From the language of the Berbers
may be drawn striking illustrations of the religion, the political and
social state of Egypt and Libya. The papers that have been sub-
mitted to the American Philosophical Society prove the antiquity of
this language.

Quam non innumerabilis

Annoium series, et fuga temporum
Possit dirueie.

If this idiom be not the Libyan, it is confidently asked, by what
mighty catastrophe has that language been lost ? Since the period of
the first Punic war, we are accurately informed of all the invasions
which have successively swept over this continent ; and of the Saracen
alone does any vestige remain. When the learned Marsden discov-
ered an affinity betwixt the Berber of Atlas and the dialect of Sivvah,
the remarkable fact was immediately used by the philosophic writer
Heeren*, to solve the question, who were the Libyans? He does not
hesitate to assert, that philology has proved the Tuarycks to be the
descendants of that ancient people. Heeren profoundly investigated
the state of religion and commerce among the earlier Egyptians and
Libyans: with what satisfaction would he have learned that the
extensive worship of Ammon was that of water — as the annual pro-
cession of priests bearing this god in a boat sufficiently proves — and
that the divinity of Themis represented fire.

This argument for the African origin and remote antiquity of the
Berber language, is believed to be irrefragable. The Quarterly
Review of 1826 renews the hypothesis of Mr Marsden and the erudite
Langles, that it may be a dialect of the ancient Punic, and translated
to Africa by the founder of Carthage. The analogy between the

* Ideen uber die Politik, &c. der vornehmsten Valker der alten VVcIt.

ON THE BEUBER LANGUAGE.

37

Berber, and the Semitic language is faint, compared with the numer-
ous and prominent traits of character which distinguish them. It has
ah'eady been shown by Mr Du Ponceau, that the Carthaginians couhl
not, in the nature of things, have imparted their language to this con-
tinent; the Punic origin of the Berber may therefore be abandoned.

Were additional proof required, the Berber names of individuals
might be adduced. No connection subsists between them, and those of
the Carthaginians recorded in history. These appellations have been
obtained with great difficulty ; for the Kabyles bear Arabic names, as
wtII as Berber, and these they conceal with pertinacity among the
Moors, conceiving them to be contrary to the true faith.

M

;«'* Names.

Wo7ncn's Naiyics.

Wetoweet

Bat

Thafookt Light of the sun

Aketot

Talkafive

Thezeree Moon-light

Azetot

Dove

Thefeddoonith Move the earth

Abeetot

Short coat

Thezemerth Lamb

Serrefref

Fearing the wind

Thunes Tunis

Shenoof

Hair-lipped

Thesomtha Pillow

Amshesh

Cat

Theziziveeth Bee

Anefses

Runner

Theskooth Partridge

Ahenooh

Neigher {a horse)

Honouf

Crooked-nose

These names, compared with the Phenician Asdrubal, Hannibal,
Hamilcar, &c. present no similarity, which latter may be derived from
the Hebrew, a cognate dialect of the Phenician. Our North American
Indians surpass the Berbers in the grandiloquence of men's names,
but more poetic appellations for women exist in no language.

Important facts for the history of North Africa have been derived from
the Berber ; ancient mythology has also received plausible illustrations
from it. The complete investigation of this idiom may facilitate re-
searches in other languages ;. for with the Coptic it has a positive
affinity. Comparative philology, which was equally neglected by the
sagacious Greek and the haughty Roman, is in modern times a science
indispensable to the accurate historian.

WILLIAM B. HODGSON.

Algiers, June 10, 18^9.
Vol. IV.— K

38 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

1. Of the Alphabet.

■ The Berber language, having no literature, has properly no alphabet
of its own. It is written nevertheless by means of the Arabic characters,
which are generally used for that purpose. But as the sounds of the two
languages do not exactly agree, some alteration has been made in the
Arabic alphabet, in order to adapt it to the representation of the words
of this idiom. Of the twenty-eight letters that compose it, the fourth
character tsa, numeral 500, has been excluded, and five more have
been added, three of which, the tchhn, the zhc, and the ghcif, have
been borrowed from the Persian alphabet, in order to represent the
sounds of the English ch, the French/, and the guttural sound of gh
in the Flemish or Low Dutch language ; the Greek e has also been
added to express the sound of the English th, and a new character,
composed of the Arabic ta and sin combined together, serves to express
the sound given by the Germans to the letter z, or the combination of
the letters is. Thus the Berber alphabet may be said to be composed
of thirty-two letters.

II. Of the Article.

The definite article is sometimes supplied by the affixed particle
Ees — Ecshhamsa, the five (persons).

Sometimes also th is prefixed to and suffixed by substantives. Thus
zerbia, a carpet, becomes thezerbceth.

In words borrowed from the Arabic the article el is generally pre-
served, or rather, the letter I is prefixed to and incorporated with the
substantive. Thus el-kifab, a book, becomes Icktsah ; el-bahar, the sea,
is changed into kb/uir*.

* M. Venture (p. 420) says lliat tlic Berber has no definite article, which, in general, is
probably true. Speaking of Arabic words introduced into that language, he says, (p. 416,)
that the Arabic aiticle cl is changed irito t prefixed and suffixed, or the syllable ?u7 is placed

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 39

In general, however, Arabic words, when adopted by the Berbers,
undergo the changes required by the analogy of their language.

Arabic adjectives are made Berber, by assuming the prefixed par-
ticle dha. Thus djcdld, new, becomes dhadjedid.

III. Declension of JVouns Substantive.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. Argaz, a man Nom. Ergazan, men

Gen. Awergaz, o/" a 77ia» Gen. Ayergazan, o/'?7icn

Dat. Eowargaz, to a man Dat. Eeyergazan, to men

Accus. Ergaz, a man Ghoor yergazan, to the men

Voc. Ai-Ergaz, O man Accus. Ergazan, men

Abl. Azzeks, aggargazj/j-om the man Voc. Ai-Ergazan, O men

Abl. As yergazan, hy the men*.

IV. Examples of the JYumbers in JVouns.

Argaz, a man, pi. Ergazan Thamclakkalts,_/57'en(i, f. pi. Themdukkal

Thamattootli, a wotnan, pi. Khaleth Eslee, bridegroom, pi. Eslan
Aksheesli, a&oy, pi. Ekslieechan, Elouashul Thesleetii, i;-JtZf, pi. Tlieselathcen

Thakslieeth, a girl, pi. Thaksheesheen Akarroee, Jiead, pi. Ekaroecn

Ammee, a son, pi. Arrou OocIham,/hce, pi. Oodhamouean

Allee, a daughter, pi. Assee Tlieet, eye, pi. Allen

Aghma, 6)-o//ier, pi. Aeethma Thinserth, ?zo5e, pi. Anzoran

Aoulatsma, sister, pi. Yastliina Elas, tongue, pi. Elsoiiwan

AmdakkaI,/cJenrf, m. pi. Emdukkal Akamftioosh, mouth, Ekammooshan

at the end of the substantive. Thus, from el-mukhal, which is Arabic for a musket, the
Berbers make te muJchalt or te mukhalnit, and from magas, scissors, temagast or temagasnit.
P. S. D._

* M. Venture, p. 420, says that nouns in the Berber language are indeclinable, but their
plural varies a great deal. The cases, he adds, are indicated by numerous prepositions, some
of which he instances, which are en, n, eh, nou, eghy, ou, gh, b. Whenever he attempted to
make use of any of these, he was shown that he was in an error. He gives the dative singular
of the word man, precisely as our author, with the only difference of the French spelling. On
the whole he admits that he is not sufficiently familiar with the language to be able to give
certain rules. It would appear that the signs of the cases vary, according to the kind of sub-
stantive to which they are applied, or perhaps to the idea meant to be conveyed. Thus: to the
man i oucrghez; to iWekines, ghi Mclcnes; to the house, (or perhaps, at the house, a la maison)
s'ali-ham. Mr Hodgfon will probably elucidate these points, in the grammar which he
intends to write of this language.

There are languages, such as the Laplandic and Finnic, which are known to have a mul-
titude of cases; and it is probably the same with the Berber. Whether these are expressed by
prepositions or inflexions, makes little difference. It still adds to the precision of the language.
P. S. D.

40 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

Oogel, tooth, p\. Oogelan Ahs, hand, pi. Efessan

Thigaanoos, foretooth, incisor, pi. Thag- Amassat, leg, pi. Emassatan

annooseen Atar, foot, pi. Etarran

Egheel, arm, pi. Egliallan Thifdents, toe, pi. Thifadhnan.

v. Infections of an Adjective.

Argaz dhalalee, a good man Dhefoohanan, ni. pi. bad

Thamattooth dhalalee, « good woman Tsefoolianeen, f. pi. had

Ergazan dlialalecn, good men Amghar, m. sing, old*

■ Elkhaleth dlialaleen, good women Thamghaith, f. sing, old

Dhefoohan, m. sing, had Emgliaran, m. pi. old

Tsefoohants, f. sing, had Themghareen, f. pi. old.

VI. Comparison of an Adjective.

Argaz agasenen, a good man
Argaz agasenen fellas, a man better than lie
Argaz agasenen nezza, a very good man, or the best man
« Fellas, (means') above him
Nezza, (means) very.

VII. JVumerals.

Ewan, m. Eweth, f. one.
Seen, m. Seentli, f. tico.

The remaining numerals are Arabic and suffer no changet.

VIII. Pronouns.

1. Personal.
Nekkee, m. Nokkonce, f. I Nekenee, m. Enkentsee, f. wc

Khetchee, m. Khemmee, f. thou Khoonwee, m. Khoonemtsee, f. you

Netsa, he; Netselh, she; Ikra, it Nulhnee, m. Nuthentsee, f. they.

* What is the word for old in Abyssinian ? Might not the name of the Amharic language be
derived from it ? P. S. D.

t M. Venture gives the numerals in the Berber language, from one to one hundred millions.
The word miyct, one hundred, Mr Langles, in a note, observes to be^Arabic, and ifid, one
thousand, he says, is a corruption of the Arabic elf. On the remainder he makes no observa-
tion, which would seem to prove that the Arabic numerals are not every where used by the
Berbers, though they may be in the neighbourhood of Algiers. P. S. D.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 41

2. Possessive.

Eoo, m. and f. my Annagh, m. tsagh, f. our

Eek, m. eem, f. thy An wan, m. koonts, f. your

Ees, m. and f. Ms or her 'Nsan, m. 'nsants, f. their.

3. Independent or Possessive-

Enoo, m. and f. mine Nanwan, m. yours

Nek, m. netn, f. thine Koonts, f. yours

Nes, m. and f. his or her 'Nsan, m. 'nsants, f. theirs.
Nannagh, m. 'ntsagh, f. ours

4. Demonstrative.

Wayee, m. thayee, f. this Weyee, m. theyee, f. those

Ouweed, n. ouwetseed, f. that Ouwethend, m. ouwethenseed, f. those.

5. Relative.

Winna, m. sing, who Enna, m. pi. who

Thinna, f. sing, who Jeena, f. pi. who.

6. Interrogative.

Enwawa, m. entsa, f. who? Enwee, m. entsa, f. enwee, n. which?

Ashou, n. what? ^

For pronouns combined with the verb, see below.

rX. Of the Verb.

In this language the imperative mood is the radical from which the
other moods and tenses are derived.

In the conjugation of verbs there is a masculine and a feminine
gender.

The following paradigms are not complete, and are only given by-
way of specimens of the manner in which verbs are conjugated in the
Berber language.

The Substantive Verb to be.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Sing. Elee, m. and f. he thou
Plur. Eleeth, m. eleemths, f. he ye.

Vol. IV L

42

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

Participle.

Sing. Ilia, m. thilla, f. being
PI. Ulan, m. illants, f. being.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense*.

Singular.

m.

Nekkee adheleegh, I am m.

f.

Nekkinee adheleegh, lam f.

m.

Khetchee atseleed, thou art m

f.

Khemmee atseleed, thou art f.

m.

Nitsa adhelee, he is m.

f.

Netseth atselee, she is f.

Plural.
Nekenee annelee, we are
Enkentsee annelee, toe are
Khoonewee atseleem, you are
Khoonemtsee atseleem, you are
Nutheree adheleen, they are
Nuthentsee adheleents, they are.

Preterite.

Singular.
m. Nekkee allegh, / was
f. Nekkinee allegh, /was
m. Khetchee thaleed, thou wast
f. Khemmee thaleed, thou wast
m. Netsa ella, he was
f. Netseth thella, she 7oas

Plural.

m. Nekenee nella, we were
f. Enkentsee nella, we were
m. Khoonwee thellam, you were
f. Khoonemtsee thellamts, you were
m. Nuthnee ellan, they were
f. Nuthentsee ellants, they were.

Neuter Verb to speak.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Sing. Sewal, m. and f. speaJc thoii

PI. Sewalts, m. sevvalemts, f. speak ye.

iis'dicath'e mood.

Present Tense-

Singular,

m. Nekkee adhseiilagh, I speak m.

f. Nekkinee adhsculagh, / speak f.

m. Ketchee atssculad, thou spcakest m.

f. Khemmee atssculad, //iou s/3Ca/fC5i f.

m. Netsa adhseual, he speaks m.

f. Netseth adhseual, she speaks f.

Plural.
Nekenee anseual, ice speak
Enkentsee anseual, tee speak
Khoonwee atsseulem, ye speak
Khoonemtsee atsseulemts, 2^c speak
Nuthnee adhseulan, they speak
Nuthentsee adiiseulants, //fcy speak.

* M. Venture says that in the Berber verbs tiie present tense is wanting, and is expressed
l)y the preterite, as in the Arabic and Hebrew languages. P. S. D.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

43

Preterite.

Singular.
m. Nekkee aseulagh, I spoke
f. Nekkinee aseulagh, J^pote
m. Khetchee tseulat, thou spokest
f. Khemmee tseulat, tJiou spokest
m. Netsa eseual, he spoke
f. Netseth tseual, she spoke

Plural.
m. Nekkenee neseual, we spoke
f Enkentsee neseual, jce spoke
in. Khoonwee tseulem, ye spoke
f. Khoonemtsce tseulemts, i/e spoke
m. Nuthnee aseulan, they spoke
f. Nuthentsee aseulants, they spoke.

Active Verb to strike.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.

in.

Nekkee oothigh, I strike m.

f.

Nekkinee oothigh, I strike f.

tn.

Khetchee thootliid, thou strikest m.

f.

Khemmee thoothid, thou strikest f.

m.

Netsa yootha, he strikes m.

f.

Netseth thootha, she strikes f.

Preterite.

Plural.
Nekenee annooth, we strike
Enkentsee annooth, we strike
Khoonwee atsoothem, ye strike
Khoonemtsee atsoothemts, ye strike
Nuthnee adhoothen, they strike
Nuthentsee adhoothents, they strike.

s. m. Nekkee oothighth, I have struck
p. m. Nekenee nootlieth, jce have struck
p. m. Nuthnee oothent, they have struck.

Future Tense.

s. m. Nekkee athoothagh, I shall or teill strike
p. ra. Nekenee athnoothagh, we shall or will strike.

Passive Verb to be struck.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.

m. Nekkee atsoothagh, I am struck m.

f. Nekkinee atsoothagh, 7 am s^ruc/c f.

m. Khetchee thetsoothad, thou art struck m.

f. Khemmee thetsoothad, thou art struck f.

m. Netsa yatsooth, he is struck m

f. Netsath thatsooth, she is struck f.

Plural.
Nekenee netsooth, we are struck
Enkentsee netsootli, we are struck
Khoonwee tlietsoothcm, you are struck
Khoonemtsee thetsoothem, you are struck
Nuthnee athsoothem, they are struck
Nuthentsee atsoothents, they arc struck.

44 ON THE BERBER LA2JGUAGE.

Negative form of the Verb to strike.

s. m. Nekkee oorakkathgara, / do not strike
s. f. Nekkenee oorakkathgara, / do not strike.

The same with Transitions.

s. m. Nekkee oorthakkathgara, I do not strike him
s. m. Nekkee oorathnekkathgara, I do not strike them.

Further Examples of Transitions.

Efk, give

Efkas, give him

Ef kee vvayee, give me that

Efkagh, give us

Efkasth, give it to him

Oorasthatsakkara, do not give it to him

Oorasnathtsakghara, / will not give it to them.

Note. Efk, the imperative form, is the radical syllabic, from which the pronouns can be
readily separated; s represents the accusative or dative him or to him; and th, the neuter pro-
noun it or to it. Oor and ra are the initial and final negatives. This greatly resembles the
American Indian formations.

»

Another Example.

in. & f . Netsa yabgha-ee, he loves me m. &. f. Abgay-agh, he loves us

m. Abgegh-k, I love thee m. Abghegh-koom, I love you (plural)

f. Abgegh-kem, I love thee f. Abghegii-koonts, I love you (plural)

m. Abgegh-th, / love him m. Abghegh-then, Hove them

f Abgegh-ths, T love her f. Abghegh-thents, Hove them.

BERBER POETRY.

Of the various specimens of Berber poetry in my possession, the
following is not the fairest example of its versification. In this, how-
ever, rhythm is always observed, and metre generally. The second
and third stanzas are of trochaic measure. The Berber poetry has
various metres, and among others, the Greek i'^ir^ii,;. It seems to be
subjected to fixed laws of pronunciation and orthometry.

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE. 45

The following song is sung by the Kabyle women, at the departure
of the errafka, a company of men who set out from their villages,
under the safe conduct of a leader called the bofessa, to go to Algiers.
The object of this journey is thus explained : "under the treaties ot
peace with the regency, great numbers of all these (Kabyle) tribes
seek employment in Algiers and its neighbourhood, as shepherds and
field labourers, and with foreigners, as house-servants." Shaler's
Sketches of Algiers, p. 94. With their wages of two dollars and a half
per month, these Kabyles are allowed three small loaves of black bread
and some oil. Their lodgings is the stable, and their covering the
clothes which they wear in the day.

Berber Song.

1 . Awidden dhedhesents adhich aminsee

2. Egan gara sanoee.

3. Aliath 'k-ldjennan, agkhadem latseraan

4. Aghrom dlieraasas, ishthok eghatnan

5. Athemelewin, hoozzimts tliefrewin

6. Abreed elliamma, limbeth glioorewin

7. Sbiagh adhleel arnegh oola adblaoonais

8. Agbra lezair anidha ekhadem elkais

9. Ai, Sidi Yahaya! abab netsa booth
10. Afooyagh adhnoob, argaz thamattooth.

Translation.

1. I wish to go with them to partake of the Aminsee*,

2. To enjoy with him the pleasures of love.

3. He is working in the garden, earning the tseinant,

4. Eating saltless bread, and longing for his home.

5. Dove ! Speed thy wings in flight,

6. Speed to El-hammaJ, there pass the night;

7. Bear my ear-ring, and even my necklace

8. To Algiers, where the good man is working.

9. Oh, Sidi Yahaya§ ! thou blessed father,
10. Pardon the sins of the man and his wife.

^ Aminsee, the evening repast of the Kabyles.
t Tseman, a small coin.
I El-hamma, a place so called near Algiers.
4 Sidi Yahaya, a distinguished Marabbui.

Vol. IV.— M

46

ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

Imitation.

Th' errafka 's gone — O great bofessa, take
Me to the good man, nor me thus forsake;
Take me to where I shall behold his face,
Taste his arainsee and his sweet embrace.
Joyless he works, in gardens or in fields.
His daily labour one poor tseman yields:
His bread is saltless, and with that alone
He longs and wishes for his chearful home.
O ! gentle Dove, quick spread your wings in fiigiit,
Speed to El-harama and there pass the night:
Bear him these tokens, my necklace, my ring,
My bracelets, my pendents, my ev'ry thing.
Oh, Sidi Yahaya ! grant us blessings and life,
And pardon the sins of tl:e man and his wife.

A BERBER TALE.

WITH AN INTERLINEAL TRANSLATION.

Eweth el marra beki'i, ennan, irouh ewaii itheddou

One time long ago, they say, went one traveller

adh-ouabzeed alemmi adh-ewan ad-el-hal oumada itswals addakhan.

in the road till one place solitary he saw a smoke.

Ikabbel ghar-dhinna alemmi iwouad;

gaf adh-ewan awergez

He approached towards there till lie arrived; he found one of man

ala metsa; ouahedas dha-oudcou, adh-seen el-bizan, etletsa

e.xccpt him; alone he with a horse, with two falcons, three

ibrahasli; adhiker esbaeh, adhirkeb aoudeou, yawee ibrahash,

pointer dogs; he rises in the morning, mounts horse, takes pointers,

irouh, enagh ella-asha '1 mehella, ouahedas ekled ; eyan weed

went, fights till evening with troops, alone he he returns; those with

Ifragatin ; alemmi

Ifragatin; till

aranahadem .■' efan

shall we do ? they find

itsnagh

esmouansen

their name

he fought

ennanassen

they said themselves, how

amek

those

adh-ewan aouess

one day

aouamghar

ewan

one

of old man

ON THE IJERBER LANGUAGE. 47

isseulasen, ennanas, amek? enniassen, ashou erkeb?

lie spoke to them, they say to him, how? he says to them, wliat rides?

ennanas, dha-oudeou, inannou seen ibrahash adh-seen el-bizan.

they say to him, a horse, besides two pointers and two lalcons.

Enniassen: awethes setsa el-khaleth adh-seen thibrahash

He says to them : talie to him six women and two pointer bitches

adh-seen el-bizan dha seeneth thagmareen. Azek annetan

and two falcons (lemale) and two mares. The morrow tlie other

khademan akenni; raioutan, netsa iwouad, azwonran. El-khaleth

they do so; they arrive, he arrives, go before. The women

akenni edtizra erra adahnis ghoor-sent; ibrahash oozlan

when he saw them moved heart his towards ihem; pointers run

ghoor-thibrahash, el bizan akenni, asadeou dra-genta ; akenni izra

to the bitches, the falcons so, horse he also; when he saw

yarrasli ghaf-thegamareth ; azzinas, atfant, awouint.

jum])ed upon the mare; they surround him, take him, carry him off

Ikka setsa ayam ; had ennias, athnenogh ; had ennias, asel ;

He remained six days; one said," I will kill liim; one saiil, not so;

ikrad ewan enniasan, ghot: adjmanas esgaran: essarghant.

rose one said, I will kill him: they collected him wood: they burn him.

Athfook.

Ended.

Free Translation.

Once upon a time, they say, there was a man travelling on a journey,
when he came to a solitary place, where he saw smoke. He approached
it, and found one man, accompanied by his horse, two falcons and three
pointer dogs. This man rose in the morning, mounted his horse, took
his pointers with him, and went to fight with the troops of a certain
tribe. He alone contended with them till the evening, and then re-
turned. The name of the tribe with which he fought, was Ifragatin.
This he continued to do for some time ; when at last the people of the
tribe said, What shall we do .? They resort to an old man, to ask his
counsel. He asked them, How is the man mounted } They replied,
Besides his horse, he has two falcons and three pointers. The old

48 ON THE BERBER LANGUAGE.

man then said, Take with you to the battle six women, two pointer
bitches, two female falcons, and two mares. On the morrow they
followed the advice of the old man. When they arrived on the field
of battle, they sent the six women in advance. When they were
perceived by the enemy, the passion of love inflamed his heart, the
pointers ran off" after the bitches, the falcons flew to their females, and
the horse rushed to a mare. The men of the tribe at this moment
came up, surrounded and seized them. The solitary enemy remained
a prisoner for six days, when some of the tribe advised his death, but
others opposed it. At last one man rose up, and said. He shall be killed.
Faggots were then piled around him, which they lighted, and burned
him to death.

H .:\ w 'H Aic ;ii r? 11 A ^c a]!.,^ k a ii., Air a ,

49

NO. II.

Description of a neto species of Sarracenia. By Thomas Nuttull.

Bead May 7th, 1830.

AMONG the more curious new species of plants which I have lately
detected, in a pedestrian tour of twelve hundred miles through the
states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Florida, is the fol-
lowing :

Sarracenia *CALCEOiiATA.

Puiiiila; asckliis reclinatis, tubo ventricoso, operculo subgloboso-inllato canriato,
gine intruso-inflexo, ore subrotuiido parvo. . • .

Description. A very distinct and dwarf species, about the relative size
of S. adunca, but lower. The autumnal ascidia are furnished with
broad leafy ridges running along the upper edge of the tube ; these
appendages become much narrower in the vernal ones, but their very
similar character throughout each section of the genus renders their
specific employ wholly useless : the ordinary ascidia are short and
reclinate, with a ventricose tube scarcely ever exceeding three or four
inches in length. The operculum (unlike all the other species) is
confluent with the tube and of a singular, inflated, globular form,
carinafe above, bluntly pointed and uncinately curved, with the edges
broadly inflected, so as to leave only a circular opening, as in the lip of
the Cypripedium, which this appendage indeed wholly resembles ; its
colour is usually a fine purple-red, varied and reticulated with varioloid
diaphanous whitish meshes somewhat similar to those of the operculum
Vol. IV N

50 DESCRIPTION OF A

of S. variolaris; the inner side of the tube is almost throughout lined
with long coarse reflected hairs, which must thus render it a formidable
trap to all winged insects. Interfoliar stipules small and ovate.
Scape a little longer than the ascidium. Flowers nearly the size of
those of -S". purpurea, the petals lingulate-oblong, dark blood-red ; twice
the length of the calyx ; the angles of the peltate stigma deeply emar-
ginate.

Hal) it at. West Florida, near Tallahassee (ten miles west, rare).
Very abundant in Tatnal county, Georgia, particularly within a few
miles of the new court-house ; growing with S. variolaris and ^S". Jlava,
in the drier sphagnous marshes, by the margins of the "Bay-galls" or
ponds, in the usual sandy pine-forests. Flowering time, March to
April : — confined to about the latitude of thirty to thirty-two degrees.

Observation 1st. The natural affinity of this very singular North
American genus continues to demand investigation. After many
fruitless attempts on my own part, I have at length had the satisfaction
of observing the germination of S. purpurea in the collection of Mr
Hibbert of Philadelphia, who very opportunely called my attention to
the subject ; this species, then, has perfectly distinct, long, linear cotyle-
doxis ; probably, from their appearance, folded and involute within the
seed. At present, we cannot but consider the Sarracenia as the type
of a distinct order Sarraceniaccee, bearing some remote affinity perhaps
with the Nympheacese. Most of the species are confined to the more
temperate regions south of Virginia.

Observation 2d. The genus now presents three sections in the
form of the ascidia.

In the first, the ascidia are erect and tubular, in the form of trum-
pets, with the operculum free and reflected. In this are included S.
Jlava and 8. Catcsbyana, lately restored by Mr Elliott. In these the
flowers are yellow*.

* To the first section (with S. Jlava and S. Cateshyana) may also be added, to me an
obscure species, S. rubra of Walter, " foliis erectis tubulatis, vaha plana erecta," which, as
Mr Hooker remarks in his Exotic Flora, Vol. 1. p. 11, cannot certainly be the S. ■psittacinaoi
Miciicanx, (a species with which I am familiar from the very places quoted by the discoverer),
in which the operculum is always strongly recurved as well as arched. The figure given by
Mr Hooker, t. 13, also perfectly accords with Walter's character; the ascidium in fact being
cscct, and very similar to that o(S.fava, except in the greater dilatation of the summit of the
tube. In this species the fiower is a deep red.

NEW SPECIES OF SARRACENIA. 51

In the second section, the ascidia are ventricose and reclinate, with
the operculum free, and arched over the aperture of the tube. The
relative order of this section to the preceding will be S. adunca^
somewhat allied to the preceding in the almost erect tube; — then
S. purpurea, of which, near Northampton, Massachusetts, there exists
a yellow-flowered variety; — S. variolaris, with the operculum also
strongly arched, and marked with diaphanous reticular meshes, the
flowers yellow; in the two other species they are a dark brownish red.

Our present new species, S. cakeolata, will form a third section,
characterized by producing reclinate ventricose ascidia, having the
operculum confluent with the tube, and with the margin reflected
inwards, so as to leave only a circular foramen passing into the tube ;
it is also like S. variolaris, marked with diaphanous discoloured meshes.
The flower is deep red. This is the most southern species yet discov-
ered, and confined apparently to about the parallel of the thirtieth
degree. .

52

NO. 111.

Description of a Species of Orang, from the north-eastern province of
British East India, lately the kingdom of Assam. By Richard
Harlan, M.D., Sfc. Read November I9th, 1830.

SiMiA, Linn. — Hilobates, lUig.

S. Hoolock. Colour of the skin and hair, deep black ; canine teeth very long; a band
of whitish grey hairs over each eye.

Dimensions. Total length, about two feet six inches. Humerus eight inches nine-
tenths ; radius nine inches ; hand, from the beginning of the wrist to the end of the fingers,
six inches ; inferior extremities about thirteen inches ; the foot six inches.

Habitat. Garrow-IIills, Assam, and probably extending into China between latitudes
twenty-five and twenty-seven degrees north. Cab. of A. JV. S. Philadelphia.

The present specimen is an adult male; and forms one of three
individuals which lived some time in possession of Dr M. Bur-
rovigh, who has lately returned from India, with a magnificent col-
lection of rare and valuable skins of birds and quadrupeds, selected
principally from the plains of the Burrampooter river. Dr Burrough
informs me, that there is not much exterior difference between the
adult male and female. The young, we shall have occasion to notice,
possesses several characteristic marks. They were all taken on the
Garrow-Hills, in the vicinity of Goalpara, in the latitude of twenty-six
degrees north ; they very soon became tamed, especially the young-
one; they were docile, affectionate, and rather inclined to melan-
choly.

According to the accounts of the natives, these animals are not
found south of the regions specified. There can not be the least

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ORANG. 53

doubt but that this species is the same mentioned cursorily in Latreille's
Buffou Vol. XXXV. p. 140. The observations relative to the habits of
this species contained in this account, corresponding in so many respects
with the specimens introduced by Dr Burrough, induces \is to make
the following translation. '• INIr Gordon has sent me the drawing of an
Orang, which the King of Assam had made a present to ]Mr Harwood,
president of the provincial council of Uinagipal. The brother of Mr
Harwood brought it to the Cape of Good Hope and presented it to Mr
Gordon, with whom it unfortunately lived only one day. It had been
attacked with scurvy on ship-board, and on arriving at the Cape was
so feeble as to die at the end of twenty-four hours ; thus Mr Gordon
had only time to make a drawing of it ; and not being able to make
any. observations on its habits, has communicated the information he
obtained from Mr Harwood, as follows. This Orang-outang, named
Voulock [Hoolock] in its native country, was a female, and regularly
menstruated, but the discharge was interrupted after the attack of scurvy.
She was of a very gentle disposition, only monkej^s displeased her,
whose presence she could not endure. She always walked in the up-
right attitude, and could even run very fast : when walking on a table,
or among china-ware, she was very careful not to break any thing :
when climbing she used only her hands ; her knees resembled those
of man. Her cry was sharp and deafening, pronouncing often and
frequently repeating the syllables yaa-hoa ! yaa-hoo ! yaa-hoo ! — with
the emphasis on the last syllable, particularly on the terminal sound :
when she heard any noise resembling this, she commenced crying also.
When contented, she emitted a low guttural sound. When sick she
whined like a child, and was fond of being nursed. Her food consisted
principally of vegetables and milk ; she would never touch a dead
animal, or eat meat, and refused even to eat from a plate which had
contained meat" [in this respect she differed from those individuals in
the possession of Dr Burrough, these latter would eat meat occasionally].
'■'When thirsty, she plunged her fingers into the water and licked
them: she voluntarily covered herself with pieces of sail-cloth, but
would not endure clothes. She would come when called by name.
She was commonly melancholy and pensive. When answering to the
Vol. IV.— O

54 DESCRIPTION OF A

calls of nature on board of ship, she would hold on to a rope and eva-
cuate into the sea.

The length of her body was two feet five inches and a half — the
circumference of the chest was one foot two inches — that of the
thinnest part of the body was ten inches and a half: when in health
she was fatter, and had calves to the legs. ' " . .

The drawing had been taken during illness, or after death, when
the subject was greatly emaciated : there ^vere nails on all the fingers."

Notwithstanding the high northern latitude of the country in which
this species is native, it would appear that they are less able than even
other Gibbons to endure the hardships of captivity and change of
climate. All those belonging to Dr B. died, either on their passage
down the river from Goalpara, or on board vessel before they arrived
at the Cape of Good Hope.

The Gibbons, or long armed apes, in many particulars, all bear a
very close resemblance to each other. Thus the *S'. lar., leucisca,
agilis, syndactylus, and concolor, which includes all the species
hitherto described, differ from each other only in some particulars of
size, colour, proportions and markings. The present specimen is as
strongly characterized, as distinct, as any of the others. In some of its
habits, particularly in its mode of drinking, it resembles the Siamang
of Sir Stamford Raflles, or S. syndactylus ; but differs widely in other
respects. In form, size, and proportion, it is most closely allied to the
females of the S. agilis of F. Cuv., but is very different in colours and
markings, especially the young individuals of the two species, which
differ totally in these respects; the male and female resemble each other
in the present species, but the sexes are different in size and colour in
the S. agilis; the two species differ also in their habits; both differ
also from the S. lar., Linn.

The skin of the present species is of a deep black colour, which, on
the hands at least, is not confined to the rete mucosum, as the cutis
vera of the palms remains black after maceration, so as to destroy the
epidermis.

The hair, which is universally black, with the exception of the grey
band across the forehead of the adult, covers the back of the hand to
the ends of the fingers, and on the palm descends as low as half the

NEW SPECIES OF ORANG. 55

length of the metacarpal bones. In both old and young the hah' on
the fore-arm is reversed. ■ -

In the young individual, which is about half the size of the adult,
besides the difference of colour, a remarkable peculiarity was noticed
in the relative proportions of the arm and fore-arm, as will be observed
in the following measurements. Total length, two feet six or eight
inches; humerus, eight inches nine-tenths; ulna, ten inches three-
tenths; femur, eight inches : tibia seven inches ; length of the head from
the vertex to the chin, four inches five-tenths — breadth, two inches
five-tenths.

In the young animal the fore-arm is shorter than the arm, a fact at
variance with the proportions of those parts, not only in the Orangs,
but in all the race of adult Simite. In the adult of this species the
arm and fore-arm are within one inch two-tenths of being equal in
length.

In the S. coHco/or, (Harl. Journ. A. N. S. Vol. V. p. 229, pl.ix.)the
fore-arm is two inches and a half longer than the arm*. If M. F.
Cuvier's account of the dimensions of the ;S^. agilis be correct, there is
six inches diflference between the length of the arm and fore-arm ; but
if the author has improperly included the hand and fingers in the term
"fore-arm," the proportions of these parts are nearly similar in the S.
agilis, and S. Hoolock.

The colour of the young of the present species is blackish-brown —
back of the hands and feet sprinkled with grey — buttocks greyish :
a tuft of greyish hairs grows from the point of the chin, and a line of
the same colour extends along the middle of the front of the body :
the band of grey over the eyes of the adult is generally interrupted in
the middle of the forehead by a line of black hairs — which is absent
in the young one ; the band is broader in the latter, in the proportion
of seven-tenths to four-tenths.

Buffon, speaking of the habitat of the Gibbons (Vol. XXXV. p.
200), remarks, "it appears to inhabit the more northern countries, and
that the ape of the province of Gannaure, on the frontiers of China,

* In the Bull. des. Sc. Univers. 1830, M. Lesson remarks that the S. concolor is probably
a variety of the S. lar., notwithstanding the former animal has Iwo dorsal vertebrae, and ttvo
ribs more than the former, not to mention other distinctive characters.

■f

5g DESCRIPTION OF A

ouo-ht to be referred to the Gibbon ; which some travellers have indi-
cated under the name of Fefe."

The following extract is quoted by Buffou ; " in the kingdom of
Gannaure, frontier of China, there exists an animal very rare, which
they call Fefe; it has almost the human form ; the arms very long ; the
body black and hairy ; walks lightly and very fast." (Recueil des
Voyages, (^-c. Rouen, 1716, Tome III. p. 1G8.)

It is this Fefe, which the traveller Nieuhoff describes as carnivorous
and anthropophagous ; a character attributable to the extreme length of
the canine teeth. It is highly probable that Fefe is the Chinese name
for the Assamese " Hoolock." The dentition of this species bears close
analogy to that of the S. agilis or Wou-wou, so accurately detailed by
F. Cuv. (Dent des Manimiferes, &c.): the only difference is the greater
length of tiie canines of the Hoolock. and the obsolete appearance of
the longitudinal grooves, especially that on the posterior face of this
tooth.

In all particulars not mentioned this species resembles the other
Gibbons. A drawing of the adult male and young female, also the
cranium of the adult male, accompanies the description.

For the details concerning the habits of the specimens which form
the subjects of the present description, we refer to the observations con-
tained in the annexed letter from Dr Burrough.

" To Richard Harlan, M.D.

"The specimens of OurangOutang, or Gibbons, furnished you, were
obtained by me during my late excursion into the interior of Bengal.
They were presented to me by Captain Alexander Davidson of the
honoura])lG East India Company, stationed at Goalpara, situate on the
Burramjiooter river in Assam. This district of country was formerly
attached to the Burmese empire ; but at present is in possession of the
East India Company, and constitutes the north eastern limits of their
territory in this quarter.

"The Ourang, of which I am now to speak, called by the Assamese
'Hoolock,' is to be met with on the Garrow-Hills in the vicinity of

NEAV SPECIES OF ORANG. 57

Goalpara, between latitudes twenty-five and twenty-eight degrees
north, and the specimens brought to this country by me were taken
within a few miles of the town of Goalpara. The full-grown one,
which at this time you have prepared, was in my possession, alive,
from the month of January to May, when it died from a blow it re-
ceived across the lumbar region, inadvertently inflicted with a small
stick by one of my servants at Calcutta. They inhabit more particu-
larly the loiver hills, not being able to endure the cold of those ranges
of the Garrows of more than four or five hundred feet elevation.
Their food in the wild state consists, for the most part, of fruits
common only to the jungle in this district of country, and they
are particularly fond of the seeds and fruits of that sacred tree
of India, called the Peepul-tree, and which on the Garrow-Hills
attains a very large size. They likewise take of some species of grass,
and also the tender twigs and leaves of the Peepul and other trees,
which they chew, swallow the juice thereof, and reject the indigesti-
ble part. They are easily tamed, and when first taken show no dispo-
sition to bite unless provoked to anger, and even then manifest a reluc-
tance to defend themselves, preferring to retreat into some corner
rather than to attack their enemy ; they walk erect, and, when placed
upon a floor or in an open field, balance themselves very prettily, by
raising their hands over their head and slightly bending the arm at the
wrist and elbow, and then run tolerably fast, rocking from side to side ;
and if urged to greater speed, they let fall their hands to the ground,
and assist themselves forward, rather jumping than running; still
keeping the body however nearly erect — if they succeed in making
their way to a grove of trees, they then swing with such astonishing
rapidity from branch to branch, and from tree to tree, that they are
soon lost in the jungle or forest.

"The individual in question became so tame and manageable in less
than a mouth, that he would take hold of my hand and walk with me,
helping himself along at the same time with the other hand applied to
the ground as described above. He would come at my call and seat
himself in a chair by my side at the breakfast table, and help himself
to an egg, or the wing of a chicken from my plate, without endangering
any of my table furniture — he would partake of cofiee, chocolate, milk,
Vol. IV.— P

58 DESCRIPTION OF A

tea, &c., and although his usual mode of taking liquids was by dipping
his knuckles into the cup and licking his fingers, still, when apparently
more thirsty, he would take up the vessel from which I fed him with
both hands, and drink like a man from a spring ; his principal food con-
sisted of boiled rice, boiled bread and milk with sugar, plantains, ba-
nanas, oranges, &c., all of which he ate, but seemed best pleased with
bananas ; he was fond of insects, would search in the crevices of my
house for spiders, and if a fly chanced to come in his reach he would
dexterously catch him in one hand, generally using his right hand.
Like many of the different religious castes of this country, he seemed
to entertain an antipathy to an indiscriminate use of animal food and
would not eat of either the flesh of the cow or hog, would sometimes
taste a little piece of beef, but never eat of it ; I have seen him take fried
fish, which he seemed to relish better than almost any other descrip-
tion of animal food with the exception of chicken, and even this he
woTild eat but very sparingly of, preferring his common diet, bread and
milk, and milk witli sugar, fruit, &c. In temper he was remarkably
pacific, and seemed, as I thought, often glad to have an opportunity of
testifying his affection and attachment for me. When I visited him in
the morning, he would commence a loud and shrill Whoo-whoo-
whoo-whoo, which he would keep up often from five to ten minutes, with
an occasional intermission for the purpose of taking a full respiration ;
until finally, apparently quite exhausted, he would lie down and allow
me to comb his head, and brush the long hair on his arms, and seemed
delighted with the tickling sensation produced by the brush on his
belly and legs ; he would turn from side to side, first hold out one arm
and then the other, and when I attempted to go away he would catch
hold of my arm or coat tail, and pull me back again to renew my little
attentions to him, daily bestowed ,• if I called to him from a distance
and he could recognize my voice, he would at once set up his usual
cry, which he sometimes gradually brought down to a kind of moan,
but generally resumed his louder tone when I approached him. This
animal was a male, but showed no particular marks of the sex, and by a
casual glance might readily, if not examined more closely, have passed
for a female. I have no idea of his age, but judging from the size and
length of his canine teeth, suppose him to have been advanced in life.

NEW SPECIES OF ORANG. 59

"The other large ^Hoolock,' of which you have the cranium, was also
a male and full grown ; he was likewise obtained from the Garrow-
Hills in Assam, presented to me by my friend Captain A. Davidson of
Goalpara. He came into my possession in the month of April, and
died at sea in July, just before getting up with the Cape of Good Hope,
of a catarrhal affection : his death probably might have been hastened
from the want of proper food, such as is not procurable on long voyages.
This animal was similar in habit and general characters to the one
already described, and may have been eight or ten years of age or
perhaps older, as I am informed by the natives of Assam they live to
the age of twenty-five or thirty years.

" The young specimen was also alive in my possession — this is a fe-
male, and was brought to me by a Garrow Indian at the same time
the first was received, but died on the way from Goalpara to Calcutta
of a pulmonary disease following catarrh. This poor little creature
when first taken sick suffered great pain and oppression at the chest,
for which I prescribed a cathartic of castor oil and calomel, and a
warm bath, which seemed to afford it some temporary relief, but she
died after ten days illness. The animal appeared delighted with the
bath, and when I removed her from the vessel she would run back
again to the water, and lie down again until again removed; she was,
like the others I had in my possession, gentle and pacific in disposi-
tion, very timid and shy of strangers, but in less than a week from
the time she was taken, would, if put down in an open place, quickly
run to me, jump in my arms and hug me round the neck, I sup-
posed her to have been from nine months to a year old. I fed her on
boiled milk, goat's milk diluted with water and sweetened w'ith sugar
candy ; she also would sometimes partake of a little bread and milk
with the older one ; she soon learned to suck the milk from a small
bottle, through a quill covered with a piece of rag.

«M. BURROUGH."

^'Nov. 19th, 1830."

60

ARTICLE IV.

Silve)' Ores reduced hy the Method of Becquerel. By Jlndres del Rio.

Read November 5, 1830.

I HAVE the honour to present to the American Philosophical So-
ciety, the result of some curious researches, which in more dexterous
hands may become interesting. They were suggested to me by the
beautiful experiment of M. Becquerel, inserted in the Annales de
Chimie et de Physique, for September 1829. He introduced, into a
glass tube, some carburet of sulphur, with a solution of nitrate of cop-
per, which, being of less specific gravity, floated upon its surface ; and
by means of a copper wire he established a communication between
the two liquids. He observed that the surface of the wire became
coated witli protoxide of copper, w^hile small tables, assuming a
metallic and glistening appearance, were deposited on the sides
of the glass tube. These M. Wohler has since shown to be formed
of sulphuret of copper ; whence he considers the method of Bec-
querel as being merely "a new mode of forming sulphurcts," to which,
I think, he should have added, " by the decomposition of other sulphu-
rcts." Indeed, I introduced severally into three small glass tubes, some
small lamelhe of ductile and some fragments of brittle silver glance and red
silver ore. These, being exposed to the action of nitrate of copper and a
copper wire, were reduced in eight days to the state of metallic silver. I
repeated the experiment on the ores in small fragments, which became
coated with silver in five days. The formation of silver was even appa-
rent on the second day at the points in which the ore came in contact

SILVER ORES REDUCED BY BECqiTEREE'S METHOD. 61

with the glass. By what process nature invests silver glance and
red silver ores with native silver in the mines, is a question which
I do not pretend to solve. . '

In operating upon the fragments of silver glance, wliich were coated
in the preceding experiments with metallic silver, I added a little
quicksilver. In fifteen days the ore w'as transformed into an amalgam
of silver. The brittle sulphuret and the red silver ore required nearly
three weeks for their complete amalgamation. According to M.
Wohler the carburet of sulphur is decomposable in the same way by
diluted nitric acid. I did not succeed in decomposing the dark red
silver ore by nitric acid, until after a subsequent saturation of the acid
with copper.

These experiments afford us instances of the reduction of silver ores
without common salt, and sulphuret of iron and copper (the magistral
of the Mexicans). I always suspected that the latter substance was very
mischievous in the process of amalgamation, occasioning the great
loss of silver and mercury which are daily experienced. The silver,
being oxidized at the expense of the sulphuric acid, retains its oxygen
with more tenacity, as has been shown by M. Berthier, than had
been previously admitted ; and especially when in contact with the
oxide of copper, which possesses this property to a high degree. The
same probably happens with the mercury; and the sulphates, bisul-
phates, and subsulphates which are thus formed are lost for ever in the
process of washing. Hence, I think, they roast their silver ores in Sax-
ony with common salt alone ; and they treat the chloride of silver by
mercury. By this means the loss of mercury amounts only to four
ounces per five mai'cs of silver obtained in the working of ores that
contain two ounces per quintal*. How satisfied would we be in
Mexico if our loss were no greater.

I trust that the pupils of the college of mines of Mexico may
derive some advantage from these small experiments of mine. Perhaps
I have thus approximated to the discovery made by my lamented pupil
Valencia, and which he unfortunately carried with him to the grave.

* The Mexican amalgamator divides liisloss of mercury into two parts; the first he terms
consumido, whicli is always equal at least to the weight of silver obtained. The second,
termed perdida, is tlie waste in washing, tScc.

Vol. IV.— Q

62 SILVER ORES REDUCED BY BECqUEREL S METHOD. >

I can state as a fact, that by his genius he had discovered the means of
avoiding the loss of mercury termed the consumido. Such are the
fruits resulting from colleges of mines. In my last letter I sug-
o-ested to him the use of the protomuriate of tin, not of the nitrate of
copper ; and in his reply he informed me that his method w^as so simple,
that he feared the workmen would deprive him of the fruits of it.
As the mail was closing, he postponed the communication to his next
letter, which however he never had an opportunity of writing, having
previously, as well as many others of my able pupils, fallen a victim in
the war of independence.

Should the Philosophical Society continue their liberality to me, by
supplying me with a fragment of the white silver glance (iveisgulden
of the Germans), I propose to extend my experiments to that ore.

63

ARTICLE V.

Ohscrvations on the Naiades, ami Descriptions ofNciv Species of that and
other Families. By Isaac Lea. Bead before the American Philo-
sophical Society, May 7, 1830.

-I'

SINCE I presented my last paper on the Naiades, which was publish-
ed in the third volume of the Society's Transactions, I have been fortu-
nate in obtaining many species hitherto undescribed.

I have possessed for several years many individual specimens which
I supposed to be new, but which I deferred describing until I should
possess of each kind individuals of different ages. My late acquisitions
have converted my suppositions into certainty ; and I now offer the
following descriptions with a view to their publication in the fourth
volume of the Society's Transactions, to be accompanied by figures
executed like those attached to my last memoir.

In that memoir I took occasion to make some remarks on the " ele-
vations on the surface of the disks." I had not at that time satisfied
myself entirely jn regard to the manner in which these were accom-
plished by the animal. Some fine specimens of the Unio cornutus,
in all the stages of growth, having since been procured, I have been
able to trace these formations through every degree.

It will be observed on examination, that the horns alternate; that is.
those on one valve are not placed opposite to those on the other;
consequently one is made at a time. The animal deposits the secreted
carbonate of lime on the outside of the edge of one valve, where the
horn is to be formed, and on the inside of the edge of the other ; the

64 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

consequence of which is, that when the horn is sufficiently elevated,
the line of the opening at the base of the shell has diverged from the
plane of the valves into an obtuse angle at this point. The deposit
of the secretion is then reversed, and the line of the opening at
the base is soon restored to the plane of the valves. If another
horn is to be formed, this lateral increase of the edges is carried on
until the same effect is produced on the other side of the shell. The
natural consequence of this alternation is a depression on the outer
side of one valve corresponding to the horn on the other, and thus we
ever find it. In one of my specimens the turn is so short, after the
formation of the last horn, that this side passes over the other and forms
a plane one third of an inch, so that the specimen presents the curious
phenomenon of a shell standing erect on its base, when placed on a
smooth surface.

The plica? or folds are formed on the same principle. In the basal
and posterior margins of the plicated species we may see the line of
opening undulated by every fold, and when the deviation from the
plane takes place in one valve it is followed up always by the other.
In the Unio tuherciilatus, when tuberculated to the edge, these tuber-
cles cause it to be crenate.

In the Unio metanever we are presented with different elevations on
the disks. This beautiful and interesting species is furnished with
elevations, small at the beaks, and enlarging towards the base along
the umbonial slope. These elevations are antagonist, and being
formed at the same time, we consequently see, in a certain stage of
growth, quite a knob at the angle of the basal margin. In the Unio
lacrymosus, which is furnished with smaller elevations on the umbonial
slope, wc find them to alternate.

When making some observations on " colour" in my last memoir, I
mentioned that "the green irregular spots and marks" on the interior
of the valves w^cre "accidental, perhaps the effect of disease." Subse-
(|ucnt observation led me into an examination of these marks, and the
result is a perfect conviction of their being epidermal matter, evidently
placed occasionally between successive layers of nacre, as it were in
anticipation of a future erosion of the beaks. In a specimen of Unio
jHcsi ulosiis (herein described) in my cabinet, erosion has taken place

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 65

into the mass of its thick beaks to the distance of one third of an inch,
where vc false beak is exhibited covered with a thin layer of epidermal
matter, and a fracture of this false beak displays another within,
entirely covered with the same matter. In the same specimen, which
is more eroded than any I have seen, a considerable portion of the
cardinal tooth is visible from the exterior, and this portion is also
covered with epidermal matter.

I will take the opportunity here to remark on the absolute necessity
of studying the different ages of the species of this family, to enable us
to decide upon new species. I have never been more thoroughly
convinced of any thing than this. When I have been able to do so, I
have always placed in my cabinet at least three or four specimens of
different ages. Four years since, I obtained a large old specimen of
the Unio multipUcatiis (herein described), which I placed with my
specimens of Unio pUcatus. Two young specimens were received at
the same time, and so totally different were they in appearance, that
it did not occur to me there was any similarity between them and the
old one. These were placed with the Unio tuberculatus, in the belief
of their being a compressed variety of that species. A specimen
subsequently received, which furnishes the engraving, proved at once
their identity by displaying the numerous undulations in the region of
the beaks.

I have continued to give my attention to the habits of the animals
of this family, but I have in vain attempted to satisfy myself as to the
nature of their food. Dissatisfied with the results of the observations
mentioned in volume third, I procured, among other species, a fine
Unio cariosus, the valves of which were much more gaping than usual.
Selected specimens of various species were placed in a glass vase, in
the bottom of which was placed clean white sand, so that their natural
beds might be somewhat imitated. In this vessel they assumed their
natural position by pushing the sand behind them with the protruded
foot, thus forming a pit into which the base of the shell gradually fell,
the ligament taking the most elevated situation. In this position they
soon began to travel round the vessel, and this locomotion continued
for some days, when it ceased entirely.

Their extreme timidity or apprehension on the approach of danger
Vol. IV.— R

66 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

was very evident. At first the slightest agitation or movement of the
vessel caused them to close their valves instantly. Being almost daily
disturbed, this alarm after a time ceased, particularly with my fine
cariosus, which now suffered even the agitation of the water without
closing the valves, stretching out its fine dark and beautiful tentacula
from the borders of its mantle, and forming by the contact of its edges
two openings one below the other.

From the superior of these openings the constant stream ejected could
be plainly perceived for two inches elevating the water at its surface.
Being very anxious to ascertain through what part the water necessary
to supply this stream was carried into the shell, I discovered it, after
many experiments, to pass in by the inferior opening ; that it passed
out by the superior one had always been evident. This operation
was unremitted while the water was fresh ; when left unchanged for
some days this current invariably ceased. Doubting the correctness of
my former idea, as to the probability of their feeding on animalcula,
from the circumstance of finding the passage of the water to exist only
while fresh, and never when animalcula were visible even with a
microscope of great power, I instituted some experiments by passing
pieces of bread, very small pieces of worms, &c. between the tentacula.
Several of them would sometimes remain for some minutes within
the mantle and so far within as to be invisible, but they were in every
case in a very short time thrown out with a rapid and sudden jet of
water to the opposite side of the vessel.

These experiments were frequently repeated during the course of a
year upon the same specimen, and the result was uniformly the same.
No food introduced into the shell could be ascertained to have remained ;
it may therefore be pretty safely concluded, that neither animalcula
nor food in a more solid state are necessary to the nourishment of the
Naiades. What then are we to conclude it to be ? Would the decom-
position of water serve the purpose of nourishment as well as breath-
ing ? Certain it is, that during the many years I have been in the habit
of almost constantly having them alive for examination, dissection, &c.
I have never in any instance given them food, unless it was conveyed
invisibly to them in the pure water with which our city is supplied
through our works from the river, and which was given them every
few days.

AND DESCniPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 67

When I established the genus Symphynota* , I remarked on the
difficulties attending the present generic divisions of the family Naiades.
Since that period a closer attention to these divisions has convinced
me of the entire impossibility of defining limits to them. The
hinges in the species of the different genera glide or shade away so
completely into each other, that I have no hesitation in saying it is
entirely impossible for any naturalist to mark out a line of unvarying
character to most of them. It must therefore be conceded that other
characters are required for generic divisions.

If we examine the

Anodonta cygnea (Lam.), we find the margin under the beak and
ligament to be an uninterrupted line. In the

Iridina nilotica (Sowerby) this line is slightly interrupted under the
point of the beak. In the

Anodon areolatus (Swainson) we have this interruption more
distinctly' marked, the elevations being larger and more curved, evi-
dently forming an incipient tooth which approaches very closely to the

Jllasmodonta marginata (Say), and forms with it a natural link.
The next in the chain appears to be the

Alasmoilonta rugosa (Barnes), which has an incipient lateral tooth ;
and that which follows very closely is the

Unio calceolus (Nob.), which has the lateral tooth very slightly more
defined than the preceding. In the

Symplnjnota compressa (Nob.), we have the tooth more perfect and
extended, forming a moderately well characterised lateral tooth of the
genus Unio. The well known .

Unio pidorum (Mya pictorum, Lin.) presents us with cardinal and
lateral teeth completely formed. In this genus, the Unio, we have
an infinite variety in the forms of teeth. In the

Symphynota alata (Nob.), the cardinal and lateral teeth are com-
pressed in most specimens ; and the next change we find, is in the

Hyria avicularis]; (Lam.), in which the cardinal tooth is somewhat

* See Vol. III. p. 442.

"^ When the animal of tliis genus shall be examined, it will be found, I have no doubt, to
differ from the Unio, Anodonta, &c. For notwithstanding Lamarck's description, " elles ont
interieurement les impressions musculaires Jaterales des Nayades," I have discovered that the

6S OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

lamellar and forms nearly a line with the lateral tooth. The next
"nuance" is in the

Symphijnota Igevissima (Nob.), which possesses lamelliform cardinal
and lateral teeth forming nearly a complete arc. Then follows the

Symphynofa biulata (Nob.), the uninterrupted curved tooth of which
is little more than an elevated line under the ligament and beaks. As
far as one may be able to judge from a bad description and very bad
drawing, the

Dipsas plicatus (Leach) may be with propriety placed at the end of
this suite.

In the U. oriens described in this paper, we have a peculiarity in
the formation of the termination of the lateral tooth, which is en-
larged.

Under the impression, therefore, that the teeth in the Family iVam(/es
do not form a sufficient distinctive character to compose genera, I
propose to make a "division" of the family, the distinctive character
of which will be valves free and valves connate ; the genus Unio to
include the first, the genus Sympthynota to include the last. If subse-
quent groups be necessary, these may be composed of subgenera.

In my catalogue* of species, which I presumed should be considered
as established, I gave the umlulatus of Barnes as a synonym, consider-
ing it as a variety of the plkutus. Conversing with that naturalist
over his cabinet some time before his death, he expressed himself as
being very much of that opinion. At that period neither of us had
seen a young specimen of this species ; very recently I have been for-
tunate enough to obtain several, and the examination of the beaks of
these, which are nearly perfect, convinces me, that although the umlu-
latus resembles the plicatus in its general characters, yet, that the
beaks are sufficiently dissimilar to make them specifically different.

extensor muscle of the foot is attaclied to the internal base of the cardinal tooth and there
forms a remarkable cicatrix, which of course is over the large anterior (posterior of Lam.)
cicatrix, while in all the numerous species of Naiades which I have examined, the cicatrix of
the extensor muscle has been situated below the large anterior cicatrix. In anatomical struc-
ture lliey must Ihciclbro diflcr.
* Transactions, Vol. III.

PL,lIE.VoI.4.

/■///,' rriij_iry.,iii/,v

Ihtuni SCEiui U I'll /Hr,ti/U>n

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 69

Unio Trapezoides. Plate III. fia:. 1

&•

Testa trapezia simili, inaquilalerali, transversa, postice undulata; valvulis
crassis ; dentibus cardinalibus uti-iusqiie valvulce duplicibus ; lateralibus laminatis
curvisque; margaritd purpurea et iridescente.

Shell trapezoidal, inequilateral, transverse, undulated behind ; valves thick ;
cardinal teeth double in both valves ; lateral teeth curved and lamelliform ; nacre
purple and iridescent.

Hab. Lake St Joseph, Louisiana. J. T. Griffith, Esq.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Prof. Vanuxem.

Diam. 1*9, Length 2-6, Breadth 4-3 inches.

Shell trapezoidal, more angular behind, transverse, undulated on
posterior half ; umbonial slope elevated almost into a carina, anterior
to which the undulations are oblique and disposed to lie parallel to
each other ; posterior slope large and elevated into a carina ; sides
flattened ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks slightly prominent and
incurved ; ligament large, long and slightly curved ; epidermis black
and wrinkled ; cardinal teeth double in both valves, crenate and
deeply cleft in the left valve ; lateral teeth, long, curved and lamelli-
form ; anterior cicatrices distinct and rough ; posterior cicatrices con-
fluent; dorsal cicatrices situated under the posterior part of the cardinal
tooth ; ventral cicatrix very perceptible ; cavity of the beaks wide and
deep ; nacre dark purple and iridescent.

Remarks — This highly interesting species came into my possession
through the kindness of J. T. Griffith, Esq. of Natchez. It approaches
the U. plicatus* of Lesueur, more nearly than any other species with
which I am acquainted ; it differs, however, from that species, strik-
ingly, in the colour of the nacre, in the general outline of the shell

* For the authority of this name and author, see Am. Conch, article Unio crassus ; also
Barnes's article in SilUman's Journal, Vol. VI. p. 120.

Vol. IV.— S

70 OBSERAATIONS ON NAIADES,

and ill its remarkable square sides. The great peculiarity of this
species is in its possession of a small cicatrix (which I propose to call
the ventral cicatrix) anterior to the central part of the cavity of the
shell. In no other species have I ever met with the slightest indi-
cation of this cicatrix, although I have examined numerous larger and
more globose specimens of various species with this view.

Unio Multiplicatus. Plate IV. fig. 2.

Testa Irapeziali, incBquivalvi, oblique transversa, maxinie undidata ; valvulis
crassissimis ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, lateralibus longis curvisque; margaritd
alba et iridescente.

Shell trapezoidal, inequivalve, obliquely transverse, much undulated ; valves very
thick ; cardinal teeth thick ; lateral teeth long and curved ; nacre pearly white and
iridescent.

Hab.

Tennessee Biver. Prof. Vanuxem.
_ Ohio River. T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Prof. Vanuxem.
Diam. 2-2, Length 3-8, Breadth 5-6 inches.

Shell trapezoidal, obliquely transverse, undulated except near the
anterior margin, compressed towards basal and posterior margins ;
undulations diverge from the umbonial slope and in the superior part
curve towards the dorsal margin which is carinate ; substance of the
shell very thick ; beaks slightly prominent and rugose with undulations
extending over the umbones which are flattened ; ligament large, long
and curved ; epidermis black and much wrinkled ; cardinal teeth thick
and sulcate ; lateral teeth large, long and slightly curved ; anterior
cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices
situated on the under side of the plate betw^een the cardinal and lateral
teeth; cavity of the beaks rather large and rounded; nacre pearly
white, iridescent and surrounded by a distinct dark margin.

Remarks. — This fine large species was one of many fine shells

PL.I\^A'ol.4.

[ nic iitii/r//ilii ,/h/.'

Vravjt,i l^ui'tl Ini J.Drn

TT.V. Vol 1.

i'liio r/sfieri.

Jlrawn k£no 'J tii'Mlralir.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 71

brought by Prof. Vanuxem from the western states. It is very nearly
allied to the plicafus (Lesueur) in its general characteristics, but when
the beaks are not much eroded, it may be at once distinguished from
that species by the numerous small irregular undulations which sur-
round and cover the beaks, and of which the plicutus is entirely destitute
except at the very tip of the beaks ; where the small folds are entirely
unconnected with the large ones. In a very young state no two
species, scarcely, can be more different, the multiplicatus being entirely
covered with undulations, while the plicutus possesses none, except
the small ones at the tip. In this state it resembles exceedingly the
tubermlatus of Barnes, and when I received my first specimen, I
referred it to that species, considering it a variety, and should most
probably have continued to be of that opinion, had I not obtained a
large specimen sufficiently perfect to display the irregular undulations
in the region of the beaks. The facts mentioned above, show the
absolute necessity of studying the young in making ourselves acquainted
with the species.

Unio Asperrimus. Plate V. fig. 3.

Testa sebquadrangulari, inaquilaterali, postice biangulari, natihus ad baseos
marginem sulcata et nodulis inslructa; valvulis percrassis ; natihus elevatis; dentibus
cardinalibus prcBgrandibus, lateralibus magnis subrectisque ; margarita pulchrd et
iridescente.

Shell sub-quadrangular, inequilateral, biangular behind, sulcated from beaks
to basal margin, thick and noduled ; valves very thick; beaks elevated ; cardinal
teeth very large ; lateral teeth large and nearly straight ; nacre beautifully pearly
and iridescent.

Hab. Ohio River. T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet. . -

Cabinet of T. G. Lea.
Cabinet of Lyceum of Natural History of New York.
Diam. 2-3, Length 3-6, Breadth 4-8 inches.

Shell sub-quadrangular, biangular behind, sulcated from beak to

72 OBSERYATIONS ON NAIADES,

basal margin, roughly noduled and thick ; basal margin emarginate ;
substance of the shell thick ; beaks prominent, retuse ; noduled along
the umbonial slope and before the furrow, which is smooth ; posterior
slope covered with nodules ; nodules posterior to the furrow are dis-
posed to be transverse and on the umbones erect or recurved ; ligament
laro-e ; epidermis wrinkled and fuscous in adult specimens, — in younger
specimens it is yellowish brown with obsolete rays; cardinal tooth
very large, widely cleft, sulcated and crested in the left valve, in the
right valve emerging from a pit ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; ante-
rior cicatrices distinct, the great one deep ; dorsal cicatrices situated on
the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks angulated,
large and deep ; nacre beautifully pearly white and iridescent.

Remarks. — This fine and interesting species is nearly allied to the
U. lacrymosus (Nob.). It differs from it distinctly in the possession
of nodules which are rough and disposed to be erect and transverse.
The tubercles of the lacrymosus take a direction towards the basal
margin, and are similar to tears flowing down the cheek. The pos-
terior margin in the present species is more protruded, while the area
of the anterior portion is smaller than that of the lacrymosus. It
cannot be mistaken for the U. metanever (Rafinesque), which possesses
large elevations along the umbonial slope. In younger specimens than
the one represented here the basal and posterior margins are more
rounded.

Unio CoNGAR.tus. Plate VI. fig. 4

a*

Testa rhomboideo-elliptica, transversa, irKEquilaterali ; valvidis tenuibus; natibiis
subundulatis; dente cardinali obliquo compressoqiie ; dentibus lateralibus longis, ct
prope terminos postcriores auctis ; margaritd sericed et iridescente.

Shell elliptico-rliomboidal, transverse, inequilateral ; valves thin ; beaks slightly
undulated ; cardinal tooth oblique, compressed; lateral teeth long and enlarged
towards the posterior end ; nacre satinlikc and iridescent.

Hab. Congarcc River, South Carolina.

PL.Vl .Vol . 4.

L'nio OTifiu

Unio conqrixus .

rniii />rt'Tiderj.j

■ Drtain tt Etui 'd hv JBranU,

AND DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW SPECIES. 73

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Prof. Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of H. C. Carey.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Diam. -7, Length -1, Breadth 1-6 inches.

Shell elliptico-rhomboidal, transverse, somewhat flattened at the
sides; posterior slope furnished with slight undulations; substance
of the shell thin ; beaks slightly prominent, and furnished with par-
allel concentric undulations near the tips ; ligament short ; epidermis
yellow, and yellowish brown; rays green and numerous; cardinal
tooth oblique, compressed, and slightly cleft in the left valve — in the
right single ; lateral teeth long, slightly curved and enlarged towards
the posterior end ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices con-
fluent; dorsal cicatrices situated under the plate, between the cardi-
nal and lateral teeth ; nacre satin like, and beautifully iridescent.

Remarks. — I obtained several specimens of this shell, on the shores
of the Congaree, at Columbia, S. C. It resembles the radiafus (Gme-
lin) and comjilanatus* (Solan.), which species are frequently mistaken
for each other, and this may readily be confounded with either of
them. It has, like the ratliatus, many rays, but differs in being more
angulated on the umbonial slope, and in measuring less from the pos-
terior dorsal margin to the basal margin. It differs from the com-
planatus in its rays, and in having slight undulations on the posterior
slope. It is more diminutive in size than either, not being more in
volume than one-fifth of the complanatiis from the same locality.

Unio Oriens. Plate VI. fig. 5.

Testa longo-ovatd, transversa, inaquilaterali. compressd et radiis pulcherrimis
picta, valvulis tenuibus; natibus subprominulis et retusis ; denlibus cardinalibus

* For reclamation of this species, see Vol. JII. p. 416.

Vol. IV.— T

74 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

parvis et imperfecHs, later alibus imperfectis et indivisis ; margaritd caruleo-albd,
iridescente, et in natium cavo purpurea.

Shell long-ovate, transverse, inequilateral, compressed and beautifully rayed ;
valves thin ; beaks scarcely prominent and retuse; cardinal teeth small and imper-
fect ; lateral teeth imperfect and divided ; nacre bluish white, iridescent and purple
in the cavity of the beaks.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of R. Peter, Pittsburgh.

Cabinet of Dr Hildreth, Marietta, Ohio.

Diam. -5, Length 1-1, Breadth 2-8 inches.

Shell long-ovate, transverse, compressed; substance of the shell very
thin ; beaks scarcely prominent, and situated tov\^ards the anterior mar-
gin ; ligament linear ; epidermis slightly wrinkled, yellowish, with ob-
lique interrupted green rays, which enlarge posteriorly ; cardinal teeth
very imperfect ; lateral teeth straight, very imperfect, (having little or
no longitudinal division, even in the left valve) enlarged at posterior
termination ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ;
dorsal cicatrices situated in the centre of the cavity of the beaks ; cavity
of the beaks wide and very shallow ; nacre bluish white, iridescent,
purple in the cavity of the beaks.

Remarks. — The specimen which is here described and figured, was
sent to me three or four years since, and has never ceased to excite in
me great interest and attention. The very imperfect state of the
teeth compelled me to doubt of the propriety of erecting it into a
new species, although the specimen^bore no appearance of a malforma-
tion in any other part, however diflerent it was from other species of
the family I had seen. Two other specimens, one of which is young,
having recently come into my possession, prove to possess precisely the
same characters in every respect, and the only difficulty which now
stood in the way of giving it a place in our systems was to determine
its gcmis ! It appears to me, for the present, most proper to place it
with the UnloncH. It cannot be placed with the AnoJonta of Lam. for
he describes that genus as having "cardo linearis edentulus." It
would be equally difficult to class it with the Masmodonta of Say, for

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEAV SPECIES. 75

that conchologist says, "hinge with a primary tooth in each valve." In
the oriens the cardinal and lateral teeth are equally imperfect, and in
this respect it resembles the U. soleniformis (Nob.), though much less
defined. Under these circumstances, it appeared necessary to give it a
place with the Uniones.

Unio Brevidens. Plate VI. fis;

O'

Testa subtriangulari, inasquilaterali, transversa ; valvulis crassis ; dentibus car-
dinalibus modicis, lateralibus curvis, brevibus, crassisque ; margaritd alba.

Shell subtriangular, inequilateral, transverse; valves thick; cardinal teeth rather
small; lateral teeth curved, short, and thick; nacre pearly white.

Hab. Ohio, William Cooper.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Lyceum of Natural History of New York.

Diam. -8, Length 1-2, Breadth 1-7 inches.

Shell sub-triangular, angular behind, transverse; umbonial slope
curved ; sides flattened ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks slightly
prominent ; ligament short ; epidermis yellow^, wrinkled ; rays small,
slightly curved and interrupted ; cardinal tooth rather small, slightly
elevated and widely cleft in the left valve, single and emerging from
a pit in the right valve ; lateral teeth curved, short and thick, posterior
and anterior cicatrices both distinct ; the smaller posterior one be-
ing placed directly over the larger and beneath the point of the lateral
tooth ; dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ;
cavity of the beaks arched, shallow ; nacre pearly white.

Remarks. — For this interesting and fine species we are indebted to
the liberality of the members of the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York, who, in accordance with their known zeal in the promotion
of natural science, promptly passed a vote to permit their new fluvia-
tile shells (herein described) to be described for, and inserted in our
Transactions, under the impression that science would be benefited by

76 OBSERYATIONS ON NAIADES,

their being embodied in one paper with those which I was about to
publish. This species somewhat resembles U. triangularis of Barnes.
It differs from it in being less ventricose, more ponderous, possessing
thicker teeth and in the rays which are interrupted indistinct lines.

Unio Pustulosus. Plate VII. fig. 7.

Testa modice producta, aquilaterali, inflatd, dwiidio postico tuberculatd ; valvu-
lis crassis; natibus prominentibus et ad apices granulatis; dentibus cardinalibus
subgrandibus ; lateralibus brevibus, crassis, rectisque ; margaritd alba et irides-
cent e.

Shell rather elongated, equilateral, inflated, tuberculated on posterior half; valves
thick; beaks elevated and granulated at tip; cardinal teeth rather large; lateral
teeth short, thick and straight ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

TT , C Ohio, T. G. Lea.

C Alabama river, Judge Tait.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of H. C. Carey.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Cabinet of Peale's Museum.
Unio verrucosus. Var. i? Barnes.
Diam. 1-4, Length 2-2, Breadth 2-1 inches.

Shell rather elongated, equilateral, inflated, irregularly tuberculated
on posterior half, but not on the first and second growths ; tubercles
generally large ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks elevated and
granulated at tip ; ligament short and thick ; epidermis bright brown ;
a single broad interrupted ray passes from the beak nearly to the cen-
tre of the disk ; cardinal tooth rather large and widely cleft in the
left valve — single and emerging from a pit in the right valve ; lateral
teeth short, thick and straight ; anterior and posterior cicatrices both
distinct; dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal

PL.Vll Vol.4

, <V,

/S:'{r- ;, .^,

Tlrvixi i:)\t.itvJ,OJi^i,s'-

JTnio ■ttaTif-s .

r/hio jju^tulaiiLS.

//i-ai^n hy J LlruyUm-

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 77

tooth ; cavity of the beaks deep and angulated ; nacre pearly white and
iridescent.

Bemarks. — This species has heretofore been considered as the Ver-
rucosus of Barnes. Although the general form resembles the Verru-
cosus, it differs from it in several essential characters. It has not the
beautiful recurved, and finely undulated beaks, nor has it the dark cho-
colate coloured nacre of the true Verrucosus. It has a large interrupted
ray across the centre of the disk, which is absent in the other, and the tu-
bercles are more in the form of blisters. In the Verrucosus, the first and
second growths are furnished with tubercles ; in the Pustulosus, they are
not. Objections may be made to the use of colour of nacre as a character.
It maybe safely used, when on examination of many specimens, there is
no appearance of fading away by tints into another colour. The U. tor-
sus (Rafinesque) presents us always with a rich chocolate nacre. The
U. rectus (Lam.) varies from rich purple and salmon through all the
tints of these colours to perfect white, and the same may be said of
the U. cuneaf us (Barnes) and U. complcinatus (Mya comj)lanala,S o]a.n.).
The U. circiilus (Nob.) varies from perfect white to dark pink. These
variations of colours are frequent in this genus. Of the numerous spe-
cimens of Verrucosus, I have never seen one which was not chocolate
coloured. In the Pustulosus, I have never seen the nacre other than
white.

Unio Stapes. Plate VII. fis- 8.

O'

Testa triangulari, subaquilaterali, postice valde angulata, tuberculatd ; valvu-
lis crassis; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus; lateralibus brevibus, a cardinalibus
separatis ; et versus baseos marginem vergentibus; margaritu alba.

Shell triangular, nearly equilateral, very angular behind, tuberculated ; valves
thick ; cardinal teeth rather large; lateral teeth short, distinct from the cardinal
teeth and pointing to the basal margin ; nacre pearly white.

Hab. Alabama river, Judge Tait.
Vol. IV.— U

78 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

My Cabinet.
Diam. -9, Length 1-5, Breadth 1*6 inches.

Shell triangular, nearly equilateral, very angular behind, and round-
ed before ; anterior portion furnished with triangular formed tuber-
cles, the apices of which point to basal margin ; portion immediately be-
fore umbonial slope free from tubercles ; umbonial slope elevated and
tuberculated from the beaks to the margin ; posterior slope truncate,
undulated, nearly perpendicular, flat, with the exception of a small
portion of the margin behind the ligament ; umbones flattened ; sub-
stance of the shell thick ; beaks prominent ; ligament short and thick ;
epidermis yellow, slightly wrinkled, and furnished with indistinct,
small, green pencil marks in the place of rays; cardinal tooth rather
large, elevated and widely cleft in the left valve, single and emerging
from a pit in the right valve ; lateral teeth very short, straight and
pointing to the basal margin ; the cardinal and lateral teeth are sepa-
rated by a flat plate ; posterior and anterior cicatrices both distinct,
the smaller posterior one being placed directly over the larger, and be-
neath the point of the lateral tooth ; dorsal cicatrices situated on the
under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks deep and angula-
ted ; nacre very pearly and iridescent,

Remarks. — This very curious and interesting shell was among the
many fine specimens sent me by Judge Tait, to whose kindness I am
under great obligations for several of the new species here described.
The present species, in outline, is an anomaly in the family Naiades.
The truncature behind is almost as abrupt as that of any Donux.
This truncature gives the shell the form of a stirrup, and causes the
lateral teeth to take a direction (towards the basal margin) peculiar to
this species. The triangular form of the tubercles, particularly on the
superior anterior part, is so peculiar as to render it impossible to confound
it with any other species.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 79

Unio Pustulatcs. Plate VII. fig. 9.

Testa suborbiculari, aiquilaterali, inflata, margine posteriori emarginati'i; valvulis
crassis, et duabus tuberculorum scriebus instructis ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis;
later alibus brevibus subreclisque ; margaritd alba et iridescente.

Shell nearly circular, equilateral, inflated, posteriorly emarginate; valves thick
and furnished with two rows of tubercles; cardinal teeth large ; lateral teeth short
and nearly straight; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

jj^l^ 5" Ohio, T. G. Lea.

\ Tennessee, Professor Vanuxem.
My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Diam. 1-3, Length 1-9, Breadth 2-1 inches.

Shell nearly circular, equilateral, inflated, posteriorly emarginate,
furnished with two vertical rows of tubercles on each valve, one in a
direct line from the beaks to the basal margin, the other along the um-
bonial slope ; those of the latter resemble pustules. The first tubercle
appears on the third growth ; the fourth and each successive growth have
two parallel to each other. Posterior margin granulate ; substance of the
shell thick ; beaks elevated, slightly recurved, and granulate at the tip ;
ligament short and thick ; epidermis yellowish brown and rather smooth;
cardinal tooth large, elevated and widely cleft in the left valve, single and
emerging from a pit in the right valve ; lateral teeth short and nearly
straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent : dor-
sal cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity
of the beaks deep and angulated ; nacre pearly w^hite and iridescent.

Remarlis. — This species somewhat resembles the U. verrucosus
(Barnes). Var. ?;, erected into a new species in this paper under the
name of pustulosus. It differs in being more transverse and in being
destitute of the broad single ray which passes from the beak of the
latter. In the arrangement of the tubercles it is altogether different ;

80 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

the pmtulatus having a. row, which resembles the cornntus in regularity.
These elevations however in the cornutus alternate in the two
valves, while in this species they are antagonist. In very perfect
young specimens, a minute tubercle may sometimes be observed on
the first growth. The elevations along the umbonial slope have more
resemblance to pustules, than those of the anterior row.

Unio Lens. Plate VIII. fig. 10.

Testa lenticulari, subventricosd, aquilaterali; valvulis subcrassis; dentibus cardi-
nalibus magnis; lateralibus brevibus subrectisque ; margaritd alba, raro rosea.

Shell lenticular, subventricose, equilateral; vnlves somewhat thick ; cardinal teeth
large ; lateral teeth short and nearly straight; nacre white, rarely rose coloured.

TT , C Ohio, T. G. Lea.

C Tennessee, Professor Vanuxem.
My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Prof. Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of H. C. Carey.
Diam. -6, Length -9, Breadth 1-2 inches.

Shell lenticular, somewhat ventricose, equilateral ; substance of the
shell rather thick; beaks slightlyprominent, undulated at tip; ligament
short and thick; epidermis smooth, anterior to the umbonial slope
brown, posterior yellowish ; cardinal teeth large and oblique, deeply
cleft in the left valve ; lateral teeth short and nearly straight, in the
left valve the superior division is much the smallest ; anterior cicatri-
ces distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices situated
on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks angular
and somewhat deep ; nacre white, pearly and iridescent, sometimes rose
coloured.

Remarks. — This species very closely resembles the U. circuliis

PL. Vin Vol.4 ,

TJthi^ l.tiis .

(fhin <;////f.v

f/n to an a /hm lend cs .

/irnwn htr J.Ctrtn'Uin .

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 81

(Nob.). It differs from it, however, in being less ventricose, in having
the beaks less elevated, in being usually more transverse, and in having
a paler brown colour. In the circulus. the line of division of the brown
and yellow is more distinct. In the lens, the brown is sometimes re-
placed, over the whole surface, by yellow.

Unio Anodontoides. Plate VIII. fig. 11.

Testa migustoellipticd, transversa, inaqidlaterali, inflata; valvulis subcrassis ;
natibus prominulis ; dentibus cardinalibus in valvulis ambabus duplicibus et valde
erectis ; dentibus lateralibus longis, a cardinalibus separatis, subcurvatis ; marga-
ritcl alba et colore salmonis parum tinctd.

Shell narrow-elliptical, transverse, inequilateral, inflated ; valves somewhat thick;
beaks slightly prominent; cardinal teeth double in both valves and very erect;
lateral teeth long, slightly curved and separate from the cardinal teeth ; nacre pale
salmon and white.

r Mississippi river, T. W. Robeson.
Hab. -< Alabama river. Judge Tait.
^Ohio river, T. H. Taylor.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of Dr Hildreth, Marietta, Ohio.
Diam. 1-5, Length 1-9, Breadth 4-1 inches.

Shell narrow-elliptical, much inflated, sometimes almost cylindrical ;
substance of the shell somewhat thick; beaks slightly prominent,
placed near the anterior margin ; ligament long, narrow, and nearly
straight; epidermis yellowish, very smooth, shining, posterior to
the umbonial slope fuscous, rarely rayed ; cardinal tooth double in
both valves, compressed, elevated ; lateral teeth lamellar, very long,
slightly curved and separated from the cardinal teeth by the absence
of a plate ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ;
dorsal cicatrices situated across the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the
beaks rounded, and not deep ; nacre salmon or white and iridescent.
Vol. IV V

82 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Remarks. — This singularly formed Unio resembles in its exterior
an ^nodonta, having a remarkably smooth epidermis and possessing
in some degree the exterior of the ^. cataracta (Say). It is easily
distinguished from any described species. In some specimens the ar-
cuation of the basal margin is so great that it might almost be taken
for a malformation,

Unio Glans. Plate VIII. fig. 13

&•

Testa ovato-ellipticd, transversa, inaquilaterali, inflata ; valvulis crassis ; denti-
bus cardinalibus siibgrandibus et elevatis, lateralibus, laminatis rectisque ; marga-
ritd purpurea.

■ Shell ovate-elliplical, transverse, inequilateral, inflated ; valves thick ; cardinal
teeth rather large, elevated ; lateral teeth straight and lamelliform ; nacre purple.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of S. W. Conrad.
Diam. •?, Length -8, Breadth 1-3 inches.

Shell ovate-elliptical, transverse, inflated ; substance of the shell
rather thick ; beaks somewhat prominent ; ligament small ; epidermis
black, or dark brown, and sometimes rayed ; cardinal teeth rather large
and elevated, in the left valve double and obliquely and deeply cleft, in
the right single, three sided, and pointed ; lateral teeth straight and lamel-
liform ; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal
cicatrices in the centre of the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the beaks
wide and subangulated ; nacre purple, except along the anterior and
basal margins.

^emorfe*.— Although this small shell has no strikingly peculiar
character, it is nevertheless of a different species from any I have seen.
In form, it has more resemblance to U. zigzag (Nob.), than to any
other species, but differs altogether in the epidermis and nacre, being
generally destitute of rays, and having a purple nacre.

PL . EC ^ol . 4

J3

^

"^i -!v__..

f'luo chf^.n

Unio a^ver.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 83

Unio Elegans. Plate IX. fis;. 13

&•

Testa subtriangulari, subcBquilaterali, per umbones complanata ; latere antico
valvularum crassiori ; epidermide luteo-viridi ; radiis numerosis ex lineis angulatis
compositis ; natibus complanatis incurvisque ; dentibus cardinalibus elatis grandi-
busque, lateralibus subrectis ; margaritd alba et iridescente, raro rosed.

Shell subtriangular, nearly equilateral, flattened over the umbones; valves thick
before, thinner behind; epidermis yellowish green with numerous rays formed of
zigzag lines; beaks incurved and flattened; cardinal teeth large and elevated;
lateral teeth nearly straight; nacre pearly white and iridescent, rarely rose co-
loured.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Prof. Vanuxem.
Cabinet of H. C. Carey.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.
Diam. 1, Length 1-5, Breadth 1-9 inches.

Shell subtriangular, nearly equilateral, acutely angular behind ; flat-
tened over the umbones ; umbonial slope carinate ; posterior slope much
flattened ; substance of the shell thick before, thinner behind ; beaks
flattened, incurved, nearly touching ; ligament short and thick ; epider-
mis yellowish green, with numerous rays, formed of zigzag lines, di-
verging from the beaks to all parts of the margin ; basal margin
slightly emarginate ; cardinal tooth large, elevated, and widely cleft in
the left valve, and emerging from a pit in the right valve ; lateral teeth
nearly straight ; anterior and posterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal
cicatrices situated in the centre of the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of
the beaks rounded ; nacre pearly white, (rarely pink) and iridescent.

JReniarks.—^This interesting and beautiful species has been consi-
dered as a variety of the U. donaciformis (Nob.). I had but a single

Si§ OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

and imperfect specimen of this shell when I described the donacifor-
mis, and I presumed it to be merely a variety of that shell. Subse-
quently, my attention being drawn particularly to it, I procured some
of all the different growths, and among them the beautiful specimen
now figured, which is the only one I have seen of a pink colour. On
an examination of these, I could no longer doubt of its being distinct ;
but some doubts have arisen in my mind whether the donaciformis
may not be a variety of the U. zigzag (Nob.). The specimen des-
cribed as donaciformis is a very fine and perfect one, and if it be a true
species is the only one I have seen. Among the numerous specimens
of zigzag which I have examined, none have had those perfect and
beautifully pointed beaks of the donaciformis; should future specimens
fully establish the donaciformis, its natural place will be between the
zigzag and the present described species. These observations it is
hoped will draw the attention of conchologists to this species, with
the expectation of being able, by examining many specimens, to decide
upon the question.

Unio Ebenus. Plate IX. fig. 14

a*

Testa subellipticd, oblique recurvd, incBquilaterali, ventricosd ; valvulis crassis ;
natibus prominentibus et subterminalibus ; epidermide nigro-fuscd, sed post nates
luted; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, lateralibus mag7iis curvisque; margaritd
albd.

Shell subelliptical, obliquely recurved, inequilateral, ventricose ; valves thick ;
beaks elevated and nearly terminal ; epidermis blackish brown, behind the beaks
yellow ; cardinal teeth large ; lateral teeth large and curved ; nacre pearly white.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.

Diam. l-l, Length 1-5, Breadth 1-6 inches.

Shell subelliptical, obliquely recurved, inequilateral, very ventricose ;

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPPCIKS. 85

substance of the shell very thick ; beaks nearly terminal and very
much elevated ; ligament rather short and thick; epidermis blackish
brown, behind the beaks on the second groivfh it is yellow ; tip of the
beaks yellowish; cardinal teeth large and oblique, being in a line
nearly parallel to the lateral tooth which is thick and slightly curved;
posterior and anterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal cicatrices situated
on the under side of the plate between the cardinal and lateral
teeth ; cavity of the beaks deep and angulated : nacre pearly white and
iridescent.

Remarks. — This species, which seems to be peculiar in the yellow
mark behind the beaks, resembles the If. myliloides (Rafin.) and
might easily be mistaken for a ventricose variety of that species where
the beaks are so much eroded as to have destroved the second arowth.
A young individual of second growth is represented in the plate to ex-
hibit the curious distribution of colour. The posterior third is yellow
and the remainder green, the line of separation being very distinct.
Those of three growths usually have no trace of yellow on the third
growth which takes a brown colour. The first growth, which may
be considered the tip of the beaks, is usually yellow or yellowish
green over its whole surface. The largest specimen given in the
plate is not more than one fourth the size it is sometimes found. It
is selected, because it is the largest I have seen with the beaks suffi-
ciently perfect to exhibit the peculiar yellow colour of this part.

Unio Asper. Plate IX. fig. 15.

Testa subtriangulari, inaquUaterali, postice angulatd. valcle tuberculatd ; valvulis
crassis; dentibus cardinalibiis subgrandibus; lateralibiis aliquantulum curvatis ;
margaritd alba.

Shell subtrianguiar, inequilateral, angular beliind, much tuberculated; valves
thick; cardinal teeth rather large ; lateral teeth slightly curved; nacre pearly white.

Hab. Alabama river. Judge Tait.
Vol. IV.— W

86 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

My Cabinet.
Diam. -9, Length 1-4, Breadth 1-8 inches.

Shell subtriangular, angular behind and rounded before, covered
with small rough tubercles except in a furrow which passes from the
beak obliquely to the basal margin which is there arcuate ; the tuber-
cles along the posterior slope arrange themselves into a series of undu-
lations as far as the beaks ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks slightly
prominent : ligament short and thick ; epidermis brown and wrinkled ;
cardinal tooth rather large, slightly elevated and widely cleft in the
left valve, single and emerging from a pit in the right valve ; lateral
teeth small, slightly curved in a direction over the cardinal teeth ; pos-
terior and anterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal cicatrices situated
on the under part of the cardinal tooth within the cavity ; cavity of the
beaks deep and angulated : nacre very pearly and iridescent.

Remarks. — The aspcr is more covered with tubercles than any spe-
cies I have seen, these being small and numerous. It bears some re-
semblance to U. lubercidatus (Barnes), and U. lacrymosus (Nobis.).
It differs from the tuherculatus in outline, and in possessing a furrow^
passing from the beaks to the basal margin. It differs from the
lacrymosus in the form of the tubercles (which in that species so
much resemble flowing tears) and in the roughness and colour of the
exterior.

Unio Fabalis. Plate X. fig. 16.

Testa subellipticd, transversa, inaquilaterali, crassa; valvulis crassis ; radiis
capillaribus undantibusque ; dentibus cardinalibus pUrvis ; lateralibus brevibus,
crassis, et in termino postico auctis; margaritd alba et iridescente.

Shell subelliplical, transverse, inequilateral, thick ; valves thick; rays hair-like
and undulating; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth short, thick and enlarged towards
the posterior end; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

Tlj.X.Vol. 4 .

Unvo fcobalig

JJnio Joli-n.Tjj'oTTriAi

Utuo acuh'-T.nmvj- .

AND DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW SPECIES. 87

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.

Cabinet of R. E. Griffith, M.D.

Cabinet of Academy of Natural Sciences.

Diam. -3, Length -5, Breadth 1 inch.

Shell subelliptical, transverse, thick ; substance of the shell thick ;

beaks slightly prominent; ligament short; epidermis dark, and finely

wrinkled ; rays green, hair-like, and undulating, particularly on the

posterior half; cardinal tooth double, and deeply cleft in the left

valve and single in the right ; lateral teeth short, straight, thick and

enlarged towards the posterior end ; posterior and anterior cicatrices both

distinct, the smaller posterior one being placed directly over the larger

and beneath the point of the lateral tooth ; dorsal cicatrices situated in

the centre of the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the beaks shallow and

arched; cavity of the shell small and irregularly undulated; nacre

pearly white and iridescent.

RemarlxS. — This little species first attracted my attention about
three years since, when I had seen but a single specimen. Although
a very small shell, I felt satisfied it possessed the characters of an
adult, and my curiosity being much excited in regard to it, I made
many efforts to obtain other individuals. For several of these I am
indebted to the kindness of Dr Hildreth of Marietta and to Mr Robert
Peter and J. S. Craft,^Esq. of Pittsburg. The fabalis most resembles
the parvus of Barnes. It has nearly the same size and outline ; but differs
much in the thickness of the valves and in the beaks. The fabalis is
covered with rays, the parvus has none.

Unio Soleniformis. Plate X. fig. 17.

Testa angusto-ellipticd, transversa, compressd, i7iaquilateraU, ad finem utrum-
que rotundatu; valvulis tenuibus; natibus prominulis ; valvuld utrdque tuber culum

88 - OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES.

parvum et simplicem in loco dentis cardinalis habente ; dentibus lateralibus, longis,
rectis, et valde imperfeclis ; margaritd caruleo-albd et iridescente.

Shell narrow-elliptical, transverse, compressed, inequilateral, rounded at both
ends; valves thin; beaks slightly prominent; cardinal tooth a simple, small tubercle
in both valves; lateral teeth long, straight and very imperfect ; nacre bluish white
and iridescent.

Hab. Ohio, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Dr Hildreth, Marietta, Ohio.

Diam. 1-1, Length 1-7. Breadth 4-3 inches.

Shell narrow-elliptical, transverse, rounded at both ends, compressed
from the beaks to the basal margin over the umbones, slightly arcuated
on the basal margin ; posterior margin much compressed, substance of
the shell thin; beaks minutely undulated, slightly prominent and
approaching the anterior margin ; ligament long and thick ; umbones
and inferior parts flattened ; umbonial slope rounded and elevated ; epi-
dermis very dark brown and wrinkled ; cardinal tooth formed of a
simple small tubercle in both valves, larger in the right valve : lateral
teeth straight, and so imperfect as to be divided, even in the left valve,
only near the posterior end ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cica-
trices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices situated under the plate between the
cardinal and lateral teeth ; cavity of the beaks wide and shallow.

Nacre bluish white and iridescent.

Remarks. — A single specimen of this extraordinary and highly inte-
resting shell came into my possession in 1S27. The outline and teeth
presented such an anomaly, that I was induced when I published my
other memoirs on this family to lay it aside until I could better satisfy
myself in regard to it. It wms a very old individual, and I feared the
peculiar characters it presented might have been produced by malfor-
mation and extreme age. After two or three years of unwearied at-
tempts, I fortunately procured from Mr T. H. Taylor of Louisville a
junior and an adult specimen, both exceedingly perfect, the latter of
which is here represented. This proteus family seems destined to perplex
the zoologist and to lead him into an inexplicable labyrinth. The pre-

AND DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW SPECIES. 89

sent species forms a natural link between Unio and Jlnodonta^ by
means of this imperfect lateral tooth.

Unio Acutissimus. Plate X. fin;. IS

»•

Testa angtisto-ellipticd, in(Fquilaterali, postice acute angulatn; undulis a clivo
umboniali divariccmtibiis; natibx's prominulis; valintUs temiissimis; denlibus cardi-
nalibus parvis, lateralibus longis rectisque; inargaritd tenuissinid, colore salmonis
tinctd.

Shell narrow-elliptical, inequilateral, transverse, acutely angulated behind, witii
undulations diverging from the umbonial slope ; beaks slightly prominent ; valves very
thin; cardinal teeth small ; lateral teetii long and straight; nacre salmon-coloured
and very tiiin.

Hab. Alabama river. Judge Tait.

]My Cabinet.
Diam. -4, Length -5, Breadth 1-1 inches.

Shell narrow-elliptical, transverse, acutely angulated behind, with
undulations diverging from the umbonial slope ; substance of the shell
very thin ; beaks slightly prominent and placed about one third the
distance from anterior margin; ligament linear; epidermis yellow,
smooth and shining ; cardinal teeth small and single in both valves ;
lateral teeth long and straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior
cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices within the cavity of the beaks ; ca-
vity of the beaks wide and shallow, nacre salmon-coloured and very thin.

Remarks. — This minute shell, among the smallest of the species, is
most nearly allied in outline tr> TL rmrxJnnfniflrft- It differs from it in
having undulations, and is totally dissimilar in point of magnitude.

Vol. IV.— X

90 * OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

, Unio Varicosus. Plate XI. fig. 20.

Testa suhelliptica, ohliqud, postice compressd, varicibus Iransversis et concentricis
instructa ; valvuUs pracrassis ; natibus subterminalibus, prominent ibus, incurvis ;
dentibuscardinalibusmodicis; lateralibuslongis,magnis etsubrectis; margaritd alba.

Shell subelliptical, oblique, compressed behind, varicose, wilhtransverse concentric
elevations; valves very thick; beaks nearly terminal, elevated, incurved ; cardinal
teeth rather small ; lateral teeth long, large and nearly straight ; nacre pearly white.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Prof. Vannxem.

Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.

Diam. 2-1, Length 3, Breadth 4-2 inches.

Shell subelliptical, oblique, compressed and rounded behind, varicose
from near the beak to basal margin, with transverse concentric eleva-
tions along the lines of successive growth ; substance of the shell very
thick; beaks nearly terminal, elevated, incurved ; ligament long and
large ; epidermis reddish brown ; cardinal tooth rather small, direction
same as lateral tooth, widely cleft in the left valve, in the right valve
emerging from a pit ; lateral teeth long, large and nearly straight ; an-
terior and posterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal cicatrices situated
on the lower part of the cardinal tooth, and on the under side of the
plate between the cardinal and lateral teeth ; cavity of the beaks rather
deep and rounded ; nacre pearly white.

Bemai'lis. — This species most resembles the U. JEsopus (Green). It
differs from it, however, in being rounded behind, in the beaks being
nearly terminal, at ihe vaiiues being less elevated and more trans-
verse; and in the absence of elevations along the umbonial slope.
There being no varicose undulations on young individuals, which are
generally obscurely radiated, it is difficult for the unpractised eye to
recognize the species to which they belong.

PL . XI .Vul 4 ,

If-niii vari.cosu,-;

T/v.u> aisl-aneus

P-L . xir .Vol . 4-.

-^A'^^m

■■ K.

(

/

fy'un iiailUsU-iatjj^f

I'nuj f/.c'M'iz^ .

-"'""■« '7- l,UruAft„>u.

U'UO c'lijirlnu.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 91.

Unio Castaneus. Plate XI. fig. 21.

Testa suiellipticd, inmquilaterali, obliqud, inflatn; valvulis crassis; dentibus car-
dinalibus magnis; laleralibus subrectis brevibuique; margaritd maximefulgente et
iridescente.

Shell subelliptical, inequilateral, oblique, inflated; valves thick; cardinal teeth
large; lateral teeth nearly straight and short; nacre very pearly and iridescent.

Hab. Alabama river, Judge Tait.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nickliu.
Diam. -6, Length -8, Breadth 1 inch.

Shell subelliptical, oblique ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks pro-
minent and situated towards the anterior margin ; ligament short ; epi-
dermis slightly wrinkled, dark brown anterior to the umbonial slope,
and yellowish posterior, where there are a few obsolete rays ; cardinal
tooth large, slightly elevated, deeply cleft in the left valve and emerg-
ing from a pit in the right valve; lateral teeth short and nearly
straight ; posterior and anterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal cicatrices
situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth within the cavity ; cavity
of the beaks wide and shallow ; nacre very pearly and iridescent.

Remarlis. — This small species is allied to the U, circulus (Nob.)
in colour and to U. ellipsis (Nob.) in form. It has the posterior slope
yellow, which is so in the circulus. The specimen described and
figured here is not more than one fourth of the size of an imperfect
specimen which accompanied it.

Unio Multistriatus. Plate XII. fig. 22.

Testa striata, transversa, incEquilaterali; natibus prominulis; umbonibus rugo-
sis; dente cardinali obliquo, laminato, in valvuld sinistra unico, in dextrd duplici;
dente laterali longo et subrccto; margaritd caruleo-albd.

92 OBSEUVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Shell striate, transverse, inequilateral; valves thin; beaks slightly prominent ; urn-
bones rufTose; cardinal tooth oblique, lamelliform, single in the left valve and dou-
ble in the right; lateral tooth long and nearly straight; nacre bluish white.

Hab. Brazil, Mrs Mawe.

My Cabinet.
Diam. -7, Length 1, Breadth 1-9 inches.

Shell subrectangular, transverse, slightly compressed and rounded
nearly alike at both ends ; substance of the shell rather thin ; beaks
slightly prominent, surrounded by wrinkles forming acute angles with
each other, extending over the umbones and some distance down the
umbonial slope; ligament linear; epidermis dark brown and wrinkled;
cardinal tooth oblique, lamelliform, single in the left valve and douhle
in the right ; lateral teeth long, lamelliform and nearly straight ; anterior
and posterior cicatrices both confluent ; dorsal cicatrices in the centre of
the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the beaks wide and shallow ; nacre
bluish white and slightly iridescent in posterior margin.

Bemarks. — The specimen from which the above description was made
was sent to me by Mrs Mawe of London. This species approaches
in outline to some of the varieties of the U. complcmatus (Solan.). In
the flexuous rugosities of the beaks it resembles the U. corrugalus
(Lam.) and U. cxrukus (Nob.). It differs however from them both
in outline. •

Unio Decisus. Plate XII. fig. 23.

&•

Tcsld inccqiiilaterali, ohliqua, cuncatd , scalena, crassdque; valvulis percrassis; na-
tibus elevaiis, incurvulis,fcre terminalihiis; dcntibus cardinalibus aliqiiantulum par-
vis, laleralibus crussis; margaritu albcl.

Shell inequilateral, oblique, wedge shaped, scalcniform and thick; valves very
thick; beaks elevated, incurved, nearly terminal ; cardinal teeth rather small; lateral
teeth thick; nucre pearly white.

Hab. Alabama river, Judge Tait.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 98

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of H. C. Carey.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Cabinet of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York.
Diam. 1-4, Length 1-7. Breadth 3-2 inches.

Shell wedge-shaped, thick anteriorly and scaleniform ; substance of
the shell thick anteriorly and thin posteriorly ; beaks nearly terminal,
prominent and incurved, generally decorticated; ligament rather
small ; epidermis yellowish brown, sometimes possessing oblique, in-
distinct, brown rays ; cardinal tooth short and slightly elevated, in the
left valve double and deeply cleft, in the right valve emerging from a
pit; lateral teeth thick and curving over the cardinal teeth; posterior
and anterior cicatrices both distinct ; the smaller posterior cicatrix sit-
uated against the lateral tooth at its termination : dorsal cicatrices sit-
uated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks not
deep, rounded ; nacre thick and pearly anteriorly, thin and iridescent
posteriorly.

Remarks. — This species resembles the scaknia of Rafinesque, but
more closely approaches the patulus (Nob.) and truncalus* (Swain-
son). It differs from the patulus in the rays being uninterrupted, and
in being much thicker. From the fruncatus it differs greatly in the
cardinal tooth and in being wedge shaped and not cylindrical.

* I will take advantage of this opportunity to correct an error, in stating in a former pa-
per that Lamarck and other European conchologists erroneously made the genus Unio femi-
nine. I should then have mentioned that Mr Swainson was an exception.

Vol. IV.— Y

94 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Unio Cuprinus. Plate XII. fig. 24.

Testa ovald, transversa, incequilateraU, inflatd, postico latere latissimo; valvulis
tenuibus; natibus parvis undulatisque; dentibus cardinalibus exiguis, lateralibus
laminatis; ligamento longo; margaritd cupred.

Shell reversely ovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated; valves tliin; beaks small
and undulated; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth thin and lamellar; ligament long;
nacre copper colour.

Hab. Mexico, J. R. Poinsett, Esq.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.

Diam. -9, Length 1-1, Breadth 2*1 inches.

Shell reversely ovate, transverse, inflated, disposed to be straight in
the basal margin ; substance of the shell thin ; beaks small, pointed,
furnished with concentric undulations and placed near the anterior
margin ; ligament long, lanceolate ; umbonial slope large and rounded ;
posterior slope elevated into a carina ; epidermis reddish brown and
wrinkled; rays obsolete; cardinal teeth very small and tuberculated;
lateral teeth slender, lamellar and nearly straight ; anterior and poste-
rior cicatrices both confluent; dorsal cicatrices in the centre of the
cavity of the beaks; cavity of the beaks wide; nacre copper colour and
very brilliant towards the posterior margin.

Remarks. — This remarkable shell is one of the many fine specimens
of the splendid collection of interesting subjects brought by our fellow
member J. R. Poinsett, Esq. from Mexico, and which, by his munifi-
cence, now constitutes a valuable part of the collection of this society.
In comparing this species with the others of the genus, we shall find
it most to resemble the complanatus (Solan.). It differs however in
having the posterior dorsal margin more elevated, in the peculiar cop-
per colour of the nacre, and in the concentric undulations of the beaks.
In the specimens which I have had an opportunity of examining, the
anterior cicatrices were found to be confluent, a circumstance rarely
met with in the Uniones.

!'nui i.ihrswr .

f'lii.ti ifrj'iiAi'iis.

UniO tlUUTVKS

llr^—i Ir, llh.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 95

Unio CiERULEus. Plate XIII. fig. 25.

Testa anguslo-elliptica, transversa, incBquilaterali, subcylindracea; valvulis ten-
uibus; natibus prominulis, rotundatis et undulatis; dentibus cardinalibus lamelli-
/ormibus, et in dextrd valvuld sold duplicibus; lateralibus rectis; margaritd caru-
leo-albd et iridescente.

Shell narrow-elliptical, transverse, inequilateral, subcylindrical; valves thin ; beaks
rather elevated, rounded and undulated; cardinal teeth lamclliform and double in
the right valve only ; lateral teeth straight ; nacre bluish white, pearly and irides-
cent.

Hab. River Hoogly, Hindostan, G. W. Blakie.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of G. W. Blakie.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of H. C. Carey.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Cabinet of Dr Burrough.
Diam. -6, Length -8, Breadth 1-6 inches.

Shell narrow-elliptical, transverse, subcylindrical, disposed to be
straighten the sides and basal margin ; substance of the shell thin ; beaks
near the anterior margin rounded, somewhat elevated, and corrugated
with diverging undulations ; ligament rather short and straight ; epi-
dermis finely wrinkled and bluish green, particularly on the posterior
part ; rays very indistinct ; posterior slope furnished with small undu-
lations and two irregular rays on each side ; cardinal teeth lamelliform
and double in the right valve only ; lateral teeth straight and lamelli-
form; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent; dor-
sal cicatrices within the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the beaks
wide and rounded ; nacre bluish white, very pearly and iridescent.

Remarks. — This species was brought from Calcutta by Mr Blakie,
to whose kindness I am indebted for it and many other fine shells.

96 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

As far as I have been able to ascertain, it has not been described.
From the roughness of the beaks it might perhaps be thought to
be only a variety of corrugata (Lam.). On comparing the two spe-
cies, however, they will be found to be entirely distinct ; the corru-
gata being " ovato-rhombea," while the cxruleus is "angusto-ellip-
tica." In some specimens the nacre is slightly rose-coloured along the
basal margin.

Unio Obesus. Plate XIII. fig. 26.

Testa rhomboides-ovatd, obliqud, inaquilaterali, inflatd; valvulis subcrassis; na-
tibus promimdis; dentibus cardinalibus elevaiis, compressis crislatisque; lateralibus
longis et curvatis; margaritd livido-alba.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal, oblique, inequilateral, inflated ; valves somewhat thick;
beaks rather prominent; cardinal teeth elevated, compressed and crested; lateral
teeth long and curved; nacre livid white.

Hab. York river, Vir., William Cooper.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Lyceum of Natural History of New York.

Diam. 1-5, Length 2, Breadth 3-3 inches.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal, oblique, inflated, angular behind ; substance
of the shell somewhat thick ; beaks rather prominent and placed near
the anterior margin; posterior slope wide and furnished with two im-
pressed lines on each side ; ligament long and large ; epidermis fuscous
and much wrinkled ; rays obsolete; cardinal teeth oblique, elevated,
lamellar, crested, deeply cleft in the left valve ; lateral teeth long,
curved and enlarged towards the posterior termination ; anterior cica-
trices distinct ; posterior cicatrices disposed to be distinct ; dorsal cica-
trices form a row across the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the beaks
rounded and deep ; nacre livid white and iridescent on the posterior
margin.

Remarks. — This is one of the specimens so disinterestedly contri-
buted to our Transactions by the Lyceum of Natural History of New

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 97

York. Its natural situation seems to be between the cariosus (Say),
and complanatiis (Sf)lan.). It has the capaciousness of the former, and
somewhat of the outline of the latter.

Unio Incurvus. Plate XIII. fia;. 27

»•

Testa ovato-rhombed, transversa, inaquilaterali; valvuUs antice crassis, postice
temdbus; natibus rugosis, prominenlibus incurvisque; dentibus cardinalibus ele-
vatis cristatisque, lateralibus longis et subcurvis; margaritd alba et iridescente.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal, transverse, inequilateral ; valves thick anteriorly and thin
posteriorly; beaks rugose, prominent and incurved; cardinal teetii elevated, and
crested; lateral teeth long and slightly curved; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Hab. ***. From Gibraltar, Mrs Mawe.

My Cabinet.
Diam. 1, Length 1-4, Breadth 2.1 inches.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal, transverse, slightly inflated; substance of
the shell thick and white anteriorly, thin and iridescent posteriorly ;
beaks prominent, large, incurved and rugose, with small concentric un-
dulations : ligament rather short and thick ; epidermis yellowish brown ;
rays oblique and green ; cardinal tooth elevated, crested and divided in
the left valve, in the right simple and recurved ; lateral tooth long,
slightly curved and enlarged at posterior termination ; anterior cica-
trices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices situated
on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks wide and
angulated ; nacre white on the anterior, and iridescent on the posterior
portion.

Remarks. — This shell, although it possesses no very striking char-
acter, cannot be placed with any American or exotic described species
with which I am acquainted. It was sent to me by Mrs Mawe with
the locality "from Gibraltar" on the label, and I have little doubt but
that it came from some neighbouring African river. It certainly does
not belong to any described European species. It bears more resem-
VoL. IV.— Z

98 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

blance to the corrugata, Var. a (Lam,), than to any other species I
have seen. It differs, however, in being more transverse, in the beaks
being more prominent, and in their rugosities being composed of con-
centric undulations.

Symphynota BiLiNEATA. Plate XL fig. 1 9.

Testa subellipticd, transversa, intEquilaterali, compressa; valvulis tenuissimis;
posteriori margine dorsali elevatd connatdque; natibus subprominulis, undulas
concentricas et duas lineas elevatas ad marginem posteriorem currentes, habentibus;
dentibus cardinalibus laminatis et in valvuld dextrd solum duplicibus; lateralibus
rectis; margaritd colore salmonis subtinctd.

Shell subelliptical, transverse, inequilateral, compressed; valves very thin, poste-
rior dorsal margin elevated and connate ; beaks very slightly elevated, concentri-
cally undulate and possessing two elevated lines which pass to the posterior margin;
cardinal teeth lamelliform and double in the right valve only; lateral teeth straight;
nacre slightly salmon coloured.

Hab. River Hoogly, Hindostan, G. W. Blakie.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of G. W. Blakie.
• i- Cabinet of Dr Burrough.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Diam. -3, Length -7, Breadth 1-3 inches.

Shell subelliptical, transverse, inequilateral, compressed, diaphanous ;
substance of the shell extremely thin ; beaks very slightly elevated,
concentrically undulate, possessing two small elevated lines which
pass (posterior to the umbonial slope) to the posterior margin ; valves
elevated into a carina and connate in the posterior dorsa] margin ; dor-
sal margin a right line ; ligament very small ; epidermis shining, green-
ish yellow, darker on the posterior slope ; cardinal teeth lamelliform
and double in the right valve only; lateral teeth lamelliform, long
and straight ; posterior and anterior cicatrices both confluent ; dorsal
cicatrices obsolete ; cavity of the beaks shallow, very wide, and

PL Vol . 4 .

J)rayin li,i .1 IJi-aiflnn ,

Symphijvxyta it^flaitv .

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 99

exhibiting the undulations of the beaks ; nacre very thin and slightly
salmon coloured, darker in the cavity of the beaks.

Remarks. — This very small species was brought from Calcutta by
Mr Blakie, with the U. cserukus (Nob.). Both were procured about
one hundred miles above that city. It resembles, in its outward char-
acters, the young of S. cygnea {Jlnod. cygnea, authors). It is, how-
ever, more transverse, and differs altogether in the formation of the
hinge, which is furnished with perfect cardinal and lateral teeth. In
the peculiar character of the double tooth in the right valve, it resem-
bles the *S^. ochracea.^ The bilineata is easily distinguished by the
two delicate lines which pass from the beaks to the posterior margin.

Symphynota Infeata. Plate XIV. fig. 28.

Testa ovato-triangulari, incBquilaterali, ventricosd; valvulis perlenuibus, connato-
bialatis; dente cardinali in valvuld singula unico; dentibus luteralibxis ad terminos
laminatis; natibus inominulis; ligamento celato; margaritd purpurea.

Shell triangular-ovate, inequilateral, ventricose ; valves very thin, elevated into two
wings, both of which are connate ; cardinal tooth single in both valves; lateral teeth
bladed towards their termination ; beaks slightly prominent ; ligament concealed ;
nacre purple.

Hab. Alabama river. Judge Tait. ;

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Diam. 1-6, Length from the beaks to the base, 2-4, Breadth 4-5 inches.

Length from the top of the wing to the base, 3-7 inches.

Shell triangular-ovate, ventricose, transversely and finely wrinkled ;
substance of the shell thin ; valves elevated into a broad high wing pos-
terior, and a small one anterior to the beaks, and connate in both ; pos-

* See vol. iii. p. 455.

100 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

terior wing recurved at top; beaks slightly prominent; ligament con-
cealed in the w^ing ; epidermis brown, with obsolete rays ; two or three
fuscous lines pass from the beak to the posterior margin above the um-
bonial slope ; cardinal tooth single in both valves, and lamelliform ;
lateral teeth bladed and elevated towards their termination ; the two
teeth form one continuous curve line (with the exception of a slight
angle where they join) which is abrupt at both ends ; anterior cicatri-
ces distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices pass from
the cavity towards the anterior cicatrices, and are very perceptible ;
cavity of the beaks wide and shallow ; nacre purple and iridescent.

Remarks. — I am indebted, for this fine shell, to Judge Tait of Ala-
bama, who kindly sent it to me with several other new species of fluvi-
atile and terrestrial shells described in this paper. This species seems to
form a natural link between S. Ixvissiina (Nob.) and S. biulata (Nob.).
It resembles the former in colour and in the teeth, but differs in the
elevation of the wing, and in being less shining and more ventricose. It
resembles the latter in its elevated wing and general outline, but dif-
fers from it in nacre, exterior colour, in not being possessed of undu-
lations along the base of the posterior wing, and in the teeth.

Melania Subularis. Plate XV. fig. 30.

Testa elevata, turrita, corned; apice acuta; anfradihus instar ditodenis, planis:
anfractu infimo in medio carinato; aperturd albd, quadrante longitudinis testce.

Shell elevated and acutely turrited, horn colour; apex acute ; whirls about twelve,
flat, carinate on the middle of the body whirl ; base angulated ; aperture white and
one-fourth the length of the shell.

Hab. Niagara river.

My Cabinet.
Diam. -4, Length 1-3 inches.

Remarks. — I took this species at the Falls of Niagara, and being un-

I'l.-.w. i;./. /.

.V /.

Uii^^^

--" . Ml-/, mi, I ,■/,'//,/, //,/
30 . .// s-ii/'///,/ris . .
?/ , .// Iiilvr,-ii/,it,i . _

:i'2 Ml 1,11} hi ijrtj/ij

a lli/i.r i-iilvllliiilisis
3.' .fi/rorni'/ii /ii/iivii/n

:u! \',i/i,il,i umiij'i'ni .
.'57 //» /}/st/',>n/i/.^ .

AND DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW SPECIES. 101

able to refer it to any described species, have given it a place here.
It resembles the virginka (Say), but differs greatly in elevation, the
virginica having about seven whirls only. The carina causes the
whirls to be flatter in the subularis. In some specimens the columella
is purple.

Melania Tuberculata. Plate XV. fig. 31, a, b.

Testa obtuse tumid, lata, tenebroso-fuscd avt nigrante; apice ohtuso; anfractibus
quinquc; medio anfractus ullimi tuberculis instructo; labro enormiter curvo ; basi
angulatd; aperturd purpured, dimidiuin longiludinis tester, habente.

Shell obtusely tunited, wide, very dark brown or black; apex obtuse ; whirls five ;
middle of the last whirl furnished with tubercles; outer lip irregularly curved; base
angulated ; aperture purple and one half the length of the shell.

Hab. Tennessee river. Professor Vanuxem.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem. -
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of Academy of Natural Sciences.
Diam. '5, Length -9, of an inch.

Bemarks. — This species is somewhat allied to the M. armigera
(Say), but is smaller and much less ponderous. The tubercles are more
nvmierous and less elevated. In the tuberculata the impressed band,
which exists in the armigera above the armature, is wanting. In co-
lour it differs altogether.

Melania Acuta. Plate XV. fig. 32.

Testa acute turritd, tenui, corned; apice acuto; anfractibus octo, supra suturam
carinatis, in longutn undatis, transversim lineatis; basi angulatd; aperturd alba,
quadrantem longiludinis testa liabente.
Vol. IV.— 2 A

102 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Shell acutely turrited, thin, horn-coloured ; apex acute ; whirls eight, carinate im-
mediately above the suture, longitudinally undulated and transversely lineated ; base
angulated ; aperture white, and one-fourth the length of the shell.

Hab. Tennessee river, Professor Vanuxem.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Prof. Vanuxem.

Diam. five-twentieths, Length thirteen-twentieths of an inch.

BemarJfS. — I have seen no described species to which this bears a
close resemblance. Its delicate form, furnished with undulations and
transverse lines, will easily distinguish it.

Helix Caroliniensis. Plate XV. fig. 33, a, b, c.

Testa supra depressd, infra inflatd, oblique striata, fused, imp erf or at d; anfracti-
bus quinque; spird maxime obtusd; aperturd coarctatd; labro albo, reflexo, latoque,
duobus dentibus instrudo, quorum inferior longus et laminatus, superior parvus et
conicus est; columella dentem levatum incurvumque habente; columellcs basi valde
impress A. .

Shell depressed above, inflated below, obliquely striated, fuscous, imperforate ;
whirls five; spire very obtuse; aperture contracted; outer lip white, broad and re-
flected, furnished with two teeth, the inferior one long and lamellar, the superior
one small and conical ; columella with an elevated incurved tooth ; base of the co-
lumella much impressed. ;!•;;

Hab. South Carolina near Cheraw.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Diam. fourteen-twentieths. Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

Remarks. — I found a few specimens of this fine Helix while travel-
ling through South Carolina three years since. They were taken from
beneath the bark of an old tree. It is closely allied to Mr Say's pal-

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 109

liata, but differs in the region of the base of the columella being more
deeply impressed. The oblique striae are more distinct, and no speci-
men which I obtained is in the least hirsute.

Carocolla Helicoides. Plate XV. fig. 34, a, b, c.

Testa orbiculatd, fused, supra piano convexd, subtus inflatd, imper/oratd, oblique
striata; anfractibus quinque; spird obtusissimd; aperturd contractu; labro albo, lato
et reflexo, dcntibus cluobus instructo, quorum inferior longus et laminatus, superior
parvus et conicus est; columella dentem unicum, longum, elevatum et incurvum
habente.

Shell orbicular, fuscous, plano-convex above, inflated below, imperforate, ob-
liquely striated ; whirls five ; spire very obtuse ; aperture contracted ; outer lip white,
broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the inferior one long and lamellar,
the superior one small and conical ; columella with a long, elevated, incurved tooth.

Hab. Tennessee, near Nashville, Professor Vanuxem.

My Cabinet.
■' ■ Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Helix palliata? Say, Var. a, Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. II,
p. 152.
Diam. eighteen-twentieths. Length nine-twentieths of an inch.

Remarks. — Among the fine shells brought by Professor Vanuxem
some years since from a tour through the Western states were two
specimens of this beautiful Carocolla. In its specific characters it resem-
bles the Helix pcdliata of Say, and Helix caroliniensis described in this
paper. It is destitute of the hirsute appearance of the palliata, and is
entirely distinct in the flatness of the whirls of the spire. In the ca-
roliyiiensis the base of the columella is more impressed and the whirls
more inflated.

^ vr "« //,. ■!;:;!? ,< -ioMif r;';:- :-";■! ;u^rn'> .'.:;-f
.! \f -

ft
104 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Carocolla Spinosa. Plate XV. fig. 35, a, b, c.

Testa lenticulari, tenui,i>eUucida,imperforata; carina acuta et spinis minutis mu-
nita; anfractihus sex; spira fere plana; apertura an guslis sima; columella den-
tem unicwn longuni et laminatum habente; labro enormiter crasso et prope finem
superiorem angulato.

Shell lenticular, thin, diaphanous, imperforate; carina acute and armed with
minute spines ; whirls six ; spire nearly planular ; aperture linear, being guarded by
a long tooth on the columella; outer lip irregularly thick, angulated near the supe-
rior termination. . . . ,

Hal). Alabama near Clairborne, Judge Tait.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Diam. eleven-twentieths, Length four-twentieths of an inch.

Remarks. — For this beautiful and highly interesting species I am
indebted to the kindness of Judge Tait. Its peculiar delicate spines
distinguished it from all described species. These, however, when the
specimens are not perfect, are entirely obliterated. In the construction
of the aperture it is unlike every Carocolla I have seen, bearing much
resemblance in this region to the Helix hirsuta (Say).

Valvata Arenifera. Plate XV. fig. 36, a, b.

Testa orbiculata, convcxd; anfractihus tribus, qui arenis agglutinatis operiuntur;
umbilico lata; spira obtusd. >

Shell orbicular, convex ; whirls three, covered by the agglutinations of sand ; um-
bilicus wide ; spire obtuse.

Hab. Cumberland river near Nashville, W. Cooper.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of W. Cooper.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 105

Cabinet of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Diam. five-twentieths, Length four-twentieths of an inch.

Remarks. — This very curious and interesting species was among the
fresh water shells so disinterestedly sent to me by the Lyceum of Na-
tural History of New York to be examined and inserted in this paper.
It has the singular property of strengthening its whirls by the agglu-
tination of particles of sand, &c. by which it is entirely covered, and in
this character it resembles the TVochus agglutinans, Lam. (Trochus
conehyliophorus, Authors.) The apex in all the specimens which I
have had an opportunity of examining is broken. The operculum was
observed in two specimens sufficiently perfect to exhibit a striated
homy structure.

SUPPLEMENT.

Head before the American Philosophical Society, May 20th, 1831.

SINCE my Memoir, read before the Society last May, went to press,
I have procured several species which I believe to be undescribed ; and
which I now propose to add as a supplement, with some preliminary
observations.

Having had an opportunity to examine many fine specimens
within a few months, particularly those brought to this city by James
Ronaldson, Esq. to whose kindness I am indebted for some very rare
species, I have had an opportunity of observing some colouring of the
nacre which is exceedingly beautiful and rare. It is a singular fact,
that several species, which may be considered, emphatically, as white in
the nacre, vary slightly by being possessed, very rarely, of a tint of pink
in the lateral and sometimes in the cardinal tooth or in the centre of
Vol. IV.— 2 B

106 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

the valve. In the cabinets of W. Cooper, Esq. and Mr R., as well as
my own, are specimens of U. cylindricus whose pearly teeth are beau-
tifully tinged with the most delicate and beautiful pink. The same
cabinets possess also the U. securis with the lateral tooth tinted in the
same manner. The U. mefanever has sometimes, though very rarely,
a tint of pink, and still more rarely of nankeen yellow in the centre
of the beaks. The U. circulus, as observed in a previous memoir, is
sometimes, though rarelj^, possessed of a pink tint.

Whether all the species with white nacre may sometimes be poss-
essed of this beautiful variety remains to be observed. These rare
and beautiful variations will undoubtedly, when our cabinets shall be
possessed of all the rare species, constitute the jewels of our collections
and be exceedingly sought after.

The size to which some of the species of the Naiades grow is ex-
ceedingly great. I have in my cabinet the following species, of the
weight and size annexed:

Inches.

U. plicatus, length 4-6,

U. multiplicatus 4'9,

Symphynota alata* 4-2,

Symphynota complanataf 5-1,

Nearly all the specimens which I have seen of the U. soleniformis
(nobis) were sent from Louisville. It struck me as somewhat singu-
lar, that a species so fragile should exist about the falls of a large river,
the force of whose waters there is well known. In explanation of
this, I have been informed by Mr T. W. Taylor of that city, that they
are found to congregate under large flat stones. Unacquainted with this
fact he searched in vain for a long time without finding a single alive
specimen, while odd valves were not uncommon. They were first
discovered in this situation by raising a stone to take a common craw-
fish, which had taken refuge there. This character seems to be pecu-
liar to this species.

My sister, Mrs Febiger of Cincinnati, mentioned to me a pe-

Unio alatus, Say. ] Alasmodonta complanata, Barnes.

Inches.

lb. oz.

breadth 6-8,

weight 1 10

6-2,

1 7

7-1,

0 11

7-2,

0 15

ANn DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 107

culiarity in the habits of the Unio oriens. This shell is possessed
of so small a portion of nacre, that in some specimens the epidermis
may be said to be as thick as the nacre itself. It is obvious
therefore that the rolling of stones and sand carried by the rapidity of
the current of the Ohio upon them, would destroy them if they took
the same position with other species embedded merely in the surface
of the sand. This they avoid, and, burying themselves from six to
twelve inches in the sand, can only be. discovered by a small round hole
at the surface through which they receive their supply of water.

In the description of U. varicosus^, I ought to have mentioned
that I did not hesitate to make use of that name, although already used
by Lamarck, having no doubt but that his species was the Masmo-
donta U7idulataf (Say).

When making some observations on the family TVamrfes, Vol. III. p.
442, I mentioned in a note upon the genus Castalia, that it must be
considered as a species of the genus Unio. Having recently procured
from Paris a perfect specimen of it, I have given it a close examina-
tion, and do not now feel by any means certain that it ought not, in
the present received division of the family, to be considered a distinct
genus. The crenulations of the cardinal and lateral teeth in this speci-
men are very distinct, which was not the case in the single valve which
I formerly examined. In this character it has a slight approach to
the family Jlreacea; and Lamarck very justly says, "comme elle semble
fluviatilej, elle indique que les trigonees forment une transition des
arcacees aux nayades."

Lamarck, in his description of the Castalia, makes no mention of the
position or existence of the muscular impressions of this genus. In
examining this character, I have discovered that the same observa-
tions made at page 67, in relation to the cicatrix of the extensor mus-
cles of the Hyria avicularis, will equally well apply to the genus Cas-
talia, and it is very remarkable that it should be so differently situated
from the same cicatrix in the genus Ihio.

* See Vol. IV. p. 90. t See Vol. III. page 424.

I There cannot be a iloubl of its being fluviatile.

108 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

In ascribing the locality of York river, Virginia, to the U. obesus,
I have reason to believe there is an error. It was so labelled in the
collection of the Lyceum of Natural History of 'New York ; but this,
Major Le Conte assures me, must have been done by some transfer or
accidental change of the labels; as he procured them in Georgia,
from whence he recently obtained a new supply of undoubtedly the
same species, and those marked as from York river cannot be traced to
that locality. The locality was a matter of surprize to me when I re-
ceived them as coming from that river.

Unio Olivarius. Plate XVI. fig. 38.

Testa ovatd, transversa, inflata, pellucidd; valvulis pertenuibus; natibus promi-
nulis; epidermide pertenui, lavi et olivcB colorem habente; dentibus cardinalibus
magnis laminatis erectisque, lateralibus laminatis brcvibusque; margaritd pertenui
albdque.

Shell ovate, transverse, inflated, pellucid; valves very thin; beaks slightly elevated;
epidermis olive, very thin and smooth. Cardinal teeth large, erect and lamelli-
form; lateral teeth short and lamelliform; nacre very thin, white and pearly.

Hab. Burrill river, India, Dr Burrough.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Dr Burrough.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Cabinet of Dr Morton.
Diam. -7, Length -8, Breadth 1-5 inches.

Shell ovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated, pellucid : substance of
the shell very thin; beaks slightly elevated, rounded and devoid of un-
dulations: ligament very small: epidermis olive, very thin and smooth:
rays obscure, cardinal teeth large, erect and lamelliform ; lateral teeth
short and lamelliform : anterior cicatrices slightly confluent : posterior
cicatrices confluent : dorsal cicatrices not perceptible ; cavity of the
beaks wide ; nacre verv thin and bluish white.

Pi.XVT Vol. 4.

Ihxio 'byrcmvid.cutiLS

UnLO triponu^ -

CTKio Olvvccrvws

Uni^ J'u

Drcaun, ^ S.Drat/tcm,.

AND DESCniPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 109

Remarks. — This interesting little shell is from the fine collection
made by Dr Burrough during his travels in India, and I am indebted
to his kindness for the specimen figured. It is a perfectly distinct
species, and may easily be recognised by its form, its pellucidness, and
its smooth olive-coloured epidermis. It somewhat resembles a young
Anodonta on the exterior, but the elevated lamelliform teeth easily
distinguish it from that genus. Its resemblance to a Spanish olive
is very striking.

Unio Pyramidatus. Plate XVI. fig. 39.

Testa sub-pyramidatd, longitudinall, injlata; valvulis antice crassioi'ibiis; nati-
bus maxime prominentibus, recurvis; dentibus cardinalibtts magnis crenatisque;
lateralibus longis, a cardinalibus separatis, ad baseos marginem vergentibusque;
margarita colorem carnis habente.

Shell sub-pyramidal, longitudinal, inflated ; valves thick anteriorly, thinner pos-
teriorly ; beaks very much elevated, recurved ; cardinal teeth large and crenate ;
lateral teeth long, distinct from the cardinal teeth and pointing towards basal mar-
gin ; nacre flesh colour.

Hab.' Ohio. T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin. .
Unio undatus? Barnes, Var. a.
Diam. 1-7, Length 2-3, Breadth 2-1 inches.

Shell sub-pyramidal, longitudinal, inequilateral, anterior part swol-
len recurvely from the beaks to the basal margin, compressed at pos-
terior margin, slightly depressed anterior to umbonial slope ; substance
of the shell very thick in the region of the teeth and beaks, thin at
posterior margin ; beaks very much elevated, recurved and incurved ;
epidei'mis very dark brown and finely wrinkled ,• cardinal teeth large,
crenate and deeply impressed in the left valve, single and emerging
from a pit in the right; lateral teeth long, slightly curved, distinct
Vol. IV.— 2 C

]]0 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

from the cardinal teeth and pointing towards the basal margin ; ante-
rior cicatrices distinct, the great one forming a deep pit ; posterior
cicatrices distinct, the smaller one being placed at the end of the late-
ral tooth ; dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal
tooth ; cavity of the beaks deep and angulated ; nacre beautifully flesh
coloured, very rarely white.

Remarks. — This very beautiful and interesting shell has heretofore
been considered as the U. mytiloides (Rafin.). It does not however
answer either to the description or figure of that author. It may be
easily distinguished from any described species of this genus by its ex-
ceedingly elevated beaks, and beautiful nacre. In young individuals,
indistinct rays may be observed on the beaks.

Unio Trigonus. Plate XVI. fig. 40.

Testa subtriangulari, inflata, preBclivo umboniali(quod carinatum est), depressd;
valvulis crassis, natibiis prommentibus, incurvis; dentibus cardinalibus magnis.
lateralibus magnis et subcurvis; margarita alba et iridescente.

Shell subtriangular, inflated, depressed before the umbonial slope which is cari-
nate; valves thick ; beaks prominent, incurved ; cardinal teeth large; lateral teeth
large and slightly curved ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Hib ^ ^'^'^ ^'^^^ ^^ Cincinnati, T. G. Lea.
c Ohio river at Louisville, T. H. Taylor.
My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of J. Ronaldson.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Diam. 1-5, Length 2, Breadth 2-3 inches.

Shell subtriangular, inflated, nearly equilateral, depressed before the
umbonial slope, angular behind ; umbonial slope carinate ; basal mar-
gin emarginate; substance of the shell thick, beaks prominent, in-

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. Ill

curved, and slightly undulated at the tips ; ligament short and thick ;
epidermis brown ; rays obsolete ; cardinal tooth large, elevated and
widely cleft in the left valve and emerging from a pit in the right
valve ; lateral teeth thick and curved in a direction over the cardinal
tooth ; anterior and posterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal cicatrices
situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks
deep and angular ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Remarks. This is rather a rare shell, and being of a group of the
species which are known under the general name of Mytiloides
(Rafin.), it has been considered merely a variety of that species.
Having recently examined this group with very close attention and
with the advantage of very many specimens, I am induced to believe
that it may with great propriety be divided into four species, viz. my-
tiloiiUs (Rafin.), undatus (Barnes^, pyramidattis (Nobis), and trigonut.

Unio Formosus. Plate XVI. fig. 41.

Testa triangulari, ventricosd, transversa : clivo posteriori subplano ; radiis irre-
gularibiis, interriiptis, subacutis; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, lateralibus brevi-
bus subrectisque; margaritd alba.

Shell triangular, ventricose, transverse, nearly flat on the posterior slope; rays
irregular, interrupted, and somewhat pointed ; cardinal teeth large ; lateral teeth
short and nearly straight ; nacre pearly white.

Hab. Ohio river, T, G. Lea.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.

Cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Cabinet of Peak's Museum.

Diam. 1, Length 1-1, Breadth 1*6 inches.

112 ' OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Shell triangular, ventricose, transverse, inequilateral ; posterior slope
wide, nearly forming a plane, and possessing numerous indistinct
ribs ; substance of the shell somewhat thick ; beaks somewhat promi-
nent and flattened; ligament short ; epidermis yellowish, smooth and
shining ; rays numerous, irregular, interrupted and pointed somewhat
like an arrow head, on the posterior slope they are very minute ; um-
bonial slope carinate ; cardinal teeth large and double in both valves ;
lateral teeth short, nearly straight and enlarged at posterior end ; an-
terior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatri-
ces situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the
beaks deep and rounded ; nacre pearly white.

Remarks. — This beautiful shell has heretofore been considered as a
variety of U. triangularis (Barnes). It has, however, I think, char-
acters sufficiently distinctive to entitle it to rank among the species.
It differs from that species essentially in being less flat on the poste-
rior slope, in the umbonial slope being carinate and not rounded,
in being less transverse and in possessing a sharper edge along the
basal margin. In the triangularis the greatest transverse diameter is
nearer the basal margin than in this species. It is sometimes found
much larger than the specimen here represented, which is selected on
account of its perfection. My largest specimen would weigh at least
four times as much as this one.

Unio Perplexus. Plate XVII. fig. 42.

Testa ovatd, obliqud, nodulorum seriem irregularem {fere mediis in valvulis) d
natibus ad margincm baseos currentem habente ; valvulis crassis; clivo umboniali
irregulariter rugato; radiis exiguis et numerosis; dentibus cardinalibus modicis,
lateralibus longis subrectisque; margarita lacteo-alba.

Shell ovate, oblique, having an irregular nodulous line near the middle from the
beaks to the basal margin ; valves thick ; umbonial slope irregularly wrinkled ; rays
small and numerous ; cardinal teeth rather small; lateral teeth long and nearly
straight; nacre milk white.

TL.XMl Vol. 4

\^

n 1/

^

,,-.-'---\,^

Xlv^ --'V

■■^—.■.■i^"''

ZTh-p'tJ JJe.r-ple.x-us,

(ryvio aJiip_i^tnti^N

T'ri.io arcaiTornij^y

T^Tfj.v-n fiv XDrriyirPn

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 113

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of P. H. Nicklin.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.
Diam. 1'5, Length 1-9, Breadth 2*6 inches.

Shell ovate, oblique, inequilateral, having an irregular nodulous line
near the middle passing obliquely from the beaks to the basal margin;
substance of the shell thick ; umbonial slope irregularly wrinkled ; an-
terior to the umbonial slope is a wide slightly impressed furrow;
beaks prominent, rounded, and situated near the anterior margin; liga-
ment slender and somewhat long ; epidermis smooth, shining, yellow-
ish, with numerous small green rays which thickly cover the whole
disk except a small portion of the anterior part ; cardinal teeth rather
small, deeply cleft in the left valve, single and emerging from a pit in
the right valve ; lateral teeth long, nearly straight, and slightly en-
larged near the posterior end : anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior
cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of the
cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks wide and rounded ; nacre milk
white, rarely rose coloured.

Remarks. — This extraordinary and highly interesting shell formed
one of the three divisions into which I had, in my cabinet, separated
the U. cornutus (Barnes). The other division has been called by
Dr Hildreth foUatus. Having, since the publication of my last
memoir*, received numerous young and perfect specimens, I have
concluded that the study of this group would be facilitated by its sepa-
ration into three species, which will stand thus; U. cornutus (Barnes),
possessing three or four distinct horns between the beaks and basal
margin ; U. foliatus (Hildreth), having no elevation, but possessed of
two elongations, one at the basal margin, the other at posterior margin;
and U.perpkxus (Nob.), possessed of an irregular oblique nodulous ridge

* See note, Vol. III. p. 418.

Vol. IV.— 2 D ~

114 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES.

passing from the beaks to basal margin. The figure represents a per-
fect and beautiful specimen. It sometimes occurs, however, with an
extended posterior portion so large as to be nearly as wide again as the
natural width of the shell. The pallial impression, nevertheless, does
not advance beyond its natural position, and the space beyond is covered
by a prolonged and hard portion of the fringe of the mantle. The
irregularity of the nodules is very remarkable and varies from one on
each valve to twelve. Where there are few, they are generally much
elevated, and there being a correspondent depression in the other valve
the specimen presents a remarkable, and distorted appearance. Speci-
mens are occasionally found of a beautiful rose colour. These, however,
are very rare.

Unio Angustatus. Plate XVII. fig. 43

»•

Testa transversa, sub-compressn, angusto-ellipticd; valvulis tenuibus; natibus
proniinulis et apicibus undulatis; radiis obsoletis; dentibus cardinalibus elevatis et
compressis, later alibus longis, subrectisque ; margarita purpurea et iridescente.

Shell transverse, somewliat compressed, narrow-elliptical, valves thin ; beaks
slightly elevated and undulated at the tips; very obsolete; cardinal teeth elevated
and compressed ; lateral teeth long and nearly straight : nacre purple and iri-
descent.

j^^j^ 5 Congaree river. South Carolina.

c Cooper river. South Carolina, Professor Ravenel.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of Professor Ravenel.

Cabinet of Major Le Conte.

Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Diam. 7. Length M, Breadth 2-8 inches.

Shell very transverse, somewhat compressed, very narrow-elliptical,

inequilateral ; substance of the shell thin ; beaks slightly elevated and

ANn DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 115

undulated at the tips; ligament long and slender; epidermis reddish
brown, rays obsolete ; cardinal teeth elevated, compressed and crenu-
late ; lateral teeth long, nearly straight and enlarged at the posterior
end ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal
cicatrices situated in the angle of the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the
beaks wide and shallow; nacre dull purple.

Remarks. — This species resembles somewhat the Unio complana-
tus (Soland.). It will, however, at once be distinguished by its great
proportionate breadth. In this it resembles the U. nasutus (Say), but
may be readily separated from that species by its want of the peculiar
rays of the nasutus and the absence of its posterior enlargement. In the
summer of 1827, I found several young and striking specimens of this
species in the Congaree at Columbia, S. C. and I am recently in-
debted to Professor Ravenel for several adult specimens, one of which
is represented in the plate. In some specimens the umbonial slope is
more elevated and the basal margin straight.

I have a single specimen nearly white in the nacre ; and they will,
most probably, be found of a salmon colour, as well also of all the tints
between these colours, similar to the U. complanatus with which and
some other it seems to form a natural group*.

* Extract from a letter recently received from Professor Ravenel. " I have been fortunate
enough to obtain very good series of the two shells which I was anxious to submit to your
examination, as well ^s a complete series of the complanatus in all the varieties in which it
occurs in Cooper rivef and its tributary streams. This will enable you to compare the length-
ened shell [the above described species] which I thought distinct, with such specimens of the
complanatus as approach it, and to determine the point. Our shell resembles the nasutus
closely, particularly the young shell, but is certainly distinct from it. I have never seen the
nasutus in this state or in North Carolina."

Charleston, South Carolina, 3Iay21t}t, 1831. '~ '

116 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

Unio Arc^pormis. Plate XVII. fig. 44.

Testa arcaformi, valde ventricosd, transversa ; clivo posteriori latissimo et sul-
cum curvum hahente; valvulis pracrassis; radiis capillaribus; dentibus cardinalibus
crassis, lateralibus brevibus rectisque; margaritd albd.

Shell arcseform, very ventricose, transverse ; posterior slope very wide and poss-
essed of a curved furrow ; valves very thick; rays hair-like; cardinal teeth thick;
lateral teeth short and straight ; nacre white.

Hab. Tennessee river, Professor Vanuxem.

My Cabinet.

Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.

Cabinet of W. Cooper.

Diam. 2, Length 2, Breadth 2-5 inches.

Shell subtriangular, very ventricose, transverse, inequilateral ; pos-
terior slope very wide, and nearly flat except at the termination of the
ligament, possessed of a curved furrow enlarging from the beaks to the
posterior margin ; substance of the shell very thick ; beaks prominent
and incurved; ligament short and thick; epidermis yellowish brown ;
rays hair-like and numerous ; cardinal teeth thick and irregular ; late-
ral teeth short, straight and crenate ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; an-
terior cicatrices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of
the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded ; nacre
white. ^>

*

Remarks. — I have been in possession of a single specimen of this
species for some years. It was brought by Professor Vanuxem from
the Tennessee river, and, being old, some of its characters have nearly
disappeared. I frequently examined it with great interest, and felt
persuaded it was a new species, although it strongly resembled the fri-
angularis (Barnes). A young and an adult specimen, recently sent
me from New York by that excellent naturalist W. Cooper, proves it
beyond a doubt to be a distinct species. In its rays it diflfers altogether
from the triangularis; it is dissimilar also in the thickness of the valves and

PL. XVXU. Vol -4

Thiici siiiovcoitui .

f'nXAi sit,hroriinciuA .

Lhua pifctu.

ltf»\*n Jn, .Tlh-at^foi

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 117

in the possession of two remarkable curved furrows on the umbonial
slope. The specimen represented in the engraving is chosen on ac-
count of its being adult, although the beaks are not in a perfect state of
preservation. The enlargement and dentate appearance of the poste-
rior margin is very remarkable in this and some other of the species.
It occurs more frequently in the sulcatus (Nobis), and has been par-
ticularly noticed in the remarks on that species*. This variety of
sulcatus has been considered by Mr Say as a distinct species, to which
he has given the name of ridibundus. I have never thought that it
could be considered to differ specifically from the sulcatus.

Unio Subrotundus. Plate XVIII. fig. 45

Testa siiborbiculatd, subventricosd; valvulis a-assis; natibus prominentibus; epi-
dermide circa nates luted, juxta mar ginem fused; radiis interruptis; dentibus car-
dinalibus crassis, lateralibus subcurvis brevibusque; margaritd albd et iridescente.

Shell suborbicular, subventricose ; valves thick ; beaks elevated ; epidermis yel-
low about the beaks, brown towards the margin ; rays interrupted; cardinal teeth
thick ; lateral teeth short and slightly curved ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Hab. Ohio, T. G. Lea.

My Cabinet.
Diam. 11, Length 1-6, Breadth 1-6 inches.

Shell suborbicular, nearly equilateral, subventricose ; substance of
the shell thick, somewhat thinner behind ; beaks thick and elevated ;
ligament rather short and thick ; epidermis yellow and smooth in the
region of the beaks ; brown and finely wrinkled towards the margin ;
interrupted rays pass from the beaks and are very visible over the um-
bones, but are lost in the wrinkles before they reach the margin ; car-
dinal teeth thick and crenate; lateral teeth short, thick and very
slightly curved ; posterior and anterior cicatrices both distinct ; dorsal

* See Vol. III. p. 431. »

Vol. IV.— 2 E

118 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

cicatrices situated on the under side of the cardinal teeth; cavity
of the beaks deep and angulated : nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Remarks. — ^Among the numerous shells I have received within the
last five years from our western waters, I have obtained but three or
four of this interesting species. Its extreme rarity at first induced me
to doubt of the propriety of considering it a distinct species. It is
however, perfectly distinct from any described species and seems pe-
culiar in its yellow beaks and brown margin ; as well as in the beauti-
ful interrupted rays which pass over the umbones, leaving the ante-
rior and posterior slopes usually of a yellow colour. In form it
approaches the ebenus (Nobis), in colour it more nearly resembles
the umlatus (Barnes). A young individual of not more than three
growths presents such a shining and yellow epidermis as to resemble
very much a small Venus.

Unio Subovatus. Plate XVIII. fig. 46.

Testa suhovata, transversa, inflatd ; valvulis crassis ; natibus prominentibus et
apicibus undulatis ; multis radiis viridibus; denlibus cardinalibus erectis et in
valvuld utrdque duplicibus, lateralibus laminatis brevibusque; rnargaritd albd.

Shell subovate, transverse, inflated ; valves thick ; beaks elevated and undulated
at the tip ; rays green and numerous ; cardinal teeth double in both valves and erect;
lateral teeth short and lamelliform; nacre white and very pearly.

Hab. Ohio river, T. G. Lea. -

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of John Ronaldson.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Diam. 2-2, Length 3, Breadth 4-2 inches.

Shell subovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated ; substance of the
shell thick ; beaks elevated, incurved and undulated at the tips ; liga-
ment short and thick ; epidermis yellowish with numerous green rays

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 119

passing obliquely from the beaks to the margin ; cardinal teeth large,
double in both valves, very erect and deeply cleft in both valves ; lateral
teeth short and lamelliform ; anterior cicatrices distinct ; posterior cica-
trices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices situated within the cavity of the shell
on the under part of the cardinal tooth and on the plate between the
cardinal and lateral teeth ; cavity of the beaks very large and rounded ;
nacre white and very pearly.

Remarks. — This species is very closely allied to the U. ovatus (Say)
and U. occidens (Nobis). It differs constantly, however, from both, in
being more produced posteriorly, and in the position of the beaks
which are placed nearer the anterior margin. It is less flattened on
the posterior slope than the ovatus, and less carinate than the occidens.
Like both these species the anterior section of the cardinal teeth is the
most elevated. In some specimens no rays are observable*.

Unio Pileus. Plate XVIII. fio-. 47

a*

Testa subtriangulari, ventricosa, prcedivo umboniali in longum subsulcata,
emarginata; valvulis crassis; radiis capillar ibus; dentibus cardinalibus magnis,
lateralibus breviusculis subcurvisque; margaritd alba et iridescente.

Shell subtriangular, ventricose, slightly emarginate, longitudinally furrowed in

* Since this supplement went to press I have seen in the fine collection of that excellent
conchologist, Mr W. Hyde, a specimen sent him by Mr Barnes some years since as U. ven-
tricosus. If this specimen be not of the same species as the above described, it certainly very
closely resembles it. Never having seen the individual specimen described by Mr Barnes as
ventricosus, I believed, from that part of the description in which he says " this shell is more
capacious than any other of the genus hitherto described," that he meant the species known to
us as globosus, and therefore I selected of the two species that which seemed to agree the least
with his description, and figured and described it. Should it, upon further examination, prove
that I have described the same shell with Mr Barnes, the name ofglobosus should be used to
distinguish this capacious species, specimens of which are in the cabinets of Mr Hyde, the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Peale's Museum, and in my own. Mr Barnes must, I think, be
in error in supposing the ventricosus to inhabit tiie Delaware, or New Jersey near New York.
I do not think that any of the group belong to our eastern waters.

120 OBSERVATIONS ON NAIADES,

front of the umbonial slope; valves thick; rays hair-like; cardinal teeth large; lateral
teeth rather short and slightly curved; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Hab. Ohio river, near Cincinnati, Mrs Febiger.

My Cabinet.
Diam. 1-2, Length 1-8, Breadth 1-8 inches.

Shell subtriangular, angular behind and rounded before, ventricose :
longitudinally furrowed in front of the umbonial slope, the furrow-
causing a slight emargination in the basal margin ; umbonial slope flat-
tened on the ridge ; substance of the shell thick ; beaks prominent and
rounded at the tip; ligament short and thick; epidermis yellowish-
brown and wrinkled ; rays numerous and hair-like ; cardinal tooth large,
elevated and deeply cleft in the left valve, single and emerging from a
pit in the right valve ; lateral teeth short and slightly curved ; anterior
cicatrices distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent ; dorsal cicatrices
situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks
wide and rounded ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Remarks. — This shell has recently come into my possession and was
taken near Cincinnati. It is different from any species I have seen,
and somewhat resembles the U. sulcatus (Nobis), having a furrow from
the beaks to the margin anterior to the umbonial slope. It differs
from it, however, in being more elongated and in being destitute of a
purple nacre. The disposition to flatness in the umbonial slope is re-
markable in this species.

Meeania Elongata. Plate XV. fig. 29.

Testa elevatd ct acute turrita, fusco-corneA, purpureo-fasciatd; anfractibus circi-
ter decern parum depressis; basi angulatH; aperturd cceruleo-albd, longitudinis testa
quadrantem habente.

Shell elevated and acutely turrited, dark horn colour with purple bands; apex
acute; whirls about ten and slightly depressed; base angulated; aperture bluish-
white and about one fourth the length of the shell.

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. I2{

Hab. West Tennessee. John Lea.

My Cabinet.
Diam. -5, Length 1-5 inches.

Remarks. — This fine Melania seems most to resemble the subularis
(Nobis). It differs from it in being wider, in being darker coloured,
and in having a less number of whirls. The bands in some specimens
are scarcely visible.

I cannot terminate this memoir without making my grateful ac-
knowledgements to numerous friends for specimens sent from time to
time for my examination or acceptance. To P. H. Nicklin, Esq.
and to W. Cooper, Esq. I am under particular obligations, for their
kind and prompt assistance on such difficult points as appeared to me
to require consultation.

Vol. IV.— 2 F

122

ARTICLE VI.

Description of a new genus of the family Mekmiana of Lamarck.
By Isaac Lea. Read January 7th, 1831.

Family MELANIANA.
Genus To.

Testa fusiformi ; basi canaliculatd ; spird elevatd; columella concavd lavique.
Shell fusiform ; base canaliculate; spire elevated; columella smooth and concave.

To FusiFORMis. Plate XV. fig. 37, a, b.

My Cabinet.
Cabinet of Professor Vanuxem.
Cabinet of Mr Say.
Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Fusus Jluvialis, Say, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 129.
Diam. -9, Length 2-2 inches.

'S^

Remarks. — This very remarkable, interesting and rare shell was
presented to me many years since by Professor Vanuxem, by whom only
it has been found. Specimens w^ere also presented by him to Mr Say

NEW GENUS OP THE FAMILY MELANIANA. 123

and to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, in the Jour-
nal of which that naturalist has described it under the name of Fiisus
fluvialis. Satisfied that no genus should contain pelagian and fluvia-
tile shells in common, I have separated this from the family Canali-
FERA, and placed it in that of the Melaniana to which it naturally
belongs. We are indebted to the research of Professor Vanuxem for
this and many other fine shells from the north fork of the Holston in
Virginia on the farm of General Preston, where it was associated with
several species of this and other families. Professor Vanuxem de-
scribes the spot which it inhabits as being very circumscribed and be-
ing immediately at the confluence of a small stieam and the North
Fork of the Holston, the former of which is slightly impregnated
with salt.

125

ARTICLE VII.

Report of a Committee of the American Philosophical Society on As-
tronomical Observations: containing Oiservations made in different
parts of the United States, on the Solar Eclipse of February 12/A,
1831. Read October 7,1831.

THE Committee on Astronomical Observations respectfully present
to the Society the observations made by them, in this city, upon the
Solar Eclipse of February 12th, 1831 ; together with such other
observations, made in different parts of the United States, as they have
been able to collect.

Alex. Dallas Bache.

Jos. Roberts, Jcn.

Isaiah Lukens.

Observations made at Friends' Observatory, in Philadelphia, during the Solar
Eclipse of February \2th, 1831. By Jos. Roberts, Jun. Lat. 39° 57' 02" N.,
and long. 5 h. GO m. 37 sec. West of Greenwich.

For about one month previous to the eclipse, frequent observations
were made in order to determine the effect of the temperature on
the position of the transit instrument and the rate of the clock. These
two essential instruments having been satisfactorily adjusted by means
of the transit of stars selected for that purpose, the day was ushered in
with the whole heavens obscured by clouds which continued until
about half past ten o'clock, A. M., when the clouds generally disappeared,
and the heavens in the vicinity of the sun presented the fine clear sky
Vol. IV._2 G

126 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERYATIONS ON

blue, which continued generally uninterrupted till near one o'clock,
P.M.

At 1 1 h. 23 m. 17 sec. mean solar time, not corrected for the error of
the clock and deviation of the transit instrument, observed a slight
derangement in the limb of the sun at the point where the eclipse
was expected to begin. This break in the harmony (noticed for the
last ten or fifteen minutes) continued to increase until a well defined
section of the lunar disc convinced me that this derangement was
produced by the interposition of the moon.

At noon, observed the transit of the Sun's eastern limb over the
lines of the transit instrument, as follows, viz.

h. m. sec.

No. 1.

0

15

16

No. 2.

0

15

36

Merid.

0

15

56

No. 4.

0

16

16.5

No. 5.

0

16

37

0 15 56.3 reduced time of transit of
sun's eastern limb over the meridian.

The daily rate of the clock from numerous observations, 3".56
gaining. The clock fast of mean solar time at the beginning of the
eclipse, according to the observed transit and daily rate, 0' 15".414 ; to
this add for deviation of transit instrument from merid. 0 ".104 ; gives
the state of the clock at the beginning of the eclipse, 0 m. 15.518 sec.
fast of mean solar time. So that the true mean solar time of beginning
of the eclipse was, 11 h. 23 m. 01.482 sec.

At twelve o'clock, mean time, measured the vertical diameter of the
sun with one of Troughton's spider-line micrometers, and found
that it required 44.855 revolutions of the screw to bring the lines to
zero: and near one o'clock, P.M. made the lines of the micrometer
tangents to the sun and moon's disc, in order to measure the maximum
of the visible portion of the Sun's diameter at the time of the greatest
obscuration. These lines I caused to approach each other, until the
eclipse ceased to increase ; and I afterwards found that 1.94 turns of
the screw brought them together. It may be proper to remark in

THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 12 FEBRUARY 1831.

127

relation to the last observation, that the dread of being involved in a
total eclipse by a large collection of clouds near at hand and rapidly
approaching, and which completely obscured the sun before I had
time to relieve the eye and finish the observation by bringing the
lines to zero, has left a doubt as to its exactness. I, however, give it,
and future observations may determine its value ; for after careful
inquiry I do not find any corresponding observation in relation to this
matter.

At 2h. 25 m. 24 sec. mean solar time, corrected for the error of the
clock, the clouds too dense to see the sun through the coloured glass
of the large telescope ; but from an observation made with a telescope
without a coloured glass, the eclipse had not ended. At 2 h. 25 m. 59 sec.
corrected for the error of the clock, still thin clouds before the sun,
but have the impression that the eclipse had ceased. At 2h. 27 m. the
sky in the vicinity of the sun very clear, and the eclipse ended beyond
any doubt. The preceding observations were made with a 46 inch
achromatic telescope by Tully, Islington, London, with a 3| inches
object glass, and a transit instrument by DoUond, London, 30 inches
by 2^. The power used 38. The eye protected by a glass of a red
colour.

During the eclipse the thermometer and barometer stood as fol-
lows, viz.

Time of
making
observa-
tion.

Sixe's
Tlier. in
Observa-
tory.

Mercu-
rial
Ther. in

Sun.

Spirit
of Wine
Ther. in

Sun.

Trough-
ton's

Barome-
ter.

Remarks.

h. m.

ins.

10 30
10 45

29°
29

54°

52P

30.161
30.161

Very clear.
Do.

11 00

31

55

53

30.164

Do.

11 40

32

fc(

a

u

Do.

1 00
1 10

31

30.5

32.5

32

It

30. 150
30.141

Flying clouds.
Dense clouds.

1 25

30

32.5

32

30.141

Do.

2 00
2 05
2 45

30.5

31

32

35
35
41

34
34
38

30.141
30.153

Do.

Flying clouds.
Very clear.

128 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON

Observations of the Beginning and End of the Eclipse of the Sun, February 12,
1831, by Sears C. TValker, in lat. 39° 57' N. and long. 1433 feet west of
Friends' Observatory, Philadelphia.

h. m. sec.
Beginning, 11 23 10 A.M. ^ Mean solar time at
End, 2 25 49 P.M. 5 Observatory.

Telescope 3^ feet achromatic, by Jones, London : power 40 to 50.

Observations made at the time of the Eclipse of the Sun, 2d Month, {February)
12th, 1831, at Burlington, N. J., lat. 40° 5' 20" N.,long. not yet determined.
By John Gummere.

For the time, I made use of a very good chronometer by Lukens,
accurately rated by Jos. Roberts, Jun. and examined the third day after
the eclipse. From the regularity of its movement, its state, in Phila-
delphia time, at the time of the eclipse may be regarded as known
within one or at most two seconds. I observed with one of Dollond's
42 inch achromatics, with a power 80. My brother S. R. Gummere
observed with my 3 feet Gregorian reflector, with power of 1 20. At
the beginning of the eclipse the sky was very clear, at least in the
vicinity of the sun, thus giving the opportunity for an accurate obser-
vation. Our impressions of the instant of commencement did not
differ half a second. Frequently during the latter part of the eclipse,
and at the termination, there were obstructing clouds, so that the time of
end could only be determined within limits. The time of beginning
accurately determined, was 11 h. 24 m. 2 sec. A.M. mean time Phila-
delphia. At 2 h. 24 m. 42 sec. P.M. the eclipse had not terminated.
At 2 h. 26 m. 21 sec. it was entirely ended.

At the time of greatest obscuration, the cusps were very sharp and
well defined ; but a thread of light extended from each, to a consider-
able distance along the circumference of the sun's disc. About a
minute after, a spot of light was observed a few degrees from the
south western cusp, extending inwards from the thread proceeding
from that cusp. Its appearance is represented in the accompanying
figure.

THE SOt,AR ECLIPSE OF 1 2 FEBRTTARY 1831. 129

At the commencement of the eclipse the barometer stood at 30.24
inches. At 1 o'clock it stood at 30.16 inches and continued so until
end of eclipse,

I had one thermometer suspended in the shade, and three exposed
to the sun's rays. The first of these three has a metallic scale, covered
in front with a glass ; the second has a metallic scale not covered ;
and the third has an ivory scale. Their states at four different times,

as below.

Shade. Sun.

1st. 2d. 3d.
llh. 24 m. A.M. 26° 81° 62° 52=

1 h. 0 m. P.M. 24 37 30 29

1 h. 10 m. P.M. 25 31 28 27

1 h. 26 m. P.M. 31 46 37 34

The solar spectrum was observed several times during the eclipse.
We were not sensible of much change in it, but thought that about the
time of greatest obscuration, the violet, though very bright, was rather
paler than at other times.

A 30 inch magnetic needle, made by Lukens, was observed at II,
1, 2^, and 5 o'clock. From 11 to 1, the north end moved 6' to the
west. From 1 to 2,^, it moved 3' to the w'est; and from 2^ to 5, it
moved 6' to the east.

Vol. Iv .— 2 H

130 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON

Observations of the Solar Eclipse of 12/A February 1831, by Professor James
Renwick. Made at Columbia College, New York. Lat. 40° 42' 43" N. Long.,
determined by the Solar Eclipse of August 27th, 1823 combined with the mean
of 80 Lunar distances, 4 h. 56' 13.45" west from Greenwich.

:■: Beginning. Contact of sun and moon's limbs,
observed by a refracting telescope of DoUond of 5 feet
focus, using the second astronomic power. The time
being noted by a chronometer of Parkinson andFrod-
shum. No. 1102, rated by Mr Demilt, 23h. 30' 29".2

Watch slow of mean time, 21"

Mean time of beginning, 23 h. 30' 50".2

The end was not observed in consequence of the sun being hidden
by clouds.

Obse7-vations of the Eclipse of the Sun, February 12, 1S31, by Bobert Treat Paine,
at Cape Malabar Light-house, in Lat. 41° 32' 58".3 iV.; Long, by Chrono7neter 70°
01' 20" west.

h. m. sec.

Beginning of the Eclipse, 11 55 56.0 A.M. ]

Formation of the Ring, 1 26 54.6 P.M.',, , ..

Rupture of the Ring, 1 28 23.8 P.M. ^^^"" ^^^^^ ^''^''

End of the Eclipse, 2 53 8.2 P.M. J

The sky very clear all day ; observations very fine and satisfactory.
Telescope 4^ feet Dollond, with the smallest astronomical eye piece;
power about 60. The thermometer hanging on a S. E. wall in the
sun fell from 83° to 29°.

THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OP 12 PEBRUARY 1831. 131

Results of the Observatioii of the Solar Eclipse of 12th February 1831, made
under the Colonnade of the south front of the President's house at the City of
Washington, lat. 38° 53' 12" ; long. 76° 57' {approximate), by F. R. Hassler.

A properly rated chronometer was used for the determination of
time, and one of the repeating theodolites from the collection for the
survey of the coast, with a one foot vertical circle, for the observations
of time, &c. The reduction of the time of the chronometer indicated
by the observations being made, gave,

Apparent time. Mean time,
h. m. sec. h. m. sec.

For the Beginning, 10 55 56 11 10 30

End, 2 00 54.5 2 15 28.5

Duration, 3 h. 4 m. 58.5 sec.

Stand of the barometer observed about 9 o'clock, A.M. 30.62 ins.
Beginning of the Eclipse, 30.56 ins. and hardly varied for 0.01 in. the
rest of the day.

The thermometer stood as follows :

At 8 o'clock, A.M. 29.5° Fahr.

Beginning of Eclipse, 32.0

Greatest obscuration, 28.0

End of the Eclipse, 37.0

At 4 o'clock, P.M. 38.0

Sunset, 32.0

The sky m\is perfectly clear, the weather generally cold, with a
harsh wind. During the greatest obscuration the feelings of an intense
cold, and a kind of disagreeable gloom, were remarked by every person
present, which subsided only when a considerable part of the sun was
again clear.

The most remarkable phenomenon was the distinctly painted ine-
qualities of the moon, by the reflection of light and shade upon its
disk, presenting, apparently, elevations brilliantly illuminated, and
intervals shaded in an ash coloured shade, more or less dark and distinct,
as they were nearer to or farther from the sun, the edge of the moon
towards the sun being always fully dark.

This appearance, beginning when about one-eighth of the diameter of
the moon was iiTimersed, extended itself, with various alterations in the

132

ASTRONOMIC Ali OBSERVATIONS ON

appearance, to about one-third of the moon's diameter, when it gradu-
ally faded into indistinctness, and the whole surface of the moon
appeared equally dark. The same took place again in the inverse
order, with varied configurations, towards the end of the eclipse.

The telescope with which I observed being very steady, that on the
repeating theodolite, with a magnifying power of about 70 times, the
phenomenon could be distinctly observed and followed ; the annexed
imperfect figure may convey an idea of it.

Observations on the Eclipse of the Sun, February 12, 1831, br/ Professor R. M.
. Patterson, M.D., at the University of Virginia, in lat. 38° 2' 3" N., and long.
5 A. 14 m. 4.8 sec. TV. of Greenwich.

h.

m.

Beginning

of

Eclipse,

11

0

End,

2

7

sec.

26 7
20 5

Mean solar time.

Meteorological Observations during the Solar Eclipse of February I2th, 1831, by
A. T). Bache, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania.

The principal objects in view in the following observations were, first:
to measure the dimin\ition of light produced by the eclipse; that of
direct light, as well as of the light diffused by reflection in the atmos-
phere and from bodies at or near the earth's surface.

THE SOIiAR ECLTPSE OF 1 2 FEBRUARY 1831. 133

Second, to measure the variations in the temperature of the air
during the eclipse.

The instrument adapted to the measurements first enumerated is
the photometer of Leslie: this consists of a differential thermometer
having one hulb blackened. The blackened bulb absorbs the heat accom-
panying the solar light, while the transparent bulb either transmits or
reflects it; the temperature of the dark bulb is raised, the air within
it is expanded, and the liquid forced up the stem attached to the opposite
bulb : the amount of the rise of the liquid is measured by a scale
attached to this stem. The effect of variations in the temperature of
the air about this instrument is in a great measure avoided by its
differential form. The graduation of the scale of the photometer is
arbitrary, and the measures wiiich it gives entirely relative. It will be
convenient to place the zexo at the point at which the liquid in the
stem stands in a dark room.

The photometer used in the observations upon the direct light of
the sun had one bulb covered with black silk. The observations
have been reduced to the point of the scale, which corresponds to a
dark room as a zero. A glass case protected the instrument from
currents of air. The position remained invariable during the course
of the observations, viz. at the south window of the observatory
attached to the Friends' school in Fourth-street.

A second photometer was placed within the observatory and exposed
to the diffused light, which entered through three windows extending
nearlyfrom the floorto the ceiling and facing the S.E., South, and S.W.
One bulb of this instrument was of blue glass. The observations
have, as in the case of the other photometer, been reduced to the point
at which the liquid stands in a dark room as a zero : the degrees do
not correspond with those of the first instrument. A glass case
covered this photometer.

The second object was attained by the use of a metallic thermometer
of Breguet's make, for the opportunity of using which I am indebted
to C. N. Bancker, Esq. This instrument was placed in the shade
within the south window of the open observatory. There had been
no fire during the winter in the observatory, nor, but on a few occa-
sions, in the building with which it is connected. A comparison of
Vol. IV.— 2 I

134 ASTRONOMICAL. OBSERVATIONS ON

the scale, attached to this metallic thermometer, with that of a mer-
curial thermometer carefully verified, was made subsequent to the day
of observation, and extended through a considerable range of tempera-
ture, obtained by atmospheric variations; there resulted a correction in
part of the scale, which has been applied in converting the degrees of
Breguet's scale ijito those of Fahrenheit.

The compound effect produced by the heat from the direct and
reflected rays of the sun and by the temperature of the atmosphere
was noted, as affording a check upon the observations made with the
photometer in the sun and thermometer in the shade. To measure this
a thermometer having the bulb blackened was exposed to the direct rays
of the sun by placing it in the south window of the observatory. The
thermometer was one made by Bate, the scale was metallic, and the
instrument uninclosed by a case : the freezing point had been verified
to guard against the effect of a variation in the scale, which has been
found in many cases to take place after the graduation of the instrument.

In addition to the principal observations, others were made from
time to time with the hygrometer and barometer. The hygro-
meter was a dew-point instrument of the kind described by Jones
in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London for 1826: it
consisted of a mercurial thermometer with a small bulb of blue glass;
one of the hemispheres into which this bulb would have been divided
by a vertical plane, was covered with a piece of stulT held in its place
by a metallic ring which served further to prevent the ether used in
cooling the bulb from flowing over the uncoated part.

The height of the mercury in a common barometer belonging to
the observatory was recorded.

On the morning of the twelfth, from about nine o'clock until some
minutes before the coming on of the eclipse, the sun was obscured by
dense clouds. At this latter period the clouds had been dispersed and a
tolerably favourable state of weather succeeded, the observations being
interfered with but occasionally by passing clouds. About ten minutes
after the time of greatest obscuration clouds again came up, and varying
only in density, continued with but one short interval, until night.

Observations were made upon the photometer in the sun, and upon
the thermometers at intervals, generally, of five minutes during the

THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 12 FEBRUARY 1831. • 135

time of the eclipse. During the most interesting period, the half hour
between half past twelve and one, containing the time of greatest
obscuration, the photometer in the sun was observed every minute.
The record of the observations is extended throughout the period of
the eclipse notwithstanding the unfavourable state of the weather, that
the influence of the eclipse upon the instruments may be distinctly
seen, independently of the loss of light from the interference of clouds.
The instruments had been placed in appropriate situations at the
University two days preceding that on which they were to be used,
and their indications recorded hourly that the faults of observation
might be reduced to a small limit. They were likewise observed
hourly two days subsequent to the twelfth, that if any derangement
had occurred, it might not escape detection.

A table is subjoined containing a record of the observations upon the
photometers and thermometers, beginning with that at 11 A.M. on
the 12th of February,and terminating with the observation at 2 h. 35'
P.M. The first two columns contain the times of observation, given
by the astronomical clock of the observatory ; the third the heights of
the photometer exposed to diffused light; the fourth those of the photo-
meter exposed to the direct rays of the sun ; in the fifth are recorded
the states of the atmosphere at the times of observation; in the sixth the
temperature as shown by a thermometer in the shade ; in the seventh
the checks afforded upon the observations in columns four and six
by the heights of the thermometer with the blackened bulb exposed
to the direct rays of the sun.

The results of observations upon the dew-point and upon the
barometer are placed in the remarks upon the table by which it is
followed.

136

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON

— j^

t.

r- --

OJ .

<ii

'*^ 0 ■

.t:; "^

l§

= P fc

^ S;S

o^

£

CO, ; 0

.■ .^ r

Time.

o :2

o _=

tr^ E

5 ". -^

E

Remarks on AVeather.

e r-

h3

Remarks.

Degs. of

Degs. of

Hours

Mins.

Dcgs.

Dcgs.

Falir.

Fuhr.

Cloud}'.

11

9

62

Clouds less dense.

36

48i

11

10

9

5li

Clouds more dense. -

33i

58i

11

23

Clear.

Eclipse begins.

11

30

9

61 i

Fleec}' clouds. -

351

66J

n

36

9

57

Almost clear.

36

u

4U

H

56

Clear, with occasional

35i

63

u

50

50

fleeces over Q-

35

63

11

55

8

47

Slig-ht haze.

34J

62

13

05

8

41

Clear. - - -

S4J

58

12

10

Th

37

" - - .

34.

54i

12

20

7

31

Cl - - -

2^^

494

12

25

5

29

.\ cloud begins.

33J

49

12

30

4J

22

Cloud over Q .

33i

454

12

35

ISi

Cloud passing off.

•2J

414

. ■ -

12

40

15

Clear.

32i

12

41

ISi

'* , _ -

12

42

14*

C( ...

32i

12

43

14

" ...

12

44

14

** _ _ .

324

12

45

13

((

32

38

12

46

12

te _ _ _

12

4r

12

" - - -

12

48

8

Cloud passing. -

32i

36

12

49

9i

Cloud off.

12

50

10

Clear.

32

354

12

51

8

Cloud.

12

52

7

Edge of cloud over Q-

31J

12

53

6i

" ** . .

34

12

54

7

Clear.

34

12

55

6i

** . - .

31i

334

12

56

5

'< _ - -

12
12
12

57
5S
59

4J

4

4

'* - - -
« - . -

3U

324

5 Time of gTeatest obscura-

*< _ - -

30J

314

i tion by observations.

1

00

4A

'* - _ -

1

05

3

4i

I' . . .

30J

304

1

10

5i

Clouds. -

3lJ

3o4

1

15

4

6

Less dense.

30i

31

1

20

4

6.I1

Dense cloud.

soj

.314

1

25

6

12

Cloud. - - .

30.ii

33

1

30

5

8

Oensc cloud. -

30J

32

1

35

5

9

Clouds. . - -

30f

32

1

40

5i

10

" ...

31

314

I

45

6

11

1' ...

51 i

35

1

50

6

in

it ...

31i

35

1

55

H

15

Clouds less dense.

36

2

00

5i

11

Dense clouds. -

32

37

2

OS

13i

Less dense.

32J

2

10

5h

11

\'ery dense black clouds

2

15

10

" '* .

2

20

10

<* '« _ -

32

36

2

23

Gi

13

Clouds passing- off. -

2

26

14

Less dense.

Eclipse ends.

2

29

42

Clear. . . -

2

30

51

«i ...

35

2

35

1 ■ ■

7

27

Clouding over.

35 J

56

THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 12 FEBRUARY 1831. 137

It appears from the table just given, that the liquid in the stem of
the uncoated bulb of the photometer in the sun began to descend,
from the time of the first observation after the beginning of the eclipse ;
a descent only occasionally interrupted by the effect of flying clouds ;
that the minimum was reached at 12 h. 58' a 59', when a rise of the
liquid commenced, which was progressive notwithstanding the coming
up of clouds. At one o'clock with a clear sky, the instrument stood
at 4^ degrees, while at ten minutes after one with a white cloud
interposed, but with the eclipse less on, it stood at 5^ degrees: at
twenty minutes past one, with a dense cloud covering the sun, the pho-
tometer had risen to 6^ degrees, and at fifteen minutes past two, dense
black clouds intervening, stood at 10 degrees.

The time of greatest obscuration given by the photometer affords a
fair test of its sensibility. Correcting the calculated time as given in
the American Almanac for the difference between the time of begin-
ning as observed by Mr Roberts and the calculated time there
given, the time of greatest obscuration to the nearest minute was 12h.
51'. The observed minima of the photometer being at 12 h. 58 and
12 h. 59', the true minimum is fairly inferred to be at 12 h. 58^', or
within one minute and a half of the calculated time of greatest obscu-
ration. •

Observations made at 1 P.M. of the 13th and 14th of February,
gave 56.5 degrees of this photometer for the amount of light at that
hour; at the time of greatest obscuration on the 12th (within a few
minutes of one o'clock), the photometer stood at 4 degrees. We may
calculate from these data the proportion of the solar disc which
remained nnobscured at the time referred to, on the 12th. For as
56.5, the measure of the light from the unobscured disc : 4, the measure
at the same time on the 1 2th, viz. at the time of greatest obscuration : :
1 : proportion of the disc remaining unobscured, which is, therefore,
-jlp, or about -^th of the whole disc. The calculation of this lumi-
nous area from the data afforded by the tables, viz. the semi-dia-
meters of the sun and moon, together with the number of digits eclipsed,
as given by the observations of 3Ir Roberts (11.481 digits), gives
20,500 " for this area, or ~ of the whole disc. The near agree-
VoL. IV.— 2 K

138 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON

ment of these results seems to confirm the observations* that the degree
of light near the edges of the sun's disc is as great as that at the centre,
contrary to what was supposed by Bouguer when he drew from his
observations the inference of the existence of a solar atmosphere.

The diffused light, as shown by the heights of the photometer in
the shade, followed in its decrease the diminution of the direct light,
as observed by the instrument in the sun; when observations with the
latter instrument were made at short intervals it was necessary to
neglect the former. The object in view in the use of this instrument
was to determine the measure of the diffused light in terms of the
light of a clear day at some period before sun-set; the situation was
found to render accuracy in this result impossible.

The thermometer in the shade began to fall within at least thirteen
minutes after the commencement of the eclipse, the interruption from
fleecy clouds preventing the precise time from being ascertained.
The fall was steady until 12 h. 59', when the minimum was reached;
the temperature had not risen at 1 h. 5', owing to the coming up of
clouds, this circumstance preventing the diminution of the eclipse
from being felt. At half past eleven A.M. this thermometer stood at
355° F. : the minimum w^as 30f° F., giving, if we disregard the effect
of passing clouds, an absolute decrease of temperature due to the
eclipse, of 4|° ¥. To this we must add for the total effect the pre-
venting an increase of heat as the sun approached the meridian. To
the eilects of this change those persons who were in the open air in the
shade were exposed.

The test of the measurements of the photometer in the sun and
thermometer in the shade, afforded by tlie thermometer with the
blackened bulb, gives evidence of the satisfactory performance of both
those instruments. This thermometer stood at 661° F. at 11 h. 30',
when a fall commenced which was parallel with that of the photometer
until the temperature of the air was nearly reached, when the effect
of the coldness of the air, aided by the influence of clouds, caused a
further descent, while the photometer had begun to rise ; with this in-
strument it soon resumed a parallel course at a lower temperature

* Finnrceur, Uranographie, pp. 71 and 72.

THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 12 FEBRUAHY 1831. 139

than corresponded to the degrees of the photometer, in descending.
The difference of the minima of the two thermometers is but one-
fourth of a degree, a quantity less than the error of observation to
which such instruments are liable. The fall of the thermometer in
the sun was from 661" to 31i°from the effect of the eclipse; the total
fall during the eclipse from 66i°to 30i°,or 36 degrees. To the effects
of such a change those who were exposed to the direct rays of the sun,
from half past eleven until one o'clock, were subjected. The sensa-
tion of cold felt during the middle of the eclipse is thus easily accounted
for, a sensation which would have warranted the belief of the expo-
sure to a temperature much lower than 30 1° F. If any confirmation
could be required in relation to the accuracy of the thermometer in
opposition to the fallable test of the sensation of cold, it was to be had
in the fact that the water which had thawed in the sun before the
commencement of the eclipse did not recongeal until towards night-
fall.

The barometer varied but slightly during the day : at noon it stood
at 30.115, at one o'clock at 30.105, and at five P.M. at 30.105.

The dew-point varied about 3|° F. during the day; it fell to one of
its minimum points, 8° F., during the eclipse.

I subjoin the results of the observations made for me at the Univer-
sity, by an intelligent assistant, upon the power of the lens to pro-
duce combustion. The burning powers of two double convex lenses
were tried at intervals : the smaller lens has a diameter of six inches
and focal length six and three-fourths inches ; the larger is eighteen
inches in diameter with a focal length of twenty-five inches : for the
use of this latter I am indebted to Dr Hare.

The smaller lens ceased to set fire to agaric at 12 h. 49', or about
eight minutes before the time of greatest obscuration. The larger
lens lost its power of burning white paper at 12 h. 36', and of setting
fire to agaric at 1 2 h. 53', about four minutes before the time of
greatest obscuration. The state of the atmosphere prevented the con-
firmation or correction of these results by observations after the time
of greatest obscuration.

141

ARTICLE VIII.

Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media degentium. Secundum
ohservaliones Ludovici Davidis de Schiveinilz. Communicated to
the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1 5 April 1 83 1 .

PRAEMONENDA.

POSTQUAM celeberrimus Schwaegrichen in Commentariis Socie-
tatis Naturae Curiosorum Lipsiensis, Synopsin meam Fungorum Caro-
linae superioris ante annum 1818 coUectorum benevole curavit in lucem
prodire ; ad annum 1821 assidue consecutus sum eandem viam, per-
scrutans nempe fungos Carolinae superioris. Sub finem autem anni
jam dicti, in paterna mea domicilia Bethlehem, Northampton County,
Pennsylvaniae demum redux, ad hunc diem usque, etiam Pennsylva-
niae thesauros mycologicos, indefessus colligere, describere et deter-
minare conatus sum.

Botanophili Americani plurimi jam mihi propinquiores, quam
degenti olim apud occidentales Carolinenses, penitus toto ab orbe
divisos, summa benevolentia et summo studio, quos ipsi invenerant aut
quos illis aliunde missi sunt communicaverunt, prae ceteris amicissimus
doctissimusque D. John Torrey, Noveboraeensis Universitatis Pro-
fessor. Interim etiam datum fuit, quod ante annum 1818 mihi non
contigerat, Systemata Neesii, Linkii, denique Friesii acutissima,
maxima cum voluptate et summo fructu in succum et sanguinem
vertere et certior fieri, viam ad vera naturae mysteria in operibus illo-
rum indicatam esse.

Vol. IV 2 L

142 SYNOPSIS OF

Dilectissimum mihi fuit, admirare transatlanticas observationes
illorum illustrium virorum tarn mire coincidentes observationusculis
meis cisatlanticis — et systemata, quae summum horum Coryphaeorum
scientiae acumen, vix tamen nisi Europaeos fungos rite cognoscentium
eruerat, fere in quoque essentiali memento, corroborata, probata et
stabilita, ex omni facto quod mihi in mycologia Americana innotuerat.
Numerus interea specierum a me nuperrime in Pennsylvania inven-
tarum adeo creverat, quanquam feracissimas regiones fungorum, sylvas
nempe ingentes versus septentrionem tam fagineas quam pineas, vix
semel aut bis, et turn, sicut pede volante, mihi datum fuit explorare, ut
non dubitandum me gratum botanophilis opus ac utile scientiae in
lucem edere conspectus omnium hucusque mihi cognitorum publi-
cando. Est quod in libello sequenti mihi proposui, eandem metho-
dum adoptans, quam in Synopsi Fungorum Carolinae, et jam prius in
conspectu fungorum Lusatiae superioris consecutus sum, i. e. breviter
allegatos invenies jam prius descriptos, fusius autem ac diagnosi addita,
quos novos dixi et nominavi. Nemo enim adire potest Mycologiae
studium, expers operum Friesii, Linkii et ceterorum Coryphaeorum ;
igitur non operae pretium sit, quae ab iis jam tractata semper ad
nauseam usque repetere. Sunt autem inter Americanos fungos fere
omnia genera Neesii, Linkii, Friesii, Kunzii, mihi obvia, ideutidem
ut apud illos descripta; et revera paucae sunt species, nisi parasiticae in
matrice omnino Americanis carente, quae non cives aeque ac Europae
etiam nostrates; quod testimonium semper censui, nil absurdius esse
sententia eorum, qui naturam in mycis mere pro lubitu formis fortui-
tis, inconstantibus nobis illudere credunt.

Ceterum procul fuit novum systema condere, aut innovare in con-
ditum. Nihil in animo est quam observata ac facta in usum communi-
care Procerum gentis mycologicae. Nihil aliud invenies in hoc libello.
In primis classibus, a Hymenomycetibus, per Pyrenomycetes, ad
majorem partem Gasteromycetum, clarissimi Friesii opera, species
complectentia, nobis duces fuerunt. Cetera ex classe Gasteromycetum,
ob defectum tertii Tomi Mycologiae Friesii, coactus fui ex Persoonii
et Sprengelii operibus supplere. Quoad Hyphomycetes et Gymno-
mycetcs, denique Linkius optimus, in continuata Willdenovii editione
specierum plantarum, in promptu fuit.

Necesse vix est, plura verba addere j in mentem autem revocari

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 143

optimum, regiones Carolinae ac Pennsylvaniae a me accuratius per-
scrutatas (pauci tantum sunt fungi aliunde mihi commuuicati) vastiss-
imis Reipublicae ceteris regionibus, comparatas, de quibus mycologiae
nihil noscitur,tam minimam partem constituere, ut nullimodo libello
nostro titulum Synopseos Fungorum Americanorum,sensu generalicri
vindicare velim, sed solummodo secundum meas observationes. Nam
innumeri adhuc latent, praesertim incolae, in borealibus, istarum
ingentium sylvarum ex Fago ferruginea, et ex Pino Canadensi forma-
tarum; et in partibus australioribus et maritimis Carolinae ac Georgiae,
fere omnes, qui, sine dubio, incolunt interminabiles sylvas ex Pino
palustri et Cupresso disticha constitutas, decus et crux (ob lethalia eorum
miasmata) patriae; ut taceam molem fungorum, qui parasitice addicti
sunt, arboribus et plantis, indigenis solummodo regionibus mihi ignotis.
Finaliter superest systematis conspectum paucis verbis, ut in nostro
libello exponitur, adducere.

FUNGI

Plantae sunt homonemaeae, velatae, per basin nutritae, organis simul
explicatis, receptaculis in fructum abientibus.

A. ASCOMYCETES.

Gerentes Sporidia ascis inclusa, nempe

Class. I. Hymmomycetes, Class, n. Pyrenomycetes,

in receptaculo aperto. intra perithecia.

B. SPOROMYCETES.

Gerentes Sporidia libera non in ascis.

class, m. Gasteromyceies. Coniomycetes Friesii.

Sporidia libera intra peridlo. Sporidia absque peridio.

Class. IV. Hyplwmycetes. Class. V. Gymnomycetes.

Sporidia thallo immediate imposita. Sporidia sporidochio imposita.

Classis I. HYMENOMYCETES.

Ord. 1. Pikati. Hymenio infero.
Ord. 2. Elvellacei. Hymenio supero.
Ord. 3. Clavati. Hymenio amphig'eno,
Ord. 4. Tremellim. Hymenio confuso.

Classis U. PYRENOMYCETES.

Ord. 1. Sphaeriacei . Perithecio ascigero, ostiolato.

Ord. 2. Phacidiacei. Perithecio ascig'cro rumpente.

Ord. 3. Cylisporei. Perithecio sporidifero, ostiolato.

Ord. 4. Xyhmacei. Perithecio sporidifero rumpente. . ;

144

SYNOPSIS OF

CiASSis ni. GASTEROMYCETES.

Ord. 1. Jlngiogastres. Sporidia inclusa in receptaculo a peridio discreto.
Ord. 2. Trkhospermi. Sporidia nuda, floccls inspersis a peridio discrentis.
Ord. 3. Trichodcrmacd. Sporidia nuda, floccis tecta perldlum sistentibus.
Ord. 4. Sckrotiacei. Sporidia immersa in. receptaculo, peridium constituente.

Ci^ssis IV. HYPHOJIYCETES.

Ord. 1. Trichomyci. Floccis sporidiferis decumbentibus sporidiis inspersis.

Ord. 2. Byssacei. Floccis sporidiferis erectis sporidiis tandem inspersis.

Ord. 3. Mucedincs. Floccis sporidiferis erectis sporidiis in sporisoriis accumulatis.

Ord. 4. Acremonii. Sporidiis floccis innatis autadnatis.

Ord. 5. Mucorini. Sporangia floccis innata aut adnata.

Ord. 6. Byssei. Floccis totis ex articxilatis sporidiis. .

dppaidix. 7- Plus minus aspori.

CiASSls V. GYMNOMYCETES.

Ord. 1. Entophyta. Sporidochio spurio, thallo nullo.

Ord. 2. Tahermlarlni. Sporidocliio vero, sporidiis instratis seu inspersis.

Ord. 3. Sporodermei. Sporidochio vero, sporidiis innatis.

Desunt nobis sequentia genera ex quaque classe:

I. Ex Hymenomyce/ibus.

Xerotes, F. Africa.
*Nyctalis, F. Europ.

II. Ex Pyrenomycetihus.

Hypoopila, F. Tropicis rcgionibus,
Coryndia, F. Tropicis rcgionibus.
'Strigula, F. Tropicis reg-ionibus.
*Melio!a, F. Tropicis regionibus.
'Stegia, F. Europ.

* Sphindrina, F. Europ.

III. Ex Gasteromycetibus,
Baharca. Europ.
Lysurus. Trop.
Mcroe. Trop.
Folygusier. Trop.
Endogonc. Europ.

* Polysaccum. Europ^

Diploderma. Europ.
Cirrholus, F. Bras.
Ampldsporium. Europ.
MyllUa. Europ.

* Fodosphaeria. Europ.

* Lasiobolrys. Eui'op,

IV. Ex Hyphomycdibus.

Diplosjiorium. Lk.

' Phycomyces.

Theladis.

Didymocrata.

Diamphora,

*Antenaria.

'Jimph ilrkh u m .

V. Ex Gyninomycdibus.

* Epidiysium,

* Phruirmotridium.

Noia. — Quae asterisco notata mlhi nota et in Hcrbarlo.

Nova genera pcrpaiica sunt nostra, nempe

T. Dryophilum. Gasteromycetum.

2. Podosporium, Hyphomycetum.

3. Ceratusporlum. Gymnomycetum.

4. Clasterisporium. Gymnomycetum.

5. Sphacrusporium. G3'mnoniycetum.

6. Botryosporium. Gymnomycetum.

7. Lidienopsis, Gymnomycetum.

Species ceterum Synopsi sequente quae asterisco praefixo notatae
sunt indicant quae non in synopsi Caroliniani jam recitatae. Quibus
signumL.v. S. additur, aut in priori opere aut in praesenti jamprimum
a me descriptae aut nominatae sunt.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

145

Classis Prima. HYMENOMYCETES.

Ordo I. PILEATI.
Sddordo I. AGARICINI.

Genus 1. Agaricus.

Nota. — In hoc g'enere oninino secutus sum Friesii dispositionem in Sysfemate Mycologico, Vol, I., neglectit
novis ejusdem operibus, quia nuperiime Agaricorum vix uUo auctus est numerus jam in Synopsi Fungorum
Carolinae supei-ioris recensitus. In Pennsylvania, nempe, quanquam plurimi Agarici jam in Carolina
inventi itcrum obvii; novi paucissimi a me additi sunt, non defectu specierum in sylvis nosti-is, sedquia
tarn occupatus fui, examinatione specierum fungorum preservabiliorum ceterorum, ut, hucusque, tempus
mihi omnino deficlebat has species rite et caute denuo examinandi. Ab amicis autem e long-inquo
Ag^rlcos,tam evanidos, mihi communicari, vix eratexpectandum. Equldemnunc igitur Agaricos ne nomine
tantum recensere, in animo fuit — sed quia in Synopsi Carol, tantum methodo Persooniano ndminati
sunt — melius putavi, hac secundum Friesii dispositionem eos repetere, citatis locis Friesii et Synopseos
CaroUnae. Exclusis Agaricis, autem, totara Mycologiam majtime auctam his regionibus per novem an-
nos assidue excolui.

a. Leucospori.

StiBGEN. 1. AMANITA.

1. 1. A. A. phaUoides, Fr. Syst. p. 13, Syn. Car. 6, 7, 8, num. var. a bulbosa, /i eitrina, y virtdii, omnes
etiam Pennsylv.

2. 2. A. A. vaginatus, F. 14, Syn. Car. 1 and 2 num. (livida et spadlcea) et. Pennsylvania.

3. 3. A. A. caesareus,F.15, Syn. Car. 9 and 10 (caesa. et aurantiaca).

4. 4. A. A. 7nuscarius,F. 16, Syn. Car. 11, rar. Pennsylv.

5. 5. A. A. pantherinus, F. 17, Syn. Car. 12, (umbrinus) et. Pennsylv.

6. 6. A. A. FARiNosus, L. V. S. Syn. Car. 16, solummodo Carolin.

*7 • 7. A. A. excelsus, F. 17, passim in sylvis Carolinae, non in Synops. (amplius Pers. )

8. 8. A. A. ruhescens, F. 18, Syn. Car. 13, et. Pennsylv.

9. 9. A. A. virescenSfF. p. 19, Syn. Car. 14. .

10. 10. A. A. asper,F. 18, Syn. Car. 15.

11. 11. A. A. puBEscEss, L. V. S. Syn. Car. 17.

SuBGEN. 2. LEPIOTA.

12. 12. A. L. procerus, F. p. 20, Syn. Car. 555, et Pennsylv.

13. 13. A. L. clypeolarius, F. p. 20, Syn. Car. 556 et 558, colubrinus et felinus, — etiam Pennsylv.

14. 14. A. L. cristatus, F. p. 22, Syn. Car. 557, et. Pennsylv. ' -

15. 15. A. L. delicatus, F . p. 23, Syn. Car. 559 (mesomorphus).

16. 16. A. L. granulosus, F. p. 24, Syn. Car. 560, et carcharias.

SuBGEN. 3. ARMILLARIA.

17. 17. A. A. robustus, F. p. 26, Syn. Car. 561.

18. 18. A. A. bulbiger, F. p. 27, Syn. Car. 568.

19. 19. A. A. mucidus, F. p. 28, Syn. Car. 562, et. Pennsylv.

20. 20. A. A. melleus, F. p. 33, Syn. Car. 566 (polymyces).

Vol. IV —2 M

146 SYNOPSIS OF

ScBGEN. 4. LIMACIUM.

21. 21. A. L. chrysodon, F. p. 32, Syn. Car. f)62.

22. 22. A. L. erubescens, F. p. 32, Syn. Car. 663.

23. 23. A. L. ehurnms, F. p. 33, Syn. Car. 660.

24. 24. A. L. discoideus, F. p. 33, Syn. Car. 661.

25. 25. A. L. purpurascens, F. p- 34, Syn. Car. 664.
•26. 26. A. L. iephrokucus, F. p. 34, Salem, in sylv. pin.

SuBGEN. 5. TRICHOLO\LA..

27. 27. A. T. fuhus, F. p. 37, Syn. Car. 607 (trichopus).

28. 28. A. T. ustalis, F. p. 37, Syn. Car. 608 (leucqphyllus).

29. 29. A. T. luridus, F. p. 40, Syn. Car. 621, et. Pennsylv.
*30. 30. A. T. auranlius, F. p. 39, Erie County, Pennsylv.

31. 31. A. T. luleovirens, F. p. 41, Syn. Car. 622, et. Pennsylv.

32. 32. A. T. Jlavovirens, F. p. 41, Syn. Car. 619, et. Pennsylv.

33. 33. A. T. vaccinuSjF.p. 42, Syn. Car. 591.

34. 34. A. T. myomyces, F. p. 44, Syn. Car. 646, et. Pennsylv.

35. 35. A. T. columbella, F. p. 44, Syn. Car. 659 (albus).

36. 36. A. T. maculatus, F. p. 45, Syn. Car. 669, et Pennsylv.

37. 37. A. T. sejimcius,F. p. 47, Syn. Car. 620 (leiicoxanthus).

38. 38. A. T. personatus, F. p. 50, Syn. Car. 576 (bicolor).

39. 39. A. T. humilis, F. p. 51, Syn. Car. 656, et. Pennsylv.

40. 40. A. T. nudus, F. p. 52, Syn. Car. 573, et. Pennsylv.

SoBGEir. 6. RUSSULA.

41. 41. A. R. aluiaceus, F. p. 55, Syn. Car. 759, 762, 753, varietates alutaceus, olivascem, ochraceus
omnes etiam Pennsylvania occurrunt.

42. 42. A. R. luleus, F. p. 55, Syn. Car. 752, et. Pennsylv.

43. 43. A. U. nilidus, F. p. 55, Syn. Car. 756 et 759, nitidus et nauseosus, — et. Pennsylv.

44. 44. A. R. emeticus, F. p. 56, Syn. Car. 747, cynoxanthus 757, ochroleucus 754, omnes Pennsylv.

45. 45. A. R. fragilis, F. p. 57, Syn. Car. 749 frag-ilis, et 744 niveus.
45. 46. A. R. dcpalkns, F. p. 58, Syn. Car. 748, et. Pennsylv.

47. 47. A. R. ruber, F. p. 58, Syn. Car. 746, rosaceus, et. Pennsylv.

48. 48. A. R./oetois, F. 59, Syn. Car. 755, et Pennsylv.

49. 49. A. R./iOTofas, F. 59, Syn. Car. 766 (lacleus 745, virescens 761, lividus 758), om. et. Pennsylv.

50. 50. A. R. aureus, Pers. Synop. Syn. Car. 751.

51. 51. A. R. adustus, F. 60, Syn. Car. 780, omph. adusta, etlam Pennsylvania.

ScBGEN. 7. GALORRHEUS.

52. ' 52. A. G. torminosus, F. p. 63, Syn. Car. 733.

53. 53. A. G. necalor, F. p. 64, Syn. Car. 741.

54. 54. A. G. acris, F. p. 65, Syn. Car. 742.

55. 55. A. G. paUidus, F. p. 67, Syn. C.ir. 735.

56. 56. A. G. deliciosus, F. p. 67, Syn. Car. 737, et. Pennsylv.

57. 57. A. G. volemus, F. 69, Syn. Car. 736, lesiaceus. '

58. 58. A. G. subdulds, F. 70, Syn. Car. 739.

59. 59. A. G. hehus, F. 72, Syn. Car. 738 (ruber).

60. 60. A. G.fexuosus, F. 74, Syn. Car. 734.

61. 61. A. G. piperulus, F. 76, Syn. Car. 732, etiam frequens Pennsylv.

62. 62. A. G. INDIGO, L.v. S.,Syn.Car. 743, valdefrequensestsylvisPennsylvaniae,interdumniaximvis
*63. 63. A. ii. theiogalus, F.n. rarius, Pocono in sylvis montosis Pennsylv.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 147

SuBGEN.S. CLITOCYBE.

64. 64. A. C. ILLUDENS, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 604. Insignls hie fungus vulgatissimua ineunte autumno
sylvisPennsylv.

65. 65. A. C. ^/^an^eus, F. 80, Syn. Car. 772 (Omph. maxima).

66. 66. A. C. gilvus, F. 81, Syn. Car. 764, (Omph.) et. Pennsylr.

67. 67. A. C. gibbus, F. 81, Syn. Ctr. 765.

68. 68. A. C. phyUophilus,F. 83, Syn. Car. 776.

69. 69. A. C. clavipes, F. 86, Syn. Car. 652.

70. 70. A. C. nebularis, F. 86, Syn. Cai-. 650,et. Pennsylv.

71. 71. A. C.fumoms, F. 88, Syn. Car. 648, et. Pennsylv.

72. 72. A. C. viridis, F. 90, Syn. Car. 627.

73. 73. A. C. odorus, F. 90, Syn. Car. 626.

74. 74. A. C. candicans, F. 91, Syn. Car. 774.

75. 75. A. C. crelaceus, F. 95, Syn. Car. 667.

*76. 76. A. C. cerinus, F. 89, rarius cii'cum Bethlehem.

77. 77- A. C. pratensis,V. 99, Syn. Car. 605.

78. 78. A. C.psittacmus, F. 102, Syn. Car. 636.

79. 79. A. C. laetus, F. 102, Syn. Car. 634.

*80. 80. A. C. ceraceus, F. 102, Syn. Car. non sed postea Salem inventus.

81. 81. A. C. conicus, F. 103, Syn. Car. 635, et. Pennsylv.

82. 82. A. C. coccineus, F. 105, Syn. Car. 633.

83. 83. A.. C. laccatus, F. 107, Syn. Car. 770, (O. farinacea) freq. etiam Pemisylv.

84. 84. A. C. amethystus, v.ar. /3, mihl spec, distinct. Syn. Car. 786.

85. 85. A. C. W/us, F. 107, Syn. Car. 767 (Omphal.).

86. 86. A. C. sulphureus, F. 110, Syn. Car. 625.

•87. 87. A. C. melakucus, F. 114, Salem inventus, non in Synop.

88. 88. A. C.platyphyllus, F. 117, Syn. Car. 657.

89. 89. A. C. cuneifolius, F. 116, Syn. Car. 649 (atrocinereus).

90. 90. A. C. radicatus, F. 118, Syn. Car. 612, freq. et. Pennsylv.

91. 91. A. C. veluiipes, F. 119, Syn. Car. 613, et Pennsylv.

•92. 92- A. C. TENuipEs, L. V. S., inter folia putrescentia Bethlehem. Affinis A. rie/u^jpec?!, sed differt
contextu pilei.
A. Fileo ferrug-ineo-spadiceo, tenui (1 — uncialidiametro], submembranaceo nee carnoso, margine sub-
sti'iato. L.T.meIlis latiusculis pallidis. Stipite, apice lameUis concolore, longissimo, 6 — 12 unciali,
radicate, deorsum subattenuato, crassitie pennac corvinae, velutino et, ut I'c/u/Zpes, liirsutie tecto, sub-
striato et versus basin flesuoso. Pilei centrum depressum et subumbonatum evadit. Solitarie crescit.

93. 93. A. C butyraceus, F. 121, Syn. Car. 608 (trichopus).

94. 94. A. C. asimus, F. 121, Syn. Car. 658.

95. 95. A. C. confluens, F. 123, Syn. Car. 666 (rufocinnamom. ).

96. 96. A. C. dryophilus, F. 124, Syn. Car. 669 (omphal.).

97. 97. A. C. oreades,F. 127, Syn. Car. 652, (collinus) et. Pennsylv.

SuEOEx. 9. COLLYBIA.

98. 98. A. C. scorodonius, F. 130, Syn. Car. 671 (alliatus).

99. 99. A. C. calopus, F. 130, Syn. Car. 672.

100. 100. A. C. siccus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 677, (mycena) et. Pennsylv.

101. 101. A. C.NiGRiPES, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 678, (myc.) et. Pennsylv.

102. 102. A. C. escukntus, F. 131, Syn. Car. 693, et. Pennsylv-

103. 103. A. C. ienacellus, F. 131, Syn. Car. 692.

104. 104. A. C. tuberosus, F. 133, Syn. Car. 674, et. Pennsylv.

105. 105. A. C. ramealis, F. 135, Syn. Car. 675, et. Pennsylv.

106. 106. A. C. rotula, F. 136, Syn. Car. 787, freq. Pennsylv.

107. 107. A. C. androsacea, F. 137, Syn. Car. 788, freq. et. Pennsylv.

•108. 108. A. C. stipilariua, F. 138, ramulis dejectis et defossis, subgregarie increscit Uetlilehem.

148 SYNOPSIS OF

*109. 109- A. C.perforans,T. 138, Salem et Bethlehem.
110 110. A. C. epiphyllus, F. 139, Syn. Car. 789, et Pennsylv,

SuBOEN. 10. MYCENA.

111! 111. A. M. alliaceus, F. 140, Syn. Car. 676, et. Pennsylv.

112. 112. A. M. amidus, F. 141, Syn. Car. 681 (atroalbus).

•113. 113. A. M.Jilopes, F. 142, Bethlehem, (pUosus Pei-s.)

114. 114. A. M. akalinus, F. 142, Syn. Car. 684, (leptocephalus). /

115. 115. A. M. gakriculaius, F. 143, Syn. Car. 679, et. Pennsylv.

116. 116. A. U. polygrammus, F. 146, Syn. Car. 680.

117. 117. A. M.galopus, F. 148, Sj-n. Car. 682.

118. 118. A. M. haemalopus, F. 149, Syn. Car. 683.

119. 119- A. M. £%a/w, F. 149, Syn. Car. 695.

120. 120. A. M. purus, F. 151, Syn. Car. 639.

121. 121. A. M. adonis, F. 152, Syn. Car. 696.

122. 122. A. M. lineaius, F. 152, Syn. Car. 687.

123. 123. A. M. ladeus, F. 152, Syn. Car. 698, et. Pennsylv.

124. 124. A. M. stylohatcs, F. 153, Syn. Car. 694.

125. 125. A. M. epipterygius, F. 155, Syn. Car. 686, et. Pennsylv.

126. 126. A. M. ciirinellus, F. 155, Syn. Car. 688, et. Pennsylv.

127. 127. A. M. vulgaris, F. 156, Syn. Car. 699, et. Pennsylv.

128. 128. A. M. SETisEDUs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 779 (Omphal.).

129. 129. A. M. corticola, F. 159, Syn. Car. 700, et. Pennsylv.

130. 130. A. M. inlegrellus, F. 161, Syn. Car. 697, et Pennsylv.

SnBGEu. 11. OMPHALIA.

131. 131. A. 0./iu/a,F. 165, Syn. Car. 792, et. Pennsylv.

132. 132. A. O. ericetm'um, F. 165, Syn. Car. 793, et. Pennsylv.

133. 133. A. O. campamha, F. 156, Syn. Car. 790, et. Pennsylv.

134. 134. A. O. muscorum, F. 167, Syn. Car. 791, et. Pennsylv.

135. 135. A. O. chrysokucus, F. 167, Syn. Car. 775.
.136. 136. A. O. atralus, F. 168, Syn. Car. 785 (nig^rella).

137. 137. A. O. epidiysium, F. 169, Syn. Car. 784, et. Pennsylv.

138. 138. A. O. fragrans, F. 171, Syn. Car. 771.

139. 139. A. O. expallens, F. 172, Syn. Car. 783.

140. 140. A. O. cyulhiformis, F. 173, Syn. Cai-. 782 (tardus).

SuBGEN. 12. PLEUROTUS.

141. 141. A. P. dryinus, F. 180, Syn. Car. 803, freq. Pennsylv.

142. 142. A. P. glandulosus, F. 182, Syn. Car. 801, ct. Pennsylv.

143. 143. A. P. aslrcatus, F. 182, Syn. Car. 8U2, et. Bethlehem.

144. 144. A. P. saligiius, F. 183, Syn. Car. 803, et. Bethlehem.

145. 145. A. P. condiutus, F. 181, Syn. Car. 797. Vide Suppl. Frlesii, Elenchus, p. 23. Freq. etiam
Bethlehem. Hue etiam A. inconstmis, F. 181, n. 5.

145. 146. A. P.TDBiEFonMis, L..V. S., Syn. Car. 799.

147. 147. A.. P. petaloidcs, F. 183, Syn. Car. 807 (spathulatus).

•148. 148. A. P. lamdlirugus, F. 184, Bethlehem.

149. 149. A. P. ulmarius, F. 186, Syn. Car. 795, Bethlehem.

150. 150. A. P. Icssellatus, F. 186, Syn. Car. 796.

151. 151. A. P. serotinus, F. 187, Syn. Car. 905, Bethl. freq.

152. 152. A. P. stypticus, F. 188, Syn. Car. 811, et. Beth.

153. 153. A. P. nidulans, F. 189, Syn. Car. 812, et. Beth.
•154. 154. A. P. o/^Wrfus, F. 190, Bethlehem in betulis.

155. 155. A. P. pEuTitJATUs, L. v.S., F. Suppl. Elench. p. 24, Syn. Car. 814, etiam Beth.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 149

•156. 156. A. P. tremulus, F. 191, Bethlehem.

157. 15~. A. P. rigens, 0 tenuissimus, Syn. Car. 813, Suppl. Elench. V. p. 26, T. . .

*158. 158. A. P. /armaceus, F. 188, Beth. ' ;.

159. 159. A. P. a;)jo/i<;a/u«, F. 192, Syn. Car. 816, epig-aeus.

160. 160. A. P. striatulus, F. 193, Syn. Car. 818, Beth.

•161. 161. A. P. LAMELLOscs, L. V. S., passim ad UgHa ct cortlccs, Beth. ^

A.

162. 162. A. P. NiGEB, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 817, F. Suppl. Elench. 26.

/3 Ser. Hyporhodii.

SuBGEN. 13. MOUCERON.

163. 163. A. M. prunu/us, F. 193, Syn. Car. 777, et. Beth.

SuBGEN. 14. CLITOPILUS.

164. 164. A. C.adstringenSyF. 195, Syn. Car. 651.

165. 165. A. C. sericellus, F. 196, Syn. Car. 665.

166. 166. A. C.fa-filis, F. 197, Syn. Car. 631.

167. 167. A. C. konimts, F. 199, Syn. Car. 638. ' ''"

168. 168. A. C.;)/«/eiis, F. 199, Syn. Car. 654, et. Beth. ■..■•■.

169. 169. A. C. nanus, F. 200, Syn. Car. 655.

SuBGEx. 15. LEPTONIA, et 16. NOLANEA.

170. 170. A. L. ckalybaeus, F. 205, Syn. Car. 645, et. Beth.
*171. 171. A. L. serrulatus, F. 204, non in Synop. tamen Salem.

172. 172. A. 'L.pascuus, F. 205, Syn. Car. 729, et. Betli.

7 Cortimariae.

ScBGEN. 18. TELAMONIA.

173. 173. A. T. fexipes, F. 212, Syn. Car. 570, Lepiota.

174. 174. A. T. ge«<i7i's, F. 212, Syn. Car. 569, Lep. helvola. • ,' •

175. 175. A. T. macro/ju^s F. 215, Syn. Car. 571, Lep. • .

176. 176. A. T. 6»Wus, F. 215, Syn. Car. 593, Cort. fulgens.

Sdbgek. 19. tNOLOMA. ....

177. 177. A. I. violaceus, F. 217, Syn. Car. 574, et. Beth.

178. 178. A. 1. violaceo-cinereus, F. 217, Syn. 575, et. Beth.

179. 179. A. I. argeniatus, F. 218, Syn. Car. 588. ...

180. ISO. A. I. aWo-violaceus, F. 218, Syn. Car. 587 et; Beth. '

181. 181. A. I.conopus, F. 219, Syn. Car. 586.

182. 182. A. I. pholideus, F. 219, Syn. Car. 584(lepidomyces).

183. 183. A. I. anomalus, F. 220, Syn. Car. 644 (Gym. eumorph.). .

184. 184. A. 1. subtortus, F. 222, Syn. Car. 582, Pennsylv. \

185. 185. A. I. in/rac/«s, F. 223, Syn. Car. 581, Pennsylv.

186. 186. A. I. scaurus, F. 223, Syn. Car. 583 (fulvofuUg.).

187. 187. A. I. rufo-olivaceus, F. 223, Syn. Car. 585, Pennsylv.

188. 188. A. I. cathchrous, F. 224, Syn. Car. 579 et 580, decolorans.

189. 189. A. I. glaucopus, F. 224, Syn. Car. 573.

190. 190. A. I. «urijna/u«, F. 225, Syn. Car. 592. ' .--.'•

Vol. IV.— 2 N

150 ; SYNOPSIS OF

SunoEBT. 21. DEUMOCYBE.

191. 191. A. D. cmnamomeus, F. 229, Syn. Car. 597, et. Beth.

192. 192. A. D. (Toccus, an. var. Syn. Car. 598, et. Beth.

193. 193. A. D. hemiirichus, F. 230, Syn. Car. 596.

194. 194. A. D. iliopodius, F. 231, Syn. Car. 628 (dulcamarus).

195. 195. A. U. acutus, F. 233, Syn. Car. 615, Betlil.

196. 196. A. D. ochroleucus, F. 234, Syn. Car. 595, et. Bethl.

197. 197. A D. armeniacus, F. 234, Syn. Car. 601, et Bethl.

198. 198. A. D. castaneus, F. 235, Syn. Car. 599, et. Bethl.

199. 199. A. D. decipiens, F. 236, Syn. Car. 600, et. Pennsylv.

200. 200. A. D. decumhens, F. 237, Syn. Car. 589.

201. 201. A. D. semighhaius, F. 237, Syn. Car. 623.

202. 202. A. D. croceo-caeruleus, F. 238, Syn. Car. 643 (Gym.).

203. 203. A. D. picreus, F. 239, Syn. Car. 614.

204. 204. A. D. desticulatus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 603.

5 Dermini.

SuBCEN. 22. PHOLIOTA.

205. 205. A. P. aureus, F. 241, Syn. Car. 565, Lepiota.

206. 206. A. P. aurivellus, F. 242, Syn. Car. 564.

207. 207. A. p. squarrosus, V. 243, Syn. Car. 563.

208. 208. A. P. iuberculosus, F. 244, Syn. Car. 611 (curvipes).

209. 209. A. P. mutabilis, F. 245, Syn. Car. 567, caudicinus, freq. etiam Pennsylv.

SuBGEN. 23. MYXACIUM.

210. 210. A. P. colKnitus, F. 248, Syn. Car. 577.

Sdbges. 24. HEBEOLOMA.

211. 211. A. U. fasiibilis, F. 249, Syn. Car. 630, et. Pennsylv.

SuBGEN. 25. FLAMMULA.

212. 212. A. F.JIavldus, F. 250, Syn. Car. 594 (Cort.).

213. 213. A. F. spumosus, F. 252, Syn. Car. 726, (Pras. silacea) etiam Pennsylvania sero autiimno.

214. 214. A. F. macu/osus, F. 253, Syn. Car. 669 (Gym.).

215. 215. A. F. kntus, F. 253, Syn. Car. 590.

216. 216. A. F. cohaerms, F. 253, Syn. Car. 606.

SuBGEN. 26. INOCYBE.

217. 217. A. 1. rimosiis,T. 258, Syn. Car. 610, et. Pennsylv.

218. 218. A. I. gcopfiyllus, F. 258, Syn. Car. 642 et 670.

219. 219. A. I. scabelius, F. 259, Syn. Car. 673.

SuDGEN. 27. NAUCGRIA.

220. 220. A. N. conspersus, F. 260, Syn. Car. 617.

221. 221. A. ti.pumHus, F. 263, Syn. Car. 616.

ScBOEJT. 28. GALEUA.

222. 222. A. G. tener, F. 26.5, Syn. Car. 691, et. Bethl.

223. 223. A. G. hypnorum, F. 267, Syn. Car. 690, et. Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 151

SuDGEx. 29. TAPINIA.
224. 224. A. T. involutus, F. 271, Syn. Car. 763.

ScBQEs. 30. CREPIDOTUS.

•225. 225. A. C. atro-tomentosus, F. 273, .Salem et Bethl.

226. 226. A. C. mollis, F. 274, Syn. Car. 810, et. Bethl. ■ ' -

227. 227. A. C. planus porrigens, Syn. C^v. S09.

228. 228. A. C. variabilis, F. 275, Syn. Car. 815. . .

229. 229. A. C. depluens,V. 275, S^n. Car. 816 (epigaeus\
•230. 230. A. C. violaceo-fukus, F. 276, Bethlehem. -
•231. 231. A. C. iyssi'serfus, F. 276, Betlilehem.

8 Pratdlae.

SuBGEjf. 31. VOLVARIA.

232. 232. A. V. bombycinus, F, 277, Syn. Car. 540. Amanita incarnata.

233. 233. A. V. volvaceus, F. 278, Syn. Car. 541. Am. virg^ta.
•234. 234. A. V. speciosus, F. 278, Syn. Car. caret Salem.

235. 235. A. V. pusilla, F. 278, Syn. Car. Am. pusilia, 542.

SuBGEN, 31, b. VAGINATA.

236. 236. A. V. cepaestipes, F. 279, Syn. Car. 718. .

ScBGES. 32. PSALLIOTA.

237. 237. A. P. campestris, F. 281, Syn. Car. 719 et 720, et. Pennsylv.

238. 238. A. P. praecox, F. 282, Syn. Car. 723, et. Pennsylv.

239. 239. A. P. semiglobalus, F. 284, Syn. Car. 710, Coprin et. Pennsylv.

240. 240. A. P. echinatas, F. 286, Syn. Car. 721.

241. 241. A. P. aerugiiwsus, F. 286, Syn. Car. 722.

SuBGES. 33. HYPHOLOMA.

242. 242. A. H. toeWiaw, F. 288, Syn. Car. 724, freq. Pennsylv.

243. 243. A. H. fascicularis, F. 288, Syn. Car. 725, et. Pennsylv.

Sdbgew. 34. PSILOCYBE.

244. 244. A. P. ericaceus, F. 291, Syn. Car. 715 et 716, etiam Pennsylvania.

245. 245. A. P. montanus, F. 293, Syn. Car. 731, et. Pennsylv.

246. 246. A. V . foenisicii, F. 295, Syn. Car. 713, et. Pennsylv.

SuBOEK. 35. PSATHTBA.

247. 247. A. P. stipatus, F. 296, Syn. Car. 727, et. Pennsylv.

248. 248. A. P. caesius, Syn. Car. 730.

SoBOEJf. 36. COPRINARIUS.

249. 249. A. C. semlovatus, F. 300, Syn. Car. 711, et. Penns.

250. 250. A. C- papilionacetls, F. 301, Syn. Car. 712, et. Penns.

251. 251. A. C.fimicola, F.301, Syn. Car. 714, et. Penns.

252. 252. A. C. vilellinus, F. 303, Syn. Car. 704.

253. 253. A. C. tilubans, F. 304, Syn. Car. 717. . ,

254. 254. A. C. conocephalus, F. 304, Syn. Car. 728. ' . ' ,

255. 255. A. C. disseminatus, F. 305, Syn. Car. 705, et. Pennsylv.

SnBGEsr. .37. GOMPHUS.

256. 256. A. G. bhodoxanthus, L. v. S-, Syn. Car. 640.

152 SYNOPSIS or

B. Coprinus.

257. 257. A. C. comatus, F. 307, Syn. Car. 701.
•258. 258. A. C. atramentarius, F. 308. Philadelphia, frequens in Washington Square, ubi primuin
observatus a D. Coxe, qui experimentis curiosis ex fuugo deliquescente atramentum confecit
valde imlestructibile. Mense Octobr.
259. 259. A. C. micaceus, F. 309, Syn. Car. 703 (ferrug.).
250. 260. A. C. clnereus, F. 310, Syn. Car. 702, et. Pennsylv."
"261. 261. A. C. njDcus, F. 311, rarius Pennsylvania obvius.

262. 262. A. C. domeslicus, F. 311, Syn. Car. 706, et. Bethl.

263. 263. A. C. plicatilis, F. 312, Syn. Car. 707, (pulcher) et. Pennsylv.
•264. 264. A. C. ephemeroides, F. 313. Rar. Bethl.

265. 265. A. C. ephemerus, F. 313, Syn. Car. 708, freq. et. Bethl. ~

266. 266. A. C. radiatus, F. 313, Syn. Car. 709, et. Bethlehem.

Genus 2. Favolus.

267. 1. F. alveolarius, Fr. Polyp, p. 343, Syn. Car. 876, sub Boleto arculario. Bene distinctus.
•268. 2. F. AB50BMIS, L. V. S., an novum Genus ? Rarissime occurrlt in cortice castaneo: hie fungus

abnormis, Betlilehem — quasi Favolum resupinatum in miniatuia referens.
F. membranaceus, subfragilis, otnnino resupinatus, unciali longitudine ac semiunciali latitudine ; sub-
separabilis, superficie fusc.a, poris quasi magnis pro ratlone, exacte hexagonis, favum referentibus
vix excavatis concoloribus, obsita, nitente.

Genus 3. Lentinus. Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. pag. 77.

a. Mesopodes.

269. 1. L. ScewEiNiTzii, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 603, A. denticulat. Supp. Elench. Fr. p. 46.

270. 2. L. Lecomtei, L- v. S., Syn. Car. 794, A. crinitus, e Georgia, Suppl. Elench. F. p. 47.

271 . 3. L. STBiGOSDS, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 800, Elench. F. 47.

272. 4. L. tigrinus, F. 176, Syn. Car. 778, Agaric.

273. 5. L. kpideus, V. 176, Syn. Car. 798, A. tessulatus.

274. 6. L. cochlealus, /3 dentatus, F. 177, Syn. Car. 766, frequentissimus Pennsylvania in viis pubhcis
ex pineis palis constructis, ac in Pocono, mense Augusto, vigens maxime tempore sicco. Saepe
6 — 7 unciali pileo ; stipite brevi tenacissimo.

4. Pkuroles.
•275. 7. L. chama, F. 181,Carolin. in querc. Non in Syn.

276. 8. h. /labelliformis, F. 185, Syn. Car. 806.

277. 9. L. PEiiicuLosns, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 808, et in Elench. F. pag. 47, Agaricus.

Genus 4. Cantharellus.

Trib. 1. Mesofds.

278. 1. C. aurautiaeus, Fr. n. 2, Syn. Car. 826, non in Pennsylv.

279. 2. C. cibariua, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 825, rarius etiam Pennsylv.

280. 3. C. tubaefurmis, F. n. 7, Syn. Car. 828, etiam Bethl.

281. 4. C. lulescens, F. n. 8, Syn. Car. 827, fieq. Pennsylv.

282. 5. C. cincreus, F. n. 9, Syn. Car. 829, rarior etiam Bethl.

283. 6. C. cornucopiuidei, F. n. 10, Syn. Car. 830, fieq. Bethl.

284. 7. C. ODouATUH, Syn. Car. 832, Elench. F. p. 51, solummodo in Car.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 153

285- 8. C. nosEus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. '833, Elench. F. p. 53, in Carol, exclus.

286. 9. C. ciNSABARiNus, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 641, sub Agarico, vulgaris in Pennsylv. praesertim in
Kalmetis et omnino ad hoc genus pertinens.

*2S7. 10. C. FLOccoscs, L. v. S , sylvis Viistis fag-inis, " Beech Woods" dictis, in monte Pocono, Penn
sylvania.
C. m.ig-nus, altitudine sexunciali, gregarius, tubaeformis, substantia subcai'uoso-suberosa. Piko infun-
dibuliformi excavato, imc in stipitem ; superficie floccoso-squamulosa, lutescente, 2 — 3 uncias lato
margine inflexo, undulato, repando. PKcis ramoso-furcatis densis, decuixentibus in stipitem cavum
compressum, concoloribus. Stipite versus basin abiente in radicem subhorizontalem indurescentem-
Pondustotius fungi laevissimus pro m.agnitudine. Dantur specimina in quibus Piki bini aut plurimi
ex eodem stipite, inde subramoso, proveniunt.

•288. 11. C. iiELosioiDES, L. V. S., in ramulis dejectis putridis rarissime, S.alem, Carol.

C. minutissimus, 2 lin. vix excedens. Stipite gracili, glabro, fusco. Piko pulvinato, subcarnoso
demum indurato, spadiceo, glabro, 4 lin. lato. Plicis plerumque quatuor simplicibus, radiatim de-
currentibus, lutescentibus ; stipite concolori.
An ad genus Persoonii in Myc. Europ. Perona ?

Trib. 2. Fleuhopds et Apos.

289. 12. C. crispus, F. p. 323, n. 2, Syn. Car. 837, etiam ex New York, misit eel. Tolrey.

290. 13. C. incahnatus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 840. Vulgaris, Salem, in truncis dejectis, nunqiiam in
Pennsylv. obvius. Fries, in Elench. p. 57, n. 1, perperam ad Merulium.

291. 14. C. coNFLUEKs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 836, crispo sdX\a affinis. Et in Pennsylvania occurrit, nee
ad Merulium pertinet ut liabet Fries, in Elench. p. 57, n. 2.

292. 15. C. sPATni-LiniA, L. v. S., Syn- Car. 839, ubi depictus, fig. 1 et 2. Etiam ex Tropicis, Surinam.

293. 16. C. CUPUF.S.SI, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 835, ex Georgia.

294. 17. C. muscigenus, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 834.
♦295. 18. C.fissilis, F. n. 8, Bethlehem.

*296. 19. C. muscorum, F. n. 10, Carol, non inventus, sed ex missis amlcissimi Torrcy in muscis, New

York.
•297. 20. C. /enc//iM, F. n. 11, ad trabesputrid., Bethl.
•298. 21. C. cupularis, F. n. 12, rarius Bethlehem in stipitibus herbarum. Perizam refert disco sub-

plicato fuligineo-badio.
•299. 22. FAScicuLATOS, L. V. S., ex New York communicavit amicissimus Torrey, in cortice ignoto pro-

veniens.
C. fasciculatim proveniens, minutus, caespites 4 lineares latitudine, 2 — 3 altitudine efficiens. Fungus

stipitatus, vertice porrecto, referens Perizam anomalam; stipitibus fasciculi, quasi in basin latius-

culam coalitis — in cupulam campanulatam valde fissilem elongatis (extus colore cervino) furfiiraceam.

Plicis in cuptda indistinctis, statu sicco ob clausam cupulam non observandis, colore lutescentibus,

Stipitibus porrectis, basi albo-tomentosis.
•300. 23. C. oLiTACEcs, L. v. S., rai'issime obvius. Salem, Carolinae, in ten-a ad vias.

C Pleuropus. Pileo 1 — li unciali, subcarnoso-suberoso, dimidiato, pulvinato, repando, margine sub-

inflexo, subtomentoso, centro impresso; in stipitem crassum, brevissimum, nigi'um, lateralem, stri-

gosulum porrecto. Pileo olivaceo, quasi lioleti cujusdam subtonientosi. Plicis lutcis, anastomo-

santibus, dense intertextis, in hynienio carnoso.
•301. 24. C viniDis, L. v. S., in ligno putrido rarus et satis abnormis. An sit Periza ex vicinltate

Phiale.arum .' Bethlehem.
C. substipitatus, dimidiatus aut irregularis, ^ unciam non magnitudine excedens, gregarius, substantia

firma quasi elaslica. Cupulis demum subcorneis, obconicis, virescenti-fuscis, extus e stipite plicatis.

Uisco ime excavato aut interdum applanato, vivide virente 4 lin. lat. In explicatissimis, pileiis

quasi repando undulatus, in aliis contractus.

Vol. IV.— 2 O

154

SYNOPSIS OF

Genus 5. Schizophtllum.

303.

1.

'304.

2.

305.

3.

•306.

4.

307.

5.

308.

6.

309.

r.

310.

8.

311.

9.

312.

10,

313.

11.

314.

12.

302. 1. S. commune, F. p. 330, n. 1, Syn. Car. 819, Agaricus alneus.

Viilgatissimus ut in Carolina etiam in Pennsylv. in truncis fere omnibus, ex cortice ac ligno. Nun-
quam autem pinis increscens.

SuBOBDo II. POLYPOREI.

Genus 6. Boletus.

B. luteus, F. p. 386, n. 1, Syn. Car. 854 (annulatus), et. Bethlehem, pinetb r. c. Pocono.

B. Jlavidus, F. n. 2, ad margines paludum Pocono.

B. granulatus, F. 3, Syn. Car. 858 (circinans), et. Pennsylv.

B. bovimis, F. 4, vulgatus Pennsylv. et Carol.

B. piperatus, F. 5, Syn. Car. 861, etiara Bethl.

B. variegatus, F. 6, Syn. Car. 862 (retlculatus), rarior.

B. suhtomentostis, F. 10, Syn. Car. 859, et. Pennsylv.

B. calopiis, F. 11, Syn. Car. 870, et. Pennsylv.

B. luridus, F. 13, Syn. Car. 868, et. Bethl. et 869.

B. casianeus, F. 14, Syn. Car. 866, et. Bethl.

B. edulis, F. 15, Syn. Car. 867, rarior et. Pennsylv.

B. Pocono, L. v. S., in sylvis montosis Pocono fagineis.
B. minor, 2 — 3 uncias altus. Pileo pulvinato, unciali tantum, minutim sti'igoso-subtomentoso margine,
arete inflexo, cervino. Poris majusculis, angulato-prominulis, concoloribus. Stipite 2 — 3 unciali,
subattenuato, basin versus incrassato, apice pallido-striato, ceterum spadiceo, subfurfuraceo.

315. 13. B. floccopus, F. 17, Syn. Car. 853, fioccosus, L. v. S., frequens Bethl. ad vias urabrosas, i-.
c. Bartow's spring.

316. 14. B. smber, F. 18, Syn. Car. 857,- non freq.

317. 15. Yt.fdkus, F. 19, Syn. Car. 865, et. Pennsylv.

313. 16. B. BETULA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 860, frequens etiam Bethlehem in sylvis.

319. 17. B. ALDOATEH, L. V. S., an Muhlenberg, Syn. Cai-. 864, etiam Bethlehem.

Genus 7. Poltporus.

Trib. 1. Mesopcs.

« Suhcamosi.

320. 1. P. mbsquamosus, F. p. 435, n. 1, /2 leucomelas, Syn. Car. 871. Nondum Pennsylv.

321. 2. P. ovinus, F. n. 2, Syn. Car. 872 (albidus), Syn. Car. 872, in Pilota.
•322. 3. P. mdanopus, V. n. 4, Bethlehem ad trunc.

323. 4. P. fuHginosus, F. 5, Syn. Car. 873, et. BeUil.

324. 5. P. brumalis, F. 6, Syn. Car. 874, et. Bethl. rarior.
•325. 6. P. cilialus, F. 7, pileo minuto, Salem inv.

326. 7. P. leptocephalus, F. 8, Salem et Bethlehem passim.

/S Coriacei.

327. 8. P. perennis, F. p. 350, n. 13, Syn. Car. 875, et. Bethl. freq.
•328. 9. P. rufcscens, F. n. 14, rarius obvius Salem.

329- 10. P. Schtvelnitzil, F. n. 16, Syn. Cai-. 878, sistotremoides. Specimina pulchra iiiveni Barlrami
Horto Philadelphia.
'330. 11. P. coNNArus,L, V. S. P. cinnamomeus, Pera. p. 41, pessime descriptus, hue pertinct. Salem
rarior-

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 155

P. pileis coriaceis, velutinis, saepe multis in unum coimatis, ex cinnamomeo albidis, centro umbilicatis,
limbo repando, eleganter zonatis. Foris magnis cinnamomeis, laceratis ; hinc valde differt ab
pererini. Stipitibus J-uncialibus, compressis, lignco-suberosis, cinnamomeis, basi tuberosis. Pileis
singulis diametro unciali, sed ad octo confluunt.
•331. 12. P. HADicATcs, L. V. S., melius ad priorem sectionem forsan. In teiTa lignosa jiixta tnincos,
Bethlehem. Substantia ambit inter 2 sect.

P . solitarius ; radice longa, fusiformi, suberosa, nigra, ad 1 — 2 uncias penetrans, terram lignosam e%
ti'uncis coiTuptis ortam. Stipite cylindrico unciali in Hymenium obconicum dil.atato, minutim
squamuloso, albido. Hymenio ex povis ovatis majusculis, parietibus tuborum crassiusculis, non
profundis regulariter dispositis, constante. Pileo pulvinatlm applanato, marginibus inflcxis, centro
impresso, fuligineo-pallido, minutim subtomentoso ; diametro H unciali.

Trib. 2. Pleuropus.

332. 13. P. varius, F. p. 352, n. 1, S)ti. Car. 884, freq. et. Bethl.

333. 14. P. hadius, Pers. certissime specie distinctus, Syn. Car. 883 et 8~7, numularius frequens
aeque ac prior etiam Bethlehem.

334. 15. P. lucidus, F. o53, ii. 2, Syn. Car. 882, freq. et masimus et BetlUehem. Valde varians-
Junior saepe clavatus et abnorniis.

Trib. 3. Mehisma.
•335. 16. P. umbdlatus, F. p. 354, n. 1, prope Quahertown.

336. 17. V.frondosus, F. n. 2, Syn. Car. 879, et. Pennsylvania.

337. 18. P. giganteus, F. n. 4, etiam passim Pennsylvania, 880.

338. 19. P. cristatus, F. n. 5. Syn. Cur. 881, etiam Pocono.

339. 20. P. sulphureus, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 885 et 886, citrinus et croceus. Freq. Bethl. ingentibus
speciminibus, ad radices et in mediis truncis. Observatur saepe ut statu exsoleto splendet nocte
luce phosphoreo.

•340. 21. P. intricatus, F. 7, ramosus, Bethl. rarius sed distinct.

341. 22. P. GBAVEoLEifs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 901, Elench. F. p. 79, et Pennsylvan. Nazareth, sed
rarior. Semper medio arboris trunco increscit durissimus ac difficiliter separandus.

Trib. 4. Apus.

a. .lutumnales.

342. 23. P. hispidus, F. p. 362, n. 1, Syn. Car. 891, et. Bethlehem, saepe maximus.

■ 343. 24. P.iABTniNTHicDs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 950, Sistotrema spongiosum, vide Elench. Fries, p. 83.
•344. 25. P. spumeus, F. p. 358, n. 2. Pine swamp inventus : colore subspadiceo, a fungo Friesii
differt.

/3 Anmii.

f Carnosi.
*345. 26. P. betuUnus, F. 358, n. 1, rarissime nobis, Beechwoods, (vix Carolina) et New York missus (ad
Sectionem sequentem).

P. chionaeus, F. 359, n. 3, olim P. spongiosus, L. v. S., passim Bethlehem.
, P. destructor, F. 359, n. 4, Syn. Car. 920, ad rad. trunc.
P. lacteus, F. 359, n. 5, vix pubescit pileus in nostro; Bethlehem rarius.
P. stipticus, F. 359, n. 6, Syn. Car. 888, et. Bethlehem.
, P. mollis, F. 360, n. 7, Syn. Car. 890, et. Bethlehem.
P. caesius, F. 360, n. 8, Syn. Car. 889, et. Betldehem.
V.fragilis, F. Elench. p. 85, Stumpstown, Pennsylv.
P. tephroleucus, F. p. 360, n. 9, Bethlehem rarus.
P. alutaceus, F. p. 360, n. 10, Bethlehem distinctis.
P. FiMBiiiponcs, L. v. S., in ramis dejectis tenuioribus castaneis, Bethl.
P. subtrianguLaris, substantia carnosa, aquose spongiosa, omnino P. mollis. Pileo glabro, pallida.

"346.

27.

347.

28.

'348.

29.

349.

30.

350.

31.

351.

32.

■352.

33.

■353.

34.

■354.

35.

■355.

36.

*1l

156 SYNOPSIS Of*

siccitate rugnloso et contracto volumine. Poris albescentibus, rotundis, miniitis, circiim apices
inire fimbriato ciliatis. Diametro unciali. Tempore sicco indurescit.

j-f Subcamosi.

•356. 37. P . piibescens, F. p. 567, n. 8, Bethlehem rarus, ollm P. caespitulans mihi.
357. 38. F.fumosus, F. p. 367, Syn. Car. 901, Salem.

351. 39. P. UNDULATUS, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 893, Elench. F. p. 8". ' •

359. 40. P. isABELLiNus, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 899, Elench. p. 88.
•360. 41. P. NiGRopunpunAscENS, L. v. S., rarlus in Carolina obvius, non Poria 925, quanqiiam speci-
mina sub hoc nomine a me Friesio communicata hue pertinent.
P. pileis dense imbricatis, dimidiatis, albo strigoso-tomentosis, vix fasciatis, nisi in margine tenui flexu-
oso femigineo. Poris minutis subflexuosis et Aisco nigro purpurascentibus. Fasciculis similibus
P. adiislo et amorpho, quibus affinis provenit.
•361. 42. P. amorphus, (Pers. aureolus) F. n. 8, Salem et Bethl.

362. 43. P. adusius, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 893, et. Bethl. freq.

363. 44. P. crispus, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 900, et. Bethl.

fff S'ubsuberosi.
•364. 45. P. ulmarius, F. p. 365, n. 2. Lancaster, rip. Conestogae in trunco ulmi.
365. 46. P. suaveolens, F. 366, n. 5, rarissimus. Specimina optima ex New York misit Torrey.
"66. 47. V.populinuSjY. 367, n. 6, in trunco mall Bethl.

367. 48. P. cmcoLoB, L. v. S., Syn. Car. sohtarius semper — distinctissimus, etiam passim in Pennsyl-
vania, in medio trunco.

368. 49. P. cERviNus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 902, Elench. Fr. p. 92, solummodo Iri Carolina observavi.

369. 50. P. serialis, F. p. 370, Syn. Car. 927, contiguus freq. et. liethlehem.
•370. 51. P. PiLUTAE, L. V. S., maximus inmonte Pilota Carol, in trunco castaneo.

P. pileo maximo, pedali fere dimidiato, subradicato, i. e., uno latere ime intr.ante lignum, substantia
sua suberpso-fibriUosa, demum indur.ata. Ceterum superficie pilei superna nee tomentosa, nee
strigosa, potius rugosa, scariosaet subreslnosa. Tubis longissimis, discretis, arete invicemadpressis,
luce obversis subdiaphanis, atrofuscis aut brunneis succulentis. Poris minutulis angulatis, succo
resinoso repletis. Plusquam 4 uncias crassus. Substantia fibroso-suberosa, interne subrutilans.
•371. 52. p. PAiLiDO-CEKviNus, L. V. S. rarius obvius, Hamburg, Berks County, non valde distinctus.

P. minor, dimidialus uncialis. Pileo gllvo cervino, glabro — substantia subcirnosa. Poris pallidis flexuo-
sls tubis longiusculis. Potius ad sectlonem carnosorum in vicinitate, mollis, sed colore valde distinctus.

fff f Coriacei.
*372. 53. P. hirsuius, F. 3&7, n, 1, non rarus Bethlehem, in ramls Robiniae pr.aesertim.
•373. 54. P. hirsululus, L. v. S., rarus Bethlehem — ad Setosas Friesii, p. 861 in nota, pertinere videtur.
P. minutus, dimidiatus aut renifopmis, subinfundibuliformis etiam ; substipitatus, coriaceus, i uncialis.
Pileo strigoso-canescente griseo, fasciis not.ato ex pilis setosis, fuligineo-nigi'is, aggregatis in centro
et in margine inflexo, inde ciliato. Poris pallidis subdeeuiTentibus.

374. 55. P. velutinus, F. p. 368, n. 2, vulgatissimus etiam in Pennsylvania et saepe maximus.

375. 56. P. KicnojrAncisATu.i, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 912, videtur satis distinctus ab affini priori et
in Pennsylvania semper in Liriodendro invenitur.

.;75. 57. P. zonaltis, F. 368, n. 2,.S)'n. Car. 913, ochraceus, etiam Bethlehem.

377. 58. P. versicolor, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 915. Ubique.
•378. 59. P. stereoides, F. 369, n. 5, rarius in Pocono, affinis P. aJiWmo.
*379. 60. P. radiatus, F. n. 6, interdum substipitatus. Salem et Bethlehem occurrit.
•380. 61. P. ;;a/fcscOTs, F. n. 7. Salem (Syn. Car. 913, /uteccns), et. Bethlehem.

•381. 62. P. AiiiETi.vcs, F. 370, Syn. Car. (Sistotremaviolaceum, 949) omnium frequentissimus ad tnuicos
frondosarum, aeque ac [ilnorum. Bethl. et Sal.

382. 63. P. vinniNEcs, L. v. S., Svn. Car. 919, cum Icone, pulcher ac rarus, etiam Pennsvlv., Elench.
F. p 96. ■

j83. 64. P. coNcniFEn, L. v. S. Syn. Car. 918, Elench. F. p. 9<5, etiam Bethlehem r.arlor.

;>84. 65. P. SvMPUTTON, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 951, Sistotrema Elenchus, F. p. 97. Solummodo Carolina.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 157

'385. 66. P. BEciPiEss, L. v. S., rarior, obvius in truncis majoribus, Bethlehem.
P. plleis uncialibus, tenuiuscuUs, coriaceis, imbricatis, albido-griseis, versus basin ochraceis/multlfascia-

tis, velatinis, in fasciis concoloribus, strigoso-pilosis. Fasciis undulato-elevatis. Poris minutis inae-

qualibus flavo-luleig. Ambit inter P. versiculorem et ahidinum.
*386. 67. P. PABTTLus, L. V. S., rarlus in coi-tice Pinorum. Betlil. Pocono.
P. pileis subresupinato-effusis, tamen undulatim protrusis vix imbricatis, coriaceis, albidis, strigosiss-

imis, semiuncialibus, longltudinaliter confluentibus. Pons pallide ochraceis, majusculis, laceratis,

in margine, praesertimin fungo resupinato, obliter.atis.
*38r. 68. P. scuTELLATus, L. V. S., ramis et truncis Syringae vulgaris innascit BeUil. etiam ex New

York habeo.
P. minor, unciam vix excedens, plerumque semiunclalis, rarlus dimidiatus ; plerumque basi affixus et

inde omnino scutellatus, orbiculatus, aut subdifformiter ambitu undulato. Pileis durissimis, nigro-

fuscis, zonis sulcato-rugosis, plicatis, glabris. Margine hymenioideo, albo subprominente. Ilymenio

disciformi excavate, quasi albo-pulverulento. Poris minutis rhomboideis, hymenium pertusum

apparet, tubis albo-cinereis in centre longiusculis. Demum, pulvere quasi detrito, pori nigrescunt.

Substantia subcoriacea duriore ceteris hujus sectionis.

y Biennes. ' '

•388. 69. P. sanguineus, F. 371, Syn. Car. caret, sed ibidem specimina elegantissima reperta sunt a me.
389. 70i P. cinnabarinus, F. 371, Syn. Car. 916, freq. Pennsylv.
*390. 71. P. fraxineus, F. p. 374, saltem Pers. Myc. p. 68, valde distincta species, New York et Bethl.

391. 72. P. Aesculi, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 887, Elench. F. p. 99, Salem rarus.

392. 73. P. rfsmoaus, F. 361, Syn. Car. 892, fuscus. Non rarus etiam Pennsylvaniae.

*393. 74. P. Benzoinus, F. Elench. p. 100, bene congruit. P. fuscogilvus, L. v. S., ad truncum
unicum copiose Kreuterville, Pennsylvaniae. Species pulcherrima. Dift'ert a priori subsimili multis
notis.

394. 75. P. odoralus, F. 373, Syn. Car. 905, in monte Pocono.

395. 76. P. nidulans, F. 362, n. 2, prope Kalgn's Point, Philad.

396. 77- P. cuticularis, F. 363, n. 4, Syn. Car. alneus 895, etiam irigueter 894, in Robinia, &c.
*397. 78. P. ruiilans, F. 363, an carpineus, Syn. Car. 896, etiam ex Florida. Tenuitate distinctus.

398. 79. P. GiLvus, L v. S., Syn. Car. 897, Elench, F. p. 104, frequens etiam Pennsylvania.

i Perennes.

399. 80. P. marginatus, F. 372, Salem et Pocono.

*400. 81. P. ^i'nico/ff, F. n. 3, Salem et Pine Swamp freq. ■ .

*401. 82, P. annosus, F. n. 5, in Betulis, Betlil. - , '

*402. 83. P. (/ryac^eus, F. p. 374, freq. ad truncosquerneos. ■ - '

403. 84. F . fumeniarius, F. n. 8, Syn. Car. 909, vulgaris in frondosis arboribus, Bethl. et Salem.

!'404. 85. P. nigricans, F. n. 9, afT. priori, ex Florida.

*405. 86. P. igniarius, F. n. 10, freq. Bethl. praesertim in Robiniis.

*406. 87. P. Mibis, F. n. 11, passim ad antiq. Rib ides, Bethlehem.
407. 88. P. conchatus, F. 12, Syn. Car. 910, et. Bethl.

*408. 89. P- microporus, F. 13, ex Florida excepi a clarisslmo Leconte. Plerumque resupinatus.

*409. 90. P. LOBATns, L. v. S., rarissime in trunco, Salem obvius.

P. irregulariter dimidiatus, postice porrectus, 3 — 4 unciali diametro, solltarius, vix semiunciali crass-
itudine, durus. Pileo Viirie contorto, eleganterlobato; in superficierugoso, ceterum glabro, pulvere
tenui cinnamomeo fusco obtecto. Margine hymenioideo tumido, subrevoluto, tubis brevissimis, in-
ferne obliquis, spadiceis ; poris minutis citrinis aut pallescentibus, demum spadiceis.

•410. 91. P. Pisi CANADENSIS, L. V. S, auad subsuberosos in trancis Pini canadens. ex Pine Swamp,
Mauch Chunk.
P. subsuberosus, fere totus resupinatus, pileo tantum in margine conspicuo, llgno adnatus nee sepa-
rabilis, indurescens et turn contractus. Pileus ubi liber cervino-gilvus, fibris adpressis subzonatus,
ambitu ovato-orbiculari, margine acuto ; 4 — 6 unciali diametro. Tubis longissimis, in ambitu dimi-
nutis, margine sterili, fusco-incarnatis intus cinereis. Poris minutis angulosis rubro-incarnatis.

Vol. IV.— 2 P

158

^^

SYNOPSIS OF

Trib. 5. RBSupiNATrs.

a. Paris coloratis.
'•111. 92. P. spongiosus, F. 1, in cavitate JuglancUum, Bethlehem, non Salem. Pers. Myc. Eur. 89, 106.
-412. 93. P. contio-iius, F. 378, 2, confer. Elench. p. 114, non idem cum P. seriali. Earlus ad palos.

Betlilehem.
'413. 94. P. FiTESCEJJs, L. V. S., non absimilis P. megaloporo, Per.s. Myc. Eur. 105, differt colore.
Bethlehem rarius in ramis. Favum refert.
P. resupinato-efFusus ad pedalem longltudinem, crassus, margine tenui subalbido, determinatim elevate
ambitu. Poris latiusculis, hesag-onis ; tubis longissimis, pallidls.
414. 95. P. ferruginosus, F. 378, n. 3, Syn. Car. 923, Betlilehem.
•41.5. 96. P. obliquus, F. n. 4, Pers. 116, incrustans, Sal. et Bethl.
416. 97. P. salicinus, F. 376, n. 15, Pers. 109, Syn. Car. 921, ad Sallceset Betulas, Salem et Bethl.

Semper resupinatus.
•417. 98. P. subspadkeus, F. 378, n. 5, Pers. 118, in Fraxino Gnadenth.
*418. 99. v. spissuSj'L.y. S., F. Elench. p. Ill, n. 156, non idem cum P. juglandino. Satis affinis

P. rufo, F.
*419. 100. P. undalus, Pers. Myc. n. Ill, Elencli. F. p. Ill, in arbore adhuc stante emortuo. Bethl.
*420. 101. P. iVjesA-yensiS, Pers. Myc. 115, non ad inc.irnatum ; passim ad cortices, Bethlehem.
*421. 102. P. umbrinus, Pers. Myc. 119, BetMehem passim vis idem cum obliquo nostro.

422. 103. P. JuGLANDiNus, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 926, differt manifestim a P. spisso, Elench. F, 111.

423. 104. P. viTicoLi, L. v. S., Elench. F. 115, n. 36, incolit vites emortuas Carolinae, ^ joapyraceus,
candidus.

,424. 105. P. xanihus, F. 379, n. 7, Pers. 123, Bethlehem.

•425. 106. P. niiidus, F. n. 8, Pers. 122, olim croceus, L. v. S., elegantula species. Bethl. in salicibus.

•425. 107. P. PULCHELLus, L. V. S., rarior Bethlehem, o\im xanihus m\Wi ; cortice increscit.

p. resupinato-effusus, superficie inaequali, subplicata, rugosa, ambitu determinatus; margine undulato
tumido, substerili. Poris minutis, regTilaribus, angustatis, tubis subobliquis in rugis superficiei.
Totus fungus flavescens, durus, siccus, uncialis.
•427. 108. P. jiiofaceus, F. 379, n. 9, rarus Bethlehem.
*428. 109. P. incamatus, F. n. 10, Bethlehem.
429. 110. V ■ purpureus, F. n. 11, Syn. Car. 942, lllactnus, var. longe lateque in fabrefactis Bethl.
•430. 111. T-rkudellus, F. n. 12, nitidissimus, Bethl.

"431. 112. P. Mm7«s, Elenclt. F. p. 116, Betlil. Nomine P. crocaio, L. v. S., descriptus.
•432. 113. P. vitellinus, Elench. F. 117, Syn. Car. 939, etiam Bethlehem, in putridissimis lignis.
*433. 114. P. bombycinus, 'Elench. F. pag. 117, n. 86, olim nobis suAs/m/iS, Bethlehem.
•434. 115. P. simiosus, F. 381, n. 18, vcrsipcllis, Pers. 115, rarius Bethlehem.
•435. 116. P. XANTHoioMA, L. v. S., rarior occuiTit Salem ad ligna putrida.

P. effiguratim effusus, tenuissimus, margine membranaceo fimbriate, latiusculo, sterili, eleganterluteo.
Poris superficiahbus, parietibus crassiusculis, subsinuosis, minutis, paUidis. Plag.is 1 — 2 unciales
irregulares efformat, ligni inaequabilitatem forma sequens.
•436. 117. P. RiionoDEifiiKi, L. v. S., rarior in dejectis Rhododend. m.aximi truncis, Bethl.

P. longitudinaliter effusus, angustatus. Primum observatur membrana papyracea, detractabilis, albes-
cens .lut pallescens, in cujus centre jiori pauci parum elevati, lati, occummt. Demum poris his, tota
supei-ficie obsita est, membrana, tantum non in ambitu ubl sublibera et siibinflexa. Poris tandem in
tubes angiilatos, margine fimbriates, 2 — 3 lineas altos, ex pallide fuscescentes, elevatis. Totus fun-
gus 1 — 3 uncias longus, J unc. latus, afHnis P. contiguo.
'437. 118. P. Sassafras, L. v. S., passim in lignis carie fere consumptis Sassafras, Betlil.

P. substantia melliuscula, bibula; subicule vix in m.argine conspicuo; tubis in centre satis elongatis,
crassiusculis. Poris minutis, rcgulariter rotundis. Longitudinaliter in ligno ac cortice effusus
(colore pallide lutescente) ad 1—2 uncias.

438. 119. P. scpERFiciALis, I,, v. S., Syn. Car. 924, Elench. F. pag. 115,3/3. Friesius amicissimus
vix conjun,xisset cum P. vUicola, si vivum vidisset. Et. Pennsylv.

439. 120. V. NiGiiopunpcREcs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 925, non rarus et. in Pennsylv. nee cum P. nigro
piirpurasccnti nest. Numero 41, nee ad n. 40.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 159

•440. 121. P. ciXEBEUS, L. V. S., passim Betlilehem ad ramos emollitos Liriod. et.Tiig.

P. loiiijissime effusiis, angiistatus, albo-marginatus et effiguratus, margine temii subfimbi'iato nee tamen

byssino. Tubis obliquis brevioribus, poris angustis, subflexuosls. Longitudine 4 — 6 unciali, } — 1

unciali latitudine. Totus unlcoloi', elegaiiter cinereus.
•441. 122. P. Cariae, L. v. S., in jaceiite trunco Caryae albae Nazareth, loiigissime cfTusus poly-

morphus.
P. junior tuberculoso-elevatus, interruptus, substantia spongiosa-tomentosa, margine sterili saepe

tumido. Demum lateeffusus, magis aequabilis et subindurescens, margine tunc tenuissimo, sub-

membranaceo, candido, praeditus. Tubis brevibns, pavietibus crassiusculis, poris minoribus subro-

tundis et subflexuosis ; interdum regularlter effusis, interdum pulvinatim in tuberculoselevatis. Ex

fuliginis cinerascit. Ad pedalem longitudinem sub trunco effusus.
•442. 123. P. PAPTRACEus, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 931, et. Pennsylv. nom. obtusissima.
*443. 124. P. fuscocarneus, Pers. Myc. Eur. 130, Bethlehem rai'. et nomine P. _/?mina<us quibusdem

communicatus.

0 Forts candidis. ,

444. 125. P. medulla panis, F. 380, n. 13, /3, Syn. Car. 928, et. Bethlehem frequens.
*445. 126. P. tuberculosus, F. n. 14, Salem et Bethlehem.
446. 12r. P. viireus, F. n. 15, Syn. Car. 929, et. Bethlehem.
•44~. 128. P. vulgaris, F. n. 16, vulgatissimus Bethlehem.

•448. 129. P. calceus, F. n. 16, /3, noster certe speciem meruit, in trunco dejecto horti Bartram.
•449. 130. P. callosus, F. n. 17, rarior Bethlehem.
450. 131. P. vaporarius, F. 19, Syn. Cai". 934, et Bethl.
•451. 132. P. coUiculosus, Pers. Myc. 140, rarius Bethl. ' ' . . • •

•452. 133. P. oMuccns, Pers. Myc. 142, masimus Bethl. Pedaliter effusus ; juniore aetate membranam

lutescentem splendentem sistit ; demum crassus.
•453. 134. P. dentiporus, Pers. Myc. 143, in ligno et cortice Bethl. elegantulus et distinctus.
•454. 135. P. versiporus, Pers. Myc. 145, hue pertinere saltern videtur fungus noster membranaceus et

perdistinctus.
•455. 136. P. terrestris, F. p. 383, n. 25, passim in adustis truncis, Bethlehem occurrit.
*456. 137. P. TENUIS, L. V. S., ad fibrosam internam corticem Castaneorum Bethl.

P. longe longitudinaliter effusus, membranam sistens tenuem subdetrahendam albo-pallentem aequa-
bilem margine substerili albidiori. Poris majusculis subflexuosis, panim excavatis pallidis.
457. 138. P. mucidus, F. 382, n. 21, Syn. Car. 932, et. Bethl.
•458. 139. P. iJaiu/a, F. n. 22, Salem etBetlil. ;' ' ■

•459. 140. P. TTjiCfOTS, F. n. 23, Bethlehem rarior obvius. . v - •

•460. 141. P. Vaillantii, F. n. 26, Bethl. in cryptis. ' ■ ' ■ ' ■

461. 142. P. sanguinolenlus, F. n. 24, Salem solummodo.

462. 143. P. molluscus, F. n. 27, Syn. Car. 938, et. Bethl. saepe sulphurascente colore.
•463. 144. V. farinellus, F. n. 28, in cortice pineo prope Kaign's Point, Philadelphia.
•464. 145. P. aneirinus, Elench. Frle. p. 122, Bethlehem.

•465. 146. P. xyhstromeus, Pers. Myc. 159, Bethlehem, rai-us sed bene distinctus.
*466. 147. P. laneus, Pers. Myc. 160, etiam bona species in montibus Lehigh inventa.
•467. 148. P. DEcoEoRANS, L. V. S., rarior Bethlehem in cortice dejecto.

P. minutus, 3 — 4 Un. diametro, sed longe lateque confluens, non effusus, sed quasi totaliter affixus,
margine inflexo libero, membranaceo. Primiim moUusculus, albus, decolorans ac sordide brunneus
devenit. Poris magnis subflexuosis, e forma orbiculari in flexuosam confluit. Tenerrimus.
*468. 149. P. cANDiDissiMus, L. V. S., rarior ad ligna putrida, Betlilehem.

P. effusus; membrana tenuissima, bombychia, sed tamen deti-ahenda. Poris maximis demum obliquis,
cum membrana candidissimis. Ad Polystlctas pertinere videtui-, sed membrana detractabilis obstat.
*469. 150. P. iNTERsus, L. v. S., Bethlehem passim interior! parte truncorum obvius.

P. longitudinaliter peneti-ans in cavitatibus trunci putrid! varie flexuosus ad 3 — 4 uncias, primo mol-
lusculus, crassus margine demum inflexo. Tubis saepe obliquis longioribus. Poris flexuosis
minutis. Color totus albus, nisi statu sicco subpallescit.

*

1(30 SYNOPSIS OF

Trib. 6. PoLTSTicTi.
•470. 151. P. corticola, F. p. 385, n. 1. Bethlehem rar.

471. 152. P. reticulatus, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 941, et. Bethl.

472. 153. P. LiLAciNus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 942, solum in Salem.

Genus 8. Porotheleum.

*473. 1. p. subtile, F. p. 506, Suppl. Salem, Syn. Car. 940, et eliam Bethlehem in cortice.
•474. 2. V . fimbriatum, Ibid. n. 2. Species nitidissima, solumrnodo Bethl.
475. 3. P. pEzizoiDEs, L. V. S., Syn. Cai'. 943, nondum in Pennsylvania obvium.

. - Genus 9. Daedalea.

1: Stipatatae.
•476. 1. D. biennis (Sistotrema, Boletus distortus, Syn. Car. 903), et rarus Pennsylv. F. p. 332.

2. Dimidiatae.

a. Jigarieini.

"477. 2. D. querdna, F. 333,4, Bethl. i-ara 846.

478. 3. D. betulina, F. p. 333, Syn. Car. 822, vulgatiss., et. Pennsylv. Ag. coriaceus.

479. 4. D. sepiaria, F. 333, et Syn. Car. 823. Agaricus passim et. Pennsylv. Jefferson County.

480. 5. D. abietina, F. 334, Syn. Car. 820, et. Bethl.

481. 6. D. trahea, F. 335, Syn. Car. 824, vulgaris ad ligna fabrefacta.

482. 7. D. confragosa, F. 336, n. 14, e Georgia accepi.
*483. 8. D.Pini, F. n. 15, Mauch Chunk, optima.

484. 9. D. unicolor, F. 17, Syn. Car. 948. Sistotrema cinereum, freq. etiam Bethl.
•485. 10. D. variegata, F. 18, rara sednitida, Bethl.

/S Polyporoideae.

486. 11. D.gibbosa, F. 21, Syn. Car. 847, et. Bethl. rara.

•487. 12. D. atbida, F. 22, Bethlehem, non albida, Syn. Car.

•488. 13. D. discolor, Elench. F. p. 68, n. 156, Syn. Car. 851, D. albida, et. Bethlehem.

489. 14. D. rubescens, F. 25, passim Syn. Car. 850, etiam Bethlehem.

490. 15. D. angustata, F. 23, Syn. Car. 849, nondum Pennsylv.
•491. 16. D. aurea, F. 24, var. 0, feiTuginea, Mauch Chunk.

492. 17. D. zosATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 852, etiam Pennsylvania, praesertim in truncis stantibus.

493. 18. D. suBTo.MESTosA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 853, Elench. F. p. 70, solummodo Carolina.
•494. 19. D. MEnnLioiDEs, L. v. S, abnormis, substantia subcarnosa, terresti'is, Salem.

D. sessilis, apus, dimidiata. Pileo pulvinato, subcamoso postice substipitatim porrecto, margine sub-
undulato, et quasi circum pseudostipitem auriculato, ibique albo-subtomentoso, ceterum glabro,
olivaceocervino. Hynienio poris irregularibus, latis, merulioideis, lutescenti viridibus, subangulatis.
primum moUiusculis. Diametro 1 — 2 unciali.

Genus 10. Merulius.

•496

a. Apus.
495. 1. M. Iremellosus, F. p. 327, 1, Syn. Car. 838.

■96. 2. M. sTniGoso-zoNATus, L. V. S., ex Nova Anglia communicavit D. Torrey.
M. pileo carnoso-tremelloso, substantia prioris, sed magis compacto-indurescente ; junior fungus
resupinatus, sed plerumque in pileos plures subimbricatos, undulato-repandos, superne strigoso-
zonatos porrectus, spadiceo-ferrugineos : fasciis nigris glabriusculis ; mai-gine plicato. Hymenio

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 161

pllcis rugosis unduhtis, subradiantibus, centro subporioideis, purpurascenti-fuligineis. Magni-

tudiiie prioris.

;3 Resupinatus,

497. 3. M. rufus, P. 327, n. 2, Syn. Car. 845, et. Bethl.

498. 4. M. serpens, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 844, freq. et. Bethl.
•499. 5. M. crispatus, F. n. 4, Salem et Bethlehem.

*oOO. 6. M. PALLEjrs, L. v. S , ad ramos dejectos in montibus. Bethlehem.

M. resupinato-effusus, tamen undique in pileos porrectus, long-itudinaliter confluens, longje lateque
Pileis albidis, strigoso-tomentosis, subimbricatis, inflexis. Hymenio ex albido fuligineo, subpurpu.
rascente et demum expallente. Pileis valde obliteratis, statu sicco, Ad 6 uncias effusus in ramulos
M. crispalo satis affinis. An ad priorem sectionem.
*501. 7. M. /«gff,r, F. n. 5, Bethl. Candidas elegans.
502- 8, M. lacrymans, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 841, destruens, frequens in cellis, et. Bethlehem.

503. 9. M. nnissicAEFOLiDs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 842, Elench. F. p. 60, in cellis, Salem. An Himantia
domestica hue.

504. 10. M. vastator, F. n. ~, Syn. Car. 843. Salem et Bethl.
•505. 11. M. molluscus,T. n. 8, Salem et Bethl.

*506. 12. M. himanlioides, F. n. 9, Bethlehem, ligna putr.

•507. 13. SI. Porinoides,Y. n. 10, rarius Salem in interior! Mali corrupti cavitate.

SuBORDo III. HYDNEI.

Genus 11. Fistulina.

503. 1. F. heputica, F. p. 396, n. 1, Syn. Car. 944. Vulgaris etiam per totam Pennsylvaniam saepe
maxim.

509. 2. F. nADicATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 945, Elench. F. p. 128. Nondum Pennsylv. reperta.

Genus 12. Hydnum.
1. Mesopus.

f Carnosa.

510. 1. H. imbricatum, F. p. 399, n. 1, Syn. Car. 965, et. Pennsylv.

511. 2. H. subsquamosum, F. n. 2, Syn. Cai\ 966, freq. et Bethl.
•512. 3. H. laevigatum, F. n. 3, Bethlehem i-arior.

513. 4. H. repandum, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 967, freq. Pennsylv.

514. 5. H. rufescens, F. n. 7, Syn. Car. 968, et. Pennsylv. freq.
•515. 6. H. infundibiilum, F. n. 9, Bethlehem rarius.

•516. 7. H. /u«]oes, Pers. Myc., Bethlehem rarius, bene distinctum.
517. 8. H. cANUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 974, an a priori differt, et. Pennsylvania.
•518. 9. H. DELicATCM, L. V. S., rarissime ad teiTam in Rhododendretis. Bethl.

H. minus, vix unciam altitudine excedens. Pdeo carnoso, lento, infundibuliforme, limbo subregulariter
late repando, cinereo gilvo. Stipite centrali,.in basin attenuate, subsolido, 1 lin. crasso, cinerascente.
Hymenio subulis rectls, cinereis, breviusculis, manifestius asciferis. Substantia exsucca.

j-f Suberosa.

519. 10. H. compactum, F. n. 12, Syn. Car. 970, non in Pennsylv.

520. 11. H. aurantiacum, F. 13, Syn. Cai\ 969, etiam Bethl.
•521. 12. H. /errug-i'ncum, F. 14, Bethlehem frequens.

•522. 13. H. cinereum, F. n. 15, valde distinct. Bethl.
523. 14. H. cyaihiforme, F. 18, Syn. Car. 971, concrescens, Salem.

Vol. IV.— 2 Q - .

162 SYNOPSIS OF

524. 15. H. connalum, F. 19, an Syn. Car. 973, spadiceum, non infreq. Carolina longis seriebus.

525. 16. H. iomeniosum, F. 20, Syn. C.-vr. 972, nondum obvium in Pennsylvania.

•526. 17. H. coRiACEO-MEMBnAHACEUM, L. V. S., disUncUssima species, passim in teiTa, Bethl.
H. Pileis concrescentibus, lato-repandis, subinfundibuliformibus, coriaceo-membranaceis, exacte Poly-
pori versicoloris substantia in varietati ejusdem membranacei ceterum glabris, strigoso-zonatis,
margine strigoso-fimbriatls, saepe laceratis, 1 — 2 uncialibus diameti'o, pallida cervinis. Subulis
sparsis, subulatis, longis saepe tortis, lutescentibus. Stipltibus tcnuibus, centralibus, brevibus,
concrescentibus.

2. Pkuropus.

527. 18. n. gelatlnosum, Yr. p. 407,n. 3, Syn. Car. 979, etiam rarissime circumEethl. et Philadelphia.

528. 19. H. ADUSTUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 977 et Icone, Elench. F. p. 132, etiam Pennsylv. sed mullo
rarius quam in Carolina.

♦529. 20. H. erinaceus, Fr. pag. 407 et 408, Bethlehem, et prope Jonestown, Swatara, in trunco ibique
maximum. Saepius occurrit in arboribus adhuc stantibus ad 10 ped. altitudine a terra. Transitum
ad seq. sectionem fecit.

3. Merisma.

530. 21. H. coralloides, F. p. 408, Syn. Car. 994, et. Pennsylv.

531. 22. H. BAMOsuM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 996, et. Bethl. observatum, tamen a priori non multo abhorret.

532. 23. H. Caput Medusae, F. p. 409, n. 3, Syn. Car. 995, etiam Pennsylvania non infrequens.
Haec species ad Hericium ex fungis Clavatis secundum Friesii Syst. Veget.

4. Jlpus-

533. 24. 11. MOLLF., L. V. S., rarum ad truncos et ramos dejectos, Bethl.

H. dimidiato-rotundum, crassum, unciali diametro, substantia molU exacte xii'in Polyporo molli. Pileo
strigoso, p.iUido. Subulis irregularibus, cinereis polyporoideis.
*534. 25. H. orjicii/frfum, F. p. 412, n. 6, rarius Bethl.
•535. 26. H. cjn-Aa/um, F. 411, n. 2, Salem et Bethl.
*536. 27. H. occarium, F. 412, n. 8, Salem et Bethl.

537. 28. li. strigosum, F. p. 414, n. 15, Syn. Car. 975, parasiticum. Etiam Bethlehem, nigrum.

538. 29. H. ochraceum, F. n. 16, Syn. Car. 976, et Bethl. freq.

539. 3D. H. Rhois, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 978, Elench. F. p. 134, et. Pennsylvania freq. in Rhoe putrido.

540. 31. H. oLiTAcEnM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 952. Sistotrema vulgatum, etiam Pennsylvania.

. ' 5. JResupinatum .

■)■ Aculeis aequalibus.

541. 32. H. macrodoii, F. p. 415, n. 1, Syn. Car. 980, etiam Bethlehem. Interdum solummodo ex su-
bulis longis conformatum.

•542. 33. II. mcmbranaceum,F. n.^. Nostra species distlnctissima, membranam sistit detrahibilem; ex
New York, Dr Torrey misit.

543. 34. H. fusco-aimm, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 982, caslaneum, passim in cortlce et ligno Castaneorum,

Betlilchem et Salem.

•544- 35. U.femiginomm, F. p. 416, n. 6, passim Bethl.

545. 36. II. microdon, F. p. 417, 9, Syn. Car. 981, et. Bethl.

•546. 37. II. atulaceum, v. 10, rarius in cortice Vitis, Bethl.

•547. 38. H. /astv'cu/Krf, F. 12, rarius Salem et Bethl.

548. 39. H. mucidum, F. p. 418, n. 14, Syn. Car. 983, et. Bethlehem, saepe longissime dlfFusum.

549. 40. H. diaphanurn, F. 15, Syn. Car. 989, et. Bethl.

550. 41. U. obtusum, F. 17, Syn. Car. 987, freq. ad truncos, et. Bethl.

551. 42. H. crui/uosum, F. 18, Syn. Car. 984, et. Bethl.

552. 43. U. farinaceum,¥. 19, Syn. Car. 985, et. Bethl.

553. 44. H. niveum, V. 20, Syn. Car. 988, passim et. Bethl.
•554. 45. H. snbcarnuceum, Fr. 13, aff. mucido, Bethl.

S55. 46. H, soirHuiiEDM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 986, Elench. F. p. 138, n. 7.

NOUTH AMERICAN FUNGI. \ 163

•556. 47'. H. viTicoLA, L. v. S., Elench. F. p. 138, n. 14, |8. Nobis a muddo bene dlstinctum videtur
— etiam quodammodo ad apodes vergens ob marg'inem liberum strigosutn et pUeum membranaceo-
corlaceum. Subulis longissimis dense stipatis cinereis.
'557- 48. H. suBREstipiSATUM, L. V. S., longe lateque interruptim effusum in ramis, Bethl.

H. interruptim effusum in plagis semipedalibus, ambitu subdeterminato, quasi constate multis pileolis
minoribus, resupinatis, interruptim conncxis et fere confiuentibus, submembranaceis, margine steri-
libus, colore pallide lutcscente. In quoque pileolo dentes subirregulares assurgunt, fasciculatim in
junioribus dispositi, compress!, demum ad 2 lineas elongali, subteretes, acuti, inflexi, subpenduli,
concolores.
558. 49. H. HiMASTiA, L. v. S. (Syn. Car. 992), non rarum in putridisslmis lignis, Eethl. et SaJem.
H. floccis filamentosis crassis Hiraamioldeis ad uncias 6 longitudine implexis irrepentibus et arbuscu-
lum effientibus, albis, tomentosis, passim in membranam aut pannum tenerrimum dilatatis. Subulis
majusculis, cylindricis, adpressis, stipatis, obtusis, flexuosis, griseo cinereis pulverulentis (ex ascis
solutis) impositis.
•559. 50. H. BissiNUM, L. v. S., subfrequens in ligno putridissimo, Bethl.
H. membrana tenuissima, subfloccosa, pulverulenta, byssina, subevanescens, non regulariter ambitu
determinato, obsita subulis longis, distantibus, subflexuosis, e basi crasso in apicem acutissimum
elong.atis, cum membrana in ambitu fibriUosa ex ochraceo-badiis.
•560. 51. H. EpipiiYLiuM, L. V. S., rarius effusum insuper folia putrida, Bethlehem.
H. irregubriter effusum, tenue, byssinum aut hypocbnoideum, pulverulentum, e ferrugineo brunneum.
Subulis minutis, brevioribus, concoloribus, obtusisslmis, fere papillae formibus, subglobulosis ; in
juniori fungo reticulatim dlspositis, demum aggregatis.

■fj- Aculeis compressis.

561. 52. W. squalinum, Vi: \>. AIO, n. 21, /uscescras nobis, Syn. Car. 961, olim. Ad ligna decorlicata
Bethl. rarum. * •

562. 53. H. tiride, F. p. 421 — 25, Syn. Car. 955y et Bethl. (Systot.) certissime Hydnum, nee, ut auc-
tores habent, fungus Hyphomycetum ex ordine.

•563. 54. H. AERCciNOscM, L. V. S , rarum Bethlehem occurrit in putridisslmis sub cortice.
H. Membrana tenuissima byssiua, subeffiguratim orbiculata, aeruginosa, diametro unciali. Subulis
brevioribus, distantibus, crassis, e tereti compressis, colore ex ime aeruglnoso in nigrum abiente.

564. 55. n. fimbriaium, F. 421, n. 27, Syn. Car. 957, freq. Bethl.

565. 56. H. spalhulatum, F. Elench. p. 139, Syn. Car. 993, nee Schraderi — Salem et Bethl. (digitatum,
Pers.).

•566. 57. H. quercinum, F. 423, n. 33, Bethl.

•567. 58. H. arguium, F. p. 424, n. 36, Bethl. . •

•568. 59. H. subtile, F. 39, rarius in corticibus, Bethl. -.

•569. 60. H. slipalum, F. 40, in cortice Vitis, Bethl. " "' ■'-■

570. 61. H. ciNNABAuiNUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 963, Georgia, Fries. Elench. p. 137, n. 7, b.

571. 62. H. CBOCEUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 962, Fr. Elench. p. 137, 7, b. etiam Pennsylvania inventum.
•572. 63. H. LCTEOPALLiDUM, L. V. S., rarius Bethleliem in cortice Vitis aestivalis.

H. membrana tenuissima byssina, marginibus fimbriatis floccosis, non valde contigua, ex luteopallida,
determinatim effusa. Subulis compressis, ramoso-fimbriatis, basi elong.ato, quasi fasciculatim con-
fiuentibus, aut coalitis, longiusculis, flavescenti-pallidis et subcroceis. Ad 3 unc. effusum.

Genus 13. Sistotrema.

573. 1. S. confluens, Fr. p. 426, Syn. Car. 946. S. muscorum, Syn. Car. 947, ad Hyd. epiphyllum,
aut tale pertinet, et eliminatur.

Genus 14. Irpex. Sys. Vegetab. p. 81, et Elench. F. 143.

1. Apodea.
•574. 1. I. pakaceus, Elench. F. p. 144, n. 2- Nobis Hydnum decolorana olim, maximus in ramis dejec-

164 SYNOPSIS OF

tis Montibus ; praesert. Betulanim. Primo adspectu non absimills Daedaleae cinereae. An nova

species.
'57S. 2. l.fuscoviolaceus, Elench. F. n. 3, nobis Hytln. veluta, rarius Salem et. Bethl.
'576. 3. I. lacieus, Elencli. F. n. 4, Hydn. F. p. 412, Bethl. in U-uncis emortuis Araliae spinosae.
•57r. 4. I. sinuosus, F.lencli. Fr. n. 5, (II. morincola, L. v. S., olim) Bethl. in

2. Rp.supinati.
*578. 5. I. EPiPHTLLA, L. V. S., distinctissimus et eleg-ans Fungus in stipitibus et super folia subtecta
radice subefossi trunci, Bethlehem.
I. subresiipinatim efiTusus, pileis tamen subdimidiatis porrectis, long'e lateque foUa obtecta, ramulosque
dejectos coiiglutinans. Unicolor, ochraceo-pallidiis. Pileolis inflexis irregularibus, glabriusculis
cei-vino-ochracels. Subulis in hymenio majusculis, basi reticulatim conjunctis, iri-egulaiiter incisis,
concoloribus. Ad 2 — 3 uncias, longitudlne ac latitudine investit folia.
579. 6. I. TULiFiPEiiiE, I,. V. S., Syn. Car. Polyp. 935, et nuUimodo Polystida. Salem et Bethlehem
valde freq\iens et long-issime effusiis.
*580. 7. I. FDscESCENs, L. V. S., rarius ad ligna Rhododendri, Bethl.

I. elong.ato-orbiculatim confluens, resupinatus, efficlens pellem crassiusculam dense intertextam sub-
floccosam, ambitu effigvuvato, m.irg'lne sterili, ex olivaceo-cervinam. Demum dentibus crassls
compressis obtusis (juniori statu mere tuberculi sunt) passim truncatis, cervinis, undique cum subi-
culo ascis prominulis fuscis obsitis. Unciali diametro.
•581. 8. I. ocHRACEus, L. V. S., ad corticem, Bethlehem.
I. resupinatus, membranaceus, niembrana ex candido-ochracea, fibrillis contexta, ambitu subeffigurato.
Dentibus poriformibus, laceris, majusculis, quasi fasciculatis, et in distantioribus spathul.ato-canali-
culatis, eleganter ochraceis.

582. 9. I. ciNEHASCENs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 930, Polyporus. Rarrissime occurrit sed distinctissimus
Carolina. ■

583. 10. I. Ceram, F. p. 382, 20, Syn. Car. 956, et. Betlil.

584. 11. I. spathutatus,F. Elench. 146, n. 7, Syn. Car. 959, et. Bethl. frequens. Sistotrema olim.

585. 12. I. ohliquus, F. 37, Syn. Car. 960, et. Bethl.

*586. 13. I. deformis, Elench. F. p. 147, F. 3S, pseudo-boletus, rarius Bethl.
587. 14. I. NivEus, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 964, sub Sistotrema Carolina invent.
•588. 15. I. caraeus. Fries. Elench. 148, et F. 420, Hydn. Salem solummodo obvius.

Genus 15. Radulttm.

•589. 1. U. orSicuforc, Elench. F. 2. Hyd. radula, F., ex Nova Anglia, Torrey.

•590. 2. R. mulare, F. Elench. n. 3, passim Bethlehem, nobis olim H. paradoxium.
591. 3. Vt.fagmeum, F. p. 423, Hydn. Syn. Car. 954, Sist. et. Bethl.

•592. 4. R. laetum, F. p. 445. TWt\. hydnoidm,Vevs. Bethlehem passim.

•593. 5. R. bolrytes, Elench. Fr. p. 152, n. 6, passim in cortice dejecto Bethl. Olim Hyd. sparsiacuka-
tum, L. v. S.

'594. 6. R. a/cmmum, Elench. F. p. 153. .S^/iacroncma freq. Bethl. in ramis et palis.

•595. 7. R. PiNi CANADENSIS, L. v. S., in ramis dejectis, P. canadensis, Mauch Chunk.
R. corticale, rcsupinatum, subinnatum, effusum, ambitu varie effiguratum, 1 — 2 uncias latum, inter-
dum indctermlnatum. Colore ex albido subcinerascente in .alutaceum vergente. Papillis majus-
cidis fascicu!.atis, brevioribus, obsitum est Hymenium concolor subrugosum. Junlore aetate supcr-
ficie rimosa.

*596. 8. R. iiTDNANs, L. V.S., late effusum in ligno nudo carioso, Bethlehem.

R. longe lateque (ad 2 — 4 unc:) effusum, subindeterminatum, in ambitu subbyssinum, tenuius et sub-
pulverulentum, candiduni ; centro autem ex luteo rubro.pallens. Corticium refcrt satis compactum
et crassum, stiperficie rugulosa, rivulosa, tuberculls subsubuliformibus, difformibus, confluentibus,
crassis, brcviusculis, aplce candicantlbus, ceterum concoloribus. Colore ac indole differt a R. laetu
cui tamen affinc.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 165

597. 9. R.'isTESTiENs.L. V. S,, abnorme: frequenter investit tomento aut pelle subbyssino (ad instar
T. bj-ssinae, &.c.) stipites emortuos adhuc stantes Diervillae Tournefortii, Bethl.
R. long-e latcque stipites arete iiivestieiis, pelle subtomeiitosa ochraceo-pallida. Passim autem pro-
cessus sparsi subuliformes, 2 — 6 lineares, teretes, tenues, subarcuati, indoles pelliculae sese osten-
dunt Vix hujus loci.

SuBORuo IV. AURICULARIM.

Genus 16. Phlebia.

598. 1. P. mcsenterica, Pers. Syn. 571, Elench. F. p. 154, Syn. Car. 1018. Uotlilehem in trunco
fraxineo.

"599. 2. P. merismoiJes, F. 427, n. 1, pulcherima, Betlilehem. Nostra fere sanguinea.

•600. 3. P. radiata, F. n. 2, passim Betlilehem.

•601. 4. P. vagd, F. n. 4, distinctam speciem amicissimus Torrey ex New York communicavit.

'602. 5. P. ctNXADAnisA, L. V. S , citata Syst. \eg. F. p. 83, ad truncos Carolinae et Pennsylvania
omnino non ad radiatam ut habet Fries. Elench. p. 155.

•603. 6. P. coccisEoruLTi, L. v. S., in trunco carioso Juglandis tomentosae, Nazareth.

P. in cavitatibus interioribus trunci cariosissimi valde irregulariter et inaequabiliter insinuato-eftusa,
penetrans ipsum lignum subiculo suo et quasi absorbens. Ambitu vald.i irregular!, strigoso-peni-
cilloso, et substantia ipsa fibrilloso-spongiosa, colore elegantissimo fulvo-crocco. Versus centrum
subiculum quasi in membranam thelephoroideam explanatur, pulchen'ime coccineam, primum tuber-
culosam ; demum processus elongatos, lobulosos, rugiformes, non valde elevates, coccineos, sed
pruina albicanti adspersos, moUiusculos ostendit.

•604. 7. P. HYDsoiDEA, L. V. S., longe lateque in trunco putrido ingenti eft'usa in montosis Bethl.
P. effusa in corruptissimis interioribus partibus, irregulariter tuberculosa ; subiculo crasso, substantia
fibriUosa, subpulverulenta, demum subsuberosa. Colore fulvo-rufo gaudet. Undi<iue tecta process-
ubus hydnoideis, brevioribus, quasi ex elongatis papiUis ortis subdiaphanis, concoloribus, apice
demum fimbriato-fibrillosis. Ulnarem longitudinem ac latitudinem occupat.

Genus 17. Thelephora.

Trib. 1. Mesopus.
605. 1. T. cASTUAKELLA, L. V. 3., Syn. Car. 1000, Elench. F. p. 164, nondum in Pennsylvania.
*606. 2. T.pannosa, F. p. 430, n. 2, Salem et Bethl.

607. 3. T. iiEGULAHis, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 999, Elench. F. p. 165, nondum in Pennsylvania,

608. 4. T. caryophylka, F. 430, n. 5, Syn. Car. 998, et. Betid.

*609. 5. T. MDLTiPABTiTA, L. V. S., Elcnch. F. p. 166, passim in Carolina ; frequentior Bethlehem in
insula fluminis Leliigh.

•610. 6. T. viALis, L. V. S., rarius ad vias Carolina. Frequens Bethlehem in insula jam dicta et mehus
evoluta. Valde polymorpha.
T, coriacea, junior fragilior demum indurescens. Pileis polymorpliis, imbricatis et dimidiatis aeque
ac regularibus,plm-ibuscon9uentibu3 aut concrescentibus etiam omnino singulis, laciniato-multilidis,'
1 — 2 uncialibus et multo minoribus, cupulatis saepe, superne adglutinato-fibriUoso-pIicatis, luteo-
fuligineis. Stipitibus singuhs aut concrescentibus, crassis ac tenuibus, saepe omnino carentibus,
saepe longiusculis, indui'escentibus. Hymenio plicato venoso, e luteo-pallido fuligineo, ascis promi-
nulis et inde demum subfloccoso.

Tnb. 2. Mebisma.
•611. 7. T. corulloides, F. 43S, n. 1, Bethlehem in insula.

612. 8. T. palmata, F. 432, n. 2, (M. foetidum) Syn. Car. 1066, cum suis varietatibus vulgaris, et.
Bethlehem.

Vol. IV.— 2 R

166 SYNOPSIS OF

•613. 9. T. tuberosa, Elench. F. p. 167, 2 b, Greville Tab. 178, ad terram, Salem et Bethlehem.

614. 10. T.flabellaris.V. n. 3, Salem et Bethlehem; Syn. Car. 1065.

•615. 11. T. stabularis, F. 435, n. 7, Syn. Car. non sed Salem.

•616. 12. T. riMBHiATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1067, Salem et Bethl.

617. 13. T. CANDIDA, L. V. S,, Syn. Car. 1069, Elench. F. p. 168, et. Bethlehem frequens.

618. 14. T. Cladosia, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1068, Elench. F. p. 168, etiam Pennsylvania.

*619. 15. T. lAiLiDA, L. V. S., frequentissime occurrit ad terr.im densis sylvis Bethlehem. Maxima.

Caespites eftbrmat saepe 6 unciales longitudine, 3 — 4 altitudine.
T. erecta, basi quasi tuberosa solida connata, stipitiformi, ramis multis acutis divisis, trunco cum

pileis multipartite, compresso-sulcato. Colore statu vegeto, omnino pallido, sed hymenio externi et

instipitem versus, demum rufescit. An ad T. Kittlingeri. F. p. 454.
•620. 16. T. CAESpiTULASS, L. V. S., freq. locis consuetis Bethlehem ; ex vicinitate T. palmatae sed

habitu omnino diversa.
T. caespites formansaltitudineetlong-itudineunciali. Basin versus in corpus solidum concrescunt rami

ad dimidi.im partem, turn assurgunt stricti divisi, invicem arete adpressi, compressi, imo subcanaU-

culati, obtusi plerumque in apicibus, et ibi albicantes. Colore e bruneo fuligineo.

621. 17. T. c-istata, F. p. 434, Syn. Car. 1062, etiam Pennsylv.ania obvia.

622. IS. T. penicillata, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 1063,fuscescens, Salem et Pennsylvania non infi'equens.

623. 19. T. sinniTA, Pers. Myc. et Synops. Salem passim. Hue videturpertinere. Species nosti'a
cum nulla alia confundenda.

Trlb. 3. Apus.

Subtrib. 1. Phylacteria.

624. 20. T. ierrestris, F. 431, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1001, vulgatain pinetis Carol., rara Bethlehem.

625. 21. T. laciniala, F. n. 2, Syn. Car. 1002, et. ISetlil.

*626. 22. T. frondescens, F. p. 436, rarissima Bethl. quam Syn. Car. intybaceam vocavimus.
*627. 23. T. biennis, F. 449, Elench. p. 171, Bethlehem in montosis.
628. 24. T. fuscocinerca, Pevs. Myc. p. 114, quam habemus ut speciem propriam et bonam exhibemus,

Betlil.
•629. 25. T. gausapata, Elench. F. p. 171, optime qu.idrans passim, Salem ac Bethlehem.
*630. 26. T. ALBiBo-BnusNEA, L. V. S , in cortice putrido ti'uncorum propius terrae, Bethl.
T. longe lateque confluens ; irregulariter subimbricata, saepissime resupinata, rarius in pileos porrecta

substipitatos. .Superne ime brunnea, subtomentosa, quasi pileis undulatim confusis, subcrispis

spongioso-suberosis. Hymenio inaequabilj, laeviusculo, candido. Ad plures uncias effusa. Ubi

pilei distineti, diametro vix excedunt semiunciam.
"631. 27. T. LUTOSA, L. V. S., rarius ad terram in viis sylvaticis Carohna.

T. minor, pileis dense imbricatis, postice in stipites subhorizontahter attenuatis, undulato-plicatis,

semiuncialibus, superne quasi subtomentosis pulverulentls. Hymenio sublaevi et papillose, subve-

lutino ex ascis, cum toto fungo lutose lutescente. ilarginibus limbi sulobati demum inflexis.

Fungus, primum subcarnosus, demum indurescit.

632. 28. T. bicolo);T. p. 438, Salem, Syn. Car. 1005, ob hymenii indolem hue omnino pertinot, sed
albido-brunncm nostrae satis affinis.

Subtrib. 2. Slereum.

633. 29. T. rubiginasa, F. p. 436, n. 2, Syn. Car. 1004, freq. Bethl.

634. 30. T. tubacina, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. ferrugine.a, lOuS, frequens etiam Pennsylvania.
*635. 31. T. crocata, Elench. F. p. 173. Bethlehem passim, nobis ohm T. subpikata.
•636. 32. T. kprosa, Elench. F. Bethlehem eximia.

637. 33. T. iMBiiicATULA, L. V. S., ex New York misit Toney et rarissime Bethl. inveni.
T. i'esupinato-eft\isa, interdum in pileolos crebros imbricatos porrect.i, extus luteo-ferrugineos, strigoso-
floccosos, undulatos, membranaceo-coriaceos, non zonatos, subcrispos. Hymenio fusco-umbrino
subrutilante, rugosoplicato nee vere tuberculoso, saepe rimoso, ascis prominulis, subulatis, brevibus,
crcberrimis, umbrino-fuscis. Ubi omnino resupinata, effiguratim marginata est, ambitu strigoso-
floccoso.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. ' 167

Subti-ib. 3. .iuricularia.

■f Coriaceae.
•.6S8. 34. T. atrata, F. n. 5, p. 437, rai-a species Bethlehem.

639. 35. T. verskoloris, var. FAsciATi, L. v. S., Elench. F. p. 175, Syn. Carol., 1011, vulgata etsaepe
maxima, etiam Pennsylv.

640. 36. T. spadkea, F. p. 438, n. 9, Syn. Car. 1006, etiam Bethl.

641. 37. T. rugosa, F. 439, F. Elench. 177, Syn. Car. 1009, etiam Bethl.

642. 38. T. sTYnAciFLVA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1010, Elench. F. p. 177, Salem.

643. 39. T. hirsuta, F. 1:5, Syn. Car. 1014, rarius Betlilehem, ^ rameaUs, F. Elench. p. 178 s. varie-
tas valde insignis et Pennsylvania vulgata, ubi rarissime inveni T. hirsutam, Syn. Car. 1015.

*644. 40. T. ocliroleuca, F. p. 440, n. 14, Salem et Bethl. rara.

*645. 41. T. purpurea, F. n. 15, passim Salem et Betbl.

646. 42. T. sanguinolenta, F. n. 16, Syn. Car. 1013, nondum Bethl.

647. 43. T. striata, F. Elench. p. 179, Syn. Car. 1016, sinrcEA, L. v. S., etiam freq. Bethlehem.

648. 44. T. GHisEA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1012, Elench. F. p. 179, n. 19, rara species Cavolinae.
'649. 45. T. ocEnACEO-FLAVA, L. v. S., Bethlehem in ramis. Etiam ex Florida, Leconte.

T. subresupinatim eftusa et elong.ato-confluens in ramis tenuioribus, pileis i uncialibus porrectis mem-
■ branaceo-coriaceis, infiexis, candidis, strigosissimis, subfasciatis. Hymenio flavo expallente, lae-

viusculo, tiiberculis tantum evanidis. An 2 — 3 uncias confluit, saepe dorso affixo singuli pilei orbi-

culatlm protunduntur.
650. 46. T. scBzosATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1017, ochraceae, Bethl. Elench. F. p. 181, non ochracea

Fries.
*651. 47. T. cisEHAscENs, L. v. S. rarius Bethlehem in truncis semivivis Mori albae.

T. pileata ac resupinato-effusa. In perfectioribus, pileis dimidiatis confluentibas, strlgoso-zonatis,

unicoloribus, cinereo-albidis unciahbus, limbo tenuiori minus strigoso. Hymenio e cinereo sub-

fuhginoso-purpurascenti, siccitate praesertim, ubi resupinatim eflusum est, rimoso. Ascis cinereis,

prominuUs, pellucidis. Coriacea substantia. Hymenio demum expallescente, pseudo-tuberculoso.

Plagas bi- vel tri-unciales occupans.

•j-f Ceraceae.
•652. 48. T. evolvens, F. 441, n. 1, rarior Bethl. ol. propullans, L. v. S.

♦653. 49. T. amorpha, F. Elench. p. 183, Pers. Syn. Peziza, olim nobis Phyllacterium pezizoideum.
Rarissime inventa, sed distinctissima. Hope, Jersey, in cortice Fraxini.

654. 50. T. salicina, F. 440, n. 2, freq. in Salicibus Americanis, praesertim S. lucida, Bethl, et Salem.
Est cruetita Synopseos Carol. 1029.

655. 51. T. quercina, F. 3, Syn. C.w. 1020, et. Bethlehem frequens.

656. 52. T. Pini, F. p. 443, Salem et Bethl. montosis.

657. 53. T. ahietina, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1021, et. Bethlehem freq. etiam in Castaneis.
*658. 54. T. rufa, Elench. F. p. 187, n. 29, {disrupta, L. v. S.) in cortice Bethlehem.

*659. 55. T. chailldU, Elench. F. 188, n. 33, Bethlehem Castaneis, ohm Stereum lilucinum, L. v. S.
*660. 56. T. avellana, F. 442, Bethlehem obvia, bona species.
661. 57. T. ALBOBADiA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1045, Elench. F. p. 189. Solummodo S.ilem invenla.
•662. 58. T. (/i>i/ormM,F. 443,7, Salem et Bethl. ramis.

663. 59. T. cASDiDissiMA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1061, et. Bethlehem, Elench. F. 189, n. 37. Distinc-
tissima species.

Subtrib. 4. Straiosae.

664. 60. T. frustulata, F. n. 14, Syn. Car. 1030, valde freq. lignis praesertim querneis durissimis.
*665. 61. T. PALLESCENS, L. V. S., longe latequc eftusa, praesertim sub truncis adustis Bethlehem.

T. omnino resupinata, crassa, dura, superficie maxime rugosa, papilloso-granulosa, rimosa, subsicca,
ex albido pallescens. Ut prlore perennis.
*666. 62. T. issiNUANs, L. v. S., in cavitate truncorum longe lateque insinuata, Bethl.

T. lignosa, crassa, pallida, vix separabilis, resupinatim serpens in cavitatibus internis, superficie inae-

168 " SYNOPSIS OF

quali. Hymenio rugoso, nee tamen tuberculoso, subvelutino. Intus subtusque fascescit. Omnino
stratosa .
•667. 63. T. areolala, F. Elencli. p. 190, n. 32, olim a me T. fallax vocata.

Trib. 4. REScpixiTCS.

» Subtrlb. 1. Contophora.

668. 64. T. Helvklloibes, L. v. S., Sjn. Car. 1041, Elench. F. p. 193, rai-issima et valde abnormis,
etlam Beth].

669. 65. T. spoNGiosA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1051, et. Bethl. Elench. F. p. 193, n. 2.
•670. 66. T. puieana,Y. Elench. p. 194, in cellis Bethlehem in lignis fabreflictis.

671. 67. T. reticulata, F. Elench. p. 196, marginata L. v. S., Salem et Bethl.

672. 68. T. byssoides, F. p. 452, n. 8, Syn. Car. 1042, et. Bethlehem.

673. 69. T. olivacea, F. Elench. p. 197, n. 10, Syn. Car. 1050, ^ hotryoides, freq. etiam Pennsylv.

674. 70. T. sisTOTBEMOiDEs, L. y. S., Syn. Car. 1053, species magna et. Bethl. non infrequens.

675. 71. T.ferrug'mea, F. Elench. p. 198, n. 12, Syn. Car. 1043, frequens etiam in Pennsylvania.
•676. 72. T. punicea, F. Elench. p. 199, n. 13, in trunco putrido, Bethlehem.

•677. 7o. T. BUBHOPALLENS, L. V. S., longe lateque efTusa in cortlcibus et lignis Bethlehem.

T. etiusa, indeterminatim effigurata, ambitu marginibus latissimis albis ; versus centrum subroseo-
incarnata, crebre sporidifcra aut pulverulenta. Pelliculam efficit ex arete intertextis filis. Ulnarem
longitudinem explet.
*678. 74. T. umbrina, Elencli. F. p. 199, non Persoonii, Bethlehem non freq. ad cortic.es.
679. 75. T. coccisEA, Syn. Car. 1032, (Swartz sanguinea) omnium pulcherrima, ad truncos solummodo
Citrorum Georgia, Florida, etiam Surinam. Specimina floridanapedalia debeo Leconte.
•630. 76. T. LiLAciNA, L. T. S., in cortlce Pruni virg. ramorum, Bethl.

T. pellicula tenera, orbiculatim aut effiguratim efFus.a, latius confluens; ambitu albescente byssino-
fibriUoso, in centro efficiens pelliculam aut pannum tenerrimum Ulacinum, sed decolorans aet.ate,
pulvere obsitum. Diametro 6 Unearum.

Subtrlb. 2. Ilimantia.
*681. 77- T. cmnamomea, F. Elench. p. 201, 2 b. nobis olim Stereum griseofuliginetnn.

682. 78. T. PEDicELLATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1046, Elench. F. p. 200, in Carolina freq. ad vivos ramos.
Icon in Syn. Car. T. 2, f. 3. • . ■ .

683. 79. T. domestica, F. 481, Bethlehem, Himant. Syn. Car. 1363, in ccllis.
*684. 80. T. fusca, F. 451, n. 5, hue T. vinosa olim nost. in Mali cortice.

*685. 81. T. strigosa, F. Pers. p. 83, n. 1, Bethlehem longe lateque in truncis j.acentibus adustis.
*686. 82. T. violascens, F. 451, n. 4, in ramis Bethl.

*687. 83. T. atrovirens, Elench. F. p. 202, n. 4 b. var. aerucisoso-caesia. Nobis frequens Bethl.
ad ligna putridissima, Syn. Car. 1054.

688. 84. T. caeruka, Elench. 202, n. 4 c. Syn. Car. 1028, T. Indigo, passim et. Betid.

689. 85. T. rosea, F. p. 451, n. 5, freq. Bethl. cortice juniori, Syn. Car. 1027.

690. 86. T. sulphiirea, F. 452, n. 6, Syn. Car. 1052, valde varians, etiam Bethlehem frequens e

691. 87. T. viTicoLA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1037, Elench. p. 205, n. 6 b. rurius etiam in Vitibus
Bethlehem.

•692- 88. T. laciea, F. 452, n. 7, freq. (Syn. Car. 1058 et 1059, aliaj nostra Bethl. Hyp. candidis.

693. 89. T. laevis, F. 451, u. 1, Syn. Car. 1026, etiam passim Bethlehem.

694. 90. T.a7i/hochroa,'E\enc\\. F. p. 207, n. 9, Syn. C.ir. 1031. T. roseo-carnea, adTigna. et. Bethl.
•695. 91. T. odorala, Elench. p. 207, F. Syn. p. 445, rara ad truncum, Hamburg, Berks County,

alatacea mihi olim.
•696. 92. T. setigcra, Elench. F. p. 208, n. 12, passim Betlil. in cortice Betularum dejecto.
697. 93. T. bombycina, Elench. p. 211, n. 13, T. sera, Syn. Car. 1057, passim et. Betlilehem.
•698. 94. T . papulosa, Elench. F. p. 212, n. 14, Bethlehem, oUm perperam ad T. nudam.

Subtrib. 3. Ccraceae.
•699. 95. T. giganteu, Elench. F. p. 213, n. 1, Mauch Chunk, et. Hambiu'g, Berks, ad trunc. pineos.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGr. 169

700. 96. T. tJierustans, F. 448, n. 27, et sebacea 1038 et 1040, Syn. Car. etiam Pennsylvania ; sae|)e
gramina viva induit crusta var. sebacea. Hue etiam Merisma serratum, I'ei'S. Syiiops. nee nostrum.

701. 97. T. caleea, F. Elench. p. 215, non Syn. Car. ad truncos pineos et lij^iia fabrefacta, liethl.
•702. 98. T. pubcra? Eleneh. p. 215, n. 3, (Conioph. corticalis, L. v. S., olim) incoiticeLavicis, Betbl-
•/OS. 99. T. moUis, F. 443, Bethlcliem rarius oecurrit.

*704. 100. T. alnca, F. 446, n. 20, Betlil. late expansa, olim T. ochr.acea nostra.

.705. 101. T. ochracea, F. n. 19, Syn. Car. concentriea, 1034, et. Betldehem.

706. 102. T. concentriea, F. Elencfi. p. 217, Salem etBethl. vix mera varietas prioris.

707.; 103. T. granulosa, F. 446, n. 18, Syn. Car. 1036, etiam frequcns Bethlehem.

708. 104. T. ?nticlda, Eleneh. p. 217, n. 8, olim nobis T. aurantia, Syn. Car. 1033, non Bethlehem.

709. 105. T. sen'alis, F. 445, n. 16, olim perperum nobis T.anthochroa, Salem et. Bethl.
*710. 106. T. livida, F. 447, n. 24, Bethlehem in Pyromalo.

711. 107. T. viscosa, F. p. 448, n. 25, Syn. Car. 1056, solum. Salem. ■ i - ,

*712. 108. T. eonfluens, F. 447, n. 23, Bethlehem bona species.
•713. 109. T. cumedens, F. n. 21, praesertim in Syring. Bethl. et ex Surinamo.
714. 110. T. incarnata, F. 444, Syn. Car. 1022. Fungus admodum vulgaris et multum varians.
Praesertim in dejectamentis, frustulis ligni caesi, imo in laqueo putrescenti, tamen etiam in cortice.
*715. 111. T. nuda, F. n. 22, freq. Bethl. praesertim in castaneis lignis et eortice castaneo.

716. 112. T. cinerea, F.453, Syn. Car. 1055, vulgatissima, et. Bethlehem.
"717. 113. T. ALuiDo-cAiiNEA, L. V. S., passim in cortice Vitis obvia. Bethlehem.

T. subeeracea, arctissime adnata, longissinie eonfluens sed valde angustata, ambitu byssino fibrilloso
candido, pruina c.arnescente centro tecta. Sieeitate rimosa.

718. 114. T.polygonia, F. p. 444, n. 11, Syn. Car. 1024, et. Bethlehem freq.

719. 115. T. i?(7)esja, F. p. 444, in nota. Freq. Bethl. in ramis Ribis.

Subtrib. 4. Lejosiroma.

720. 116. T. acerina, F. 453, n. 1, Syn. C;ir. 1060, et. Bethl.

"721. 117. T. com/^'rfa, Elench. F. p. 224, n. 2, ad ramos salieinos Bethlehem, olim Stereum salieinum

nobis.
*722. 118. T. laevigata, Eleneh. F. n. 3, Bethlehem, oUm nobis Stereum umbrinum etbadio umbri-

num.
*723. 119. T. EPisrHAEHiA, L. v. S., Elench. F. p. 226, n. 3 b. pr.aesertim in Lauro et Alno ligno et

supra Sphueriam stigma, olim nobis Hydnum et turn ad Sterea nostra.
•724. 120. T. maculaeformis, F. 454, n. 4, Bethlehem. . '

725. 121. T. bufonia, F. Eleneh. p. 225, n. 4 b. Pers. Synops. 578, Syn. Car. 1044.
♦726. 122. T. amphiboUa, F. 454, n. 5, Bethlehem.

•727. 123. T. epidermea, Pers. Myc. p. 84, Eleneh. F. p. 226 in nota, Bethlel\em. Hue pertinet.
728. 1'24. T. circinnata, Elench. F. p. 226, n. 7. Sarcopodium, Link. p. 127. Omnino nostra (quae
olim Th. kerbarum nobis audit) ad Thelephorus pertinet.

Ordo II. ELVELLACEI. '

SiBORDO I. MITRATl.
Genus IS. Morchella.

729. 1. M. esculenta, F. n. 1, Syn. Car. 1125, vulgaris et saepe maxima, etiam Pennsylvania.

730. 2. M. FORAMiNULosA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1126, patula, rarior inter priorem CaroUna, omnino
non est M. patula, Fries.

M. affinis priori ac ejusdem indolis. Pileo tamen magis ovato quam conjco, apice foramine aperto,
margine subannuUformi. Basis pilei stipite adnata cum in priori. Ad tres uncias elevatur.
'731. 3. M. caroUniana, Bos. F. n. 13, ex New York accepi, et in Pinetis juxta Philad. ipse inveni.

Vol. IV.— 2 S

170 SYNOPSTS OP

Genus 19. Helvella.

732. 1. H. cosTATi, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1127, F. p. 19, n. 7, rara, ac solummodo Carolina inventa.

733. 2. H. infula, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1128, vere in Carolina.
•734. 3. H. lacunosa (mitra), F. 15, passim Salem et Bethl.
•735. 4. H. sulcata, F. 3, Salem rara.

736. 5. H. esculenta, F. 4, Clariss. Torrey mihi ex New York communicavit.

G-enus 20. Verpa.

*737. 1. V. caholiniana, L. v. S., Syn. Car., perperam Leotia marcida, n. 1123. Rara Carolina in de-
clivitatibus.
V. stipite longo, biunciali, flexuosim torto, apicem versus incrassato, cavo, subcarnoso, riigoso-plicato.
Pileo dilatato, subagaricoideo, rug-oso-tuberculoso, margine arete in stipitem inflexo, ex pallido um-
brino. Subtus et in stipite color pallidior.

Genus 21. Leotia.

738. 1. L. circ'mnans, F. p. 27, n. 3, Syn. Car. 1120, Salem.

759. 2. L. lubrka, F. n. 7, Syn. Car. 1122, etiam Bethl.

740. 3. L. CHLonocEPHALi, L. v. S., F. 8, Syn. Car. 1124, solummodo in Carolina obvia.

•741. 4. L. viscosa, F. 9, Salem et Bethl., non rara.

742. 5. L, infundihuUformis, F. p. 26, n. 1, ex New York mihi communicat.a.

SuBORDO II. CUPULATI.
Genus 22. Rhizina.

743. 1. R. undulata, F. p. 33, n. 1, solummodo mihi obvia sed elegans in sylvis istis vastissimis Abieti-
nis, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, Octob.

Genus 23. Peziza. •
Series 1. Aleuria.

Trib. 1. Helvelloideae.

• - \ Acetabula.

•744. 1. P. sulcata, F. p. 44, ad latera ti'uncorum N.izareth.

745. 2. P- ciNSAiMDMEo-iuTEscENs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1165, F. p. 45, nondum in Pennsylv. obvia.

746. 3. P. MixncLA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1184, F. 45, rara, sed etiam Bethlehem.

If Cochleatae.

747. 4. P. CLTPEATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1170, F. p. 46, n. 9, nondum Pennsylvania.

748. 5. P. venosa, F. 46, n. 10, Syn. Car. 1169, et. Bethl.

749. 6. P. badia, V. n. 11, Syn. Car. 1168, ex New Jersey, etiam habeo.

750. 7. P. otiotica, V. n. 15, Syn. Car. 1163, rarisslma.

•751. 8. P. OBTECTA, L. V. S., Salem rara inter folia putrescentia, et. Betbl.

P. minor, J uncialis, vix stipilata, sed ime concava et uno latere .aperta .aut subdimidiata, cinnamomea
cxtus farinosa, basi albo-lomentosi.da aut albo-pruinosa. Gregatim ac sparsim foliis fere obtecta.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 171.

752. 9. P. oi;ron/(C, F. n. 16. Bethlehem frequens, Syn. Car. 1164.

755. 10. P. cocAfcoto, F. 19, umbrina, Syn. Car. 1166, etiam passim Bethlehem.

Iff Pustullatae.

754. 11. P. vcsicuhsa,¥. 23, Syn. Car. alutacea, 1167, etiam Pennsylvania in stercoratis.

755. 12. P. coxcREscENS, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1178, haec species distinctissima quibusdam annis fre-
quens locis raris Bethleliem, v. c. in sylva Jones. . •

*756. 13. P. micropus, F. 27, passim Bethlehem, Syn. Car. 1173. •
757. 14. P. /HM^u/foto, F. 29, Bethl. et ex New York, Torrey, Syn. Car. 1179. ' .

•758. 15. p. bufonia, F. n. 26, magna Bethlehem in sylva riparum Lehigh.

759. 16. P. iniiEGULinis, L, v. S., omnino foliis obtecta, ramulis dejectis udis, Increscit Bethlehem
copiose locis suis.

P. epixyla, subsessilis aut basi stipiteformi praedita, ramosputrldos penetrante, proveniens fasciculatim
cupulis magnis semiuncialibus et ultra, ampliatis repandis et irregulariter lacerato-fissis. Hymenio
umbrino gl.abro. Extus rugulosa, versus basin lacunoso-venosa, dense verruccis conicis parvis, um-
brino-ferruginosis aut siibpurpurascentibus submollibus obsita. Caespites efformat 2 — 3 unciak-s.
Mi/cogone ccrvina saepissime obtecta, reperilur.

Trib. 2. Geoptxis.

* Macropodes.

760. 17. P. macropus, F. 34, Syn. Car. 1177, etiam freq. Bethl.

761. 18. P. Tuha, F. 36, Syn. Car. 1174, perennts, Bethlehem mihi obvia, rarius in tuberibus.

** Cup u lares.

762. 19. P. lalinus, F. 44, Syn. Car. varia, 1172, nondum Pennsylv.
•763. 20. P. CAnBoxAiiiA, F. 45, locis carbonaceis, Bethl.

764. 21. P. mpularis, F. 45, Syn. Car. crenalii, 1180, et. Bethlehem.

•765. 22. P. applanata, F. 50, Bethlehem rara.

766. 23. P. violacea, F. 52, Syn. Car. 1171, solummodo Carol.

•767. 24. P. granuhtu, F. 53, in stercore, Salem Carolinae.

•768. 25. P. 7)iemiTO?iacea, F. 48, Bethlehem r.ara p. Jones. - .

•769. 26. P. diluta, F. 49, eisdem locis Bethlehem.

*770. 27. P. fuUginea, F. 51, ripis Lehigh abruptis sylvaticis.

Trib. 3. HcMARiA.

771. 28. P. rutilans, F. 62, Syn. Car. 1238, kucoloma, Salem. ■

•772. 29. P. fulgens; F. 61, ex Deerfield, Massachusetts communicata.

•773. 30. P. oUaris, F. 63, Salem et Bethlehem.

•774. 31. P. araneoscr, F. 67, rarissime obvia Nazareth.

'775. 32. P. humosa, F. 72, in Pine Swamp Pennsylv. rara. , _ '

*776. 33- P. kucoloma, F. 71, Bethlehem Inter muscos.

777. 34. P. omphnlodes, F. 78, conjlucns, Syn. Car. 1240, nondum Pennsylv.

778. 35. P. ruhricosa, F. 73, Syn. Car. 1241, rufa, ad terram in Carolina.

Series 2. Lachnea.
Trib. 1. Sarcosctpuae.

1. Stipitatae.
•779. 36. P. coccinea, F. p. 79, n. 1, Bethlehem in sylva occidentale.
*780. 37. P. iomenlosa, F. n. 3, ligno dejecto adhaerens Carohna.

•781i 38. P. occirENTALis, L. V. S., ad Muskingum in Ohio ad stipites dejectos et ramulos mensc
Augusto.
P. longiuscule stipitata, stipite teneriori, cupula subinfundibuliformi, tota coccinea; extus vUlo brevi
albidulo subtomentosa. Disco luteo coccineo. Basis stipitis tomento candido involuta — Interdum

172 SYNOPSIS OF

^essilis occurrit, plerumque stipite subunciali. Omnibus partibus gracilior est P. coccineae. Sparsim
crescit.
•782. 39- P- FLoccosA, L. v. S., ad terram et ad ramulos in terra defoss. Nazaretli.
P. longissime stipitata, fasciculatim crescens ; stipite subflexuoso sarsum in cupulam tubaeformem
sensim dilatato. Cupula ime tubaeformis, limbo dilatato, colore externo lutescenti coccinea, cum
stipite strigosissime fioccosa, tomento longo recto candido, omnino obtegente cupulam, stipitemque
sarcosum. Disco eleganter coccineo, nudo. Tota unciam altitudine excedit, gracilis, et pulcher-
rima.est. '

2. Sessiles.

783. 40. P. nigrella, F. n. 7, Syn. Car. 1186, freq. et Bethl.

784. 41. P. hemisphaerlca, F. n. 11, Syn. Car. 1185, et. Bethl.

785. 42. P. brumiea, F. 12, Syn. Car. 1187 et. New York missa.

• _ . 3. Ciliarea.

*785. 43. V-carneorufa-iV. 17, rarissime obvia Bethl.

787. 44. P. scutellata, F. 19, Syn. Car. 1195, et. Pennsylv. freq.

7S8. 45. P. EHiNACECS, L. V. S., F. 20, Syn. Car. 1194, praesertim in putridissimis Juglandis truncis
et. liethl.

*789. 46. P. se/osa, F. 25, r.arior Bethl. ad cariosos truncos.

*790. 47. P. stercorea, F. 26, Syn. Car. 1195, in fimo praesert. vaccino, Pennsylvania et New York.

791. 48. P. thekboluidea, F. 28, in horto stercorato solummodo CaroUna, Syn Car. 1197.

*792. 49. P. dlversicolor , F. 29, hue referenda est Peziza lurida nobis dim nee tamen Syn. Car. 1239.

793. 50. V . papillata, F. 30, Syn. Car. 1198, et passim in fimo Pennsylv.

Trib. 2. DisiscrpBAE.

1. Stipitaiae.

794. 51. P. dliaris, V. 33, Syn. Car. 1209, freq. et. Bethlehem.

795. 52. P. virginea, F. 34, Syn. Car. 1208, freq. et. Bethl., ^ var. ca^yqp/iiVa vulgatissima in glandibus
ibid.

"796. Si. P. TOWa, F. 35, Betlilehem rara in ramulis.

797. 54. P. patula, F. 37, Syn. Car. 1210, Betlil. et lignatilis.

798. 55. P. cuJycina, F. 38, Syn. Car. 1207, vulgaris Bethl.

*799. 56. P. ocHRiCEA, L. v. S., nitidissima in ligno pineo. Kaign's Point, Philad.

P. major quam virginea, eleganter ochracea ; extus villosa viUis concoloribus. Stipite mediocri. Cu-
pula dilatata, primum contractim subclausa. Disco vivide ochraceo. Gregibus vastis lignum non
corruptum occuput.
•800. 57. P. bicolor, F. 39, in frustro pineo ibidem.
•801. 58. P. cerinea, F. 40, rarior Salem et Bethl.

802. 59. P. sericca, F. 43, Syn. Car. 1211, nondum Pennsylv.
•803. 60. P. dandcslina, F. 44, Salem et Bethl.
•804. 61. P. calyculatformi.H, F. 43, ligno putrldo Belhl.
•S05. &2. P. caulicu/a, F. 45, albo-marginata, Bellil.
*806. 63. P. armeniaca, F. 46, ad caules ut prior, Bethl.

8U7. 64. P. fuscesceiis, F. 47, Syn. Car. 1212, fol. faglneis et aliis ctiam Bethlehem.
•808. 65. P. sTiPiTicoLA, L. v. S., in stipltibus dejectis Bethlehem.

P. minuta, subsparsa, substipitata, cupulls globoso.turbin.atis in stipitem crassum abientibus, primum
clausis, cxtus fai-inaceo-pubcscentibus, margine albescentibus, pUisceterum cei'vinis ; disco pallido.
•809. 06. P. /)/a^o/?u5, F. 41, in ligno vetusto, Bethl.
•810. 67. P. pnoLiFicANs, L. v. S., in disco caeso r.amorum et truncor- Salem.

P. minuta, stipite brevi cr.assiusculo, subfascicul.ata, sicca clausa et sphariaemorpha, extus aeruginoso-
farinacea, pubescens. Uda, aperta, disco atroviride, saepe prolificante, i. e. cupula in cupula
cresccnti. Limbo plerumque uiidulato, margine tumido.
•811. 68. P. BPUAKniNcoiA, L. v. S., increscens Sphueriis pulvinatis, Bethl.

P. minutissima, turbinala, sparsa ,et gregaria, extus strigosa, brunnea, in margine albescens, stipite
brevi brunnto crasso. Disco brunneo.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 173

•812. 69. P. LUTEo-iLDA, L. V. S., ad corticem, Hethl.

P. minuta, stlpite gracili, in cupulam latiusculam expanso, cxtus cum cupula Uiteo villoso. Disco
aperto candido.
•S13. TO. P. TunnixcLATi, L. v. S., rimis cortlcalibus Castancae.
P. stipitata, gracilis, sparsa, turbinata, extus elegantcrsulpluircn, pilosa. Stipite versus basin subnuilo
subsulcato. Disco viride auvantio-rubro. Vix scmilineari altitudine.
*814. 71. P. scBHiiiTA, L. V. S., epipliylla, Bethlehem.

P. mlnutissima, substipitata, spars.a, hitea, extus minutim hirsuta cupula dilatata.

2. Sessiks.

815. 72. P. alboviolascens, P. 49, Syn. Car. 1206, et. Bethlehem.

816. 72. P. corticalls, F. 50, Syn. Car. 1202, et. freq. Bethl.

817. 74. P. ciNEnEOFCscA, L. v. S., F. 52, Syn. Car. 1193, passim et. Pennsylv.
*818. T5. P. hispidula, F. 58, in Sambuco, Salem et. Pennsylv. ■ -
*819. 76. P. Schumacher!, F. 59, disco caerulesc. in Spiraea, Bethl.

•820. 77. P. spadkea, F. 60, ad ligna Bethlehem.

821. 78. P. ra/o-oft'acf«, F. 63, ad Rubos rara Bethl. ct Salem.

822. 79. P. /ara-/H%;wra, F. 64, Syn. Car. 1190, et. Bethl.
*823. 80. P. varieco/or, F. 65, ad stipites Salem obvia.

•824. 81. P.f/)iSjO/(oer/ff, F. 67, ad Sph. adustam Bethl.

•825. 82. P. roseola, F. 68, passim Bethl. ad caules. .■':--- ^

826. 83. P. LEojTiNA, L. V. S., F. 70, Syn. Car. 1200, et. Bethlehem. . -' •

827. 84. P. FULTO-CASA, L. V. S., F. 71, Syn. Car, 1201, et Pennsylv. •'
•828. 8.5. P. papillarh, F. 73, Bethlehem.

829. 86. P. rE?jiciLiATA, L. v. S.,F. 74, Syn. Car. 1204, et. Bethl.

830. 87. P. %a/mff, F. 75, Syn. Car. 1214, freq. et. Bethl. . ■ '•.

831. 88. P. i^ffVosff, F. 76, Syn. Car. 1188, in caulibus umbell. • ' ■
'832. 89. P. relicina, F. 78, in caulibus Pastinacae, Bethl. ■ ■ •. .

833. 90. P. su/p/iU)W, F. 80, Syn. Car. 1189, et. Bethl. ad caules. ■ ' ' •

•834. 91. P. villosa, F. 82, freq. Bethlehem ac Salem. '' ' ' ■ ■■,"'■

•835. 92. P. grisea, Pers. Mj'C. Betlil. lignis, bona species. ' _ ' ■

*836. 93. P. corana, F. 56, rara Bethl. . • -

•837. 94. P. /;-//orn!("s, F. 69, in ligno Rhois, Bethl. • ■ • '. ,. " .•

*838. 95. P. virescens, F. 81, in variis caulibus, Bethl.
•839. 96. P. pundiformis, F. 85, ad fol. Castaneae, Bethl.
840. 97. P. ciNNAEAiiixA, L. V. S.,Syn Car. perperam_/?ammeff, a, 1193, ad LiquiJanibaris ligna, Salem.
P. sessilis, globosa, strigoso-pulvenilenta, unicolor, cinnabarina, basi latiusculo nigTcscente, rarius
disco aperto. Tota pulvere cinnabarino copiosim tecta. Gregarle cresclt, vi.x 1-J lineas diam. e.x-
cedens. _ .

*841. 98. P. coMATA, L. V. S., epiphyllain foliis quercinis dejectis, Bethl.

P. minutissima, sessilis, candidissima, extus pilis longis densis candidis eleg.anter comata. Sparsa.
*842. 99. P. ixcAnsESCEXs, L. v. S., ad ligna decorticatavaria, Bethl.

P. sessilis, gregaria, 1 — 2 lin. lata, orbicul.ai'is, extus nigro-umbrina, pilosula stvigosa, margine dilution,
subclausa, sicca, madefacta, expansa. Disco elegantcr incarnato.
*843. 100. P. TiTis, L. V. S., rimis Corticis Vitis, Bethl.

P. minuta, difformiter globosa, clausa, carnea, scd villo albo extus laxius involuta, margine crenulato-
plicato; disco pallido. Punctiformis. . .

*S44. 101. P. rnscoBARBATA, L. v. S., in antiquissimis caulibus Verbasci, Bethlehem.

P. patellaeformis, extus duriuscula et in basi nigricans, 1 — 2 linearis; in m.argine dcnsim fusco-barbata.
Disco elegantcr carneo. Spars.1. Siccitate clausa. Cupula extra barbam nuda rugosa.
*845. 102. P. nuFiBERBis, L. V. S. in plurimis stipitibus teneris dejectis, Bethl.

P. applanato-patellaeformis, siccitate ob cupulae teneritatem irregulariter contracta, ceterum orbicu-
laris, et madefacta valde explanata, rubella, carnosa, e.xtus fasciculis pilorum brevium ruforum
eximie barbata. Lin. 1 — 2 diametro ; gregatim crescens.

Vol. IV.— 2 T

174 SYNOPSIS OF

•846. 103. P. MACuii^icoLi, L. v. S., in maculis determinatis albldis, omnino tamen non crustaceis, in
lignis decorticatis ramorum ag-gregata, Bethleliem.
P. gi'egaria, affinis P. flammulae et cinnabarinae, lineam diametro excedens, sessilis, basi nigra mida
rugosa, versus marginem strigosissima, tomento strigoso ferrugineo riifo, subpulverulento. Disco
primum clause, turn Peziza globosa ; demum aperto, carneo-rufo. Cupulis in macula subconcen-
tricis.
•847. 104. P. EupATOBii, L. v. S., versus radices in maximis caullbus emortuis Eupatorii purpurei
et maculati, Betlil.
P. gregaria, cupulis bi-vel tri-linearibus ; tnadefactis explanatis, disco subconvexo, margine fere ob-
literato. Siccitate connivens, sed non clausa, est haec pezizula rufo-carnea, extus pilis nigrofuscis,
apice albescentibus fasciculatim obsita.
*848. 105. P. A'riioFuscATA, L. V. S,, in frustulis lignl dejecti. Bethlehem.

P. sparsa, m.ajuscula (pro ratione) diametro lineari. Cupula sessilis, extus statu sicciori atra, rugosa
orbiculata, interdumtantum in margine barbata, plerumque extus fusco-strigosa.

Trib. 3. Tapesia.

* Cupulis villosis.

849. 106. P. anomala, F. 86, Syn. Car. 1215, et. Bethl.

•850. lOr. P. annulala, F. 87, rarius Bethl. ad ligna.

♦851. 108. P. stipala, F. 88, non infreq. ad ligna Bethl.

•852. 109. V. poriaeformis, F. 89, rara sed distincta, Salem.

•853. 110. P. caesia, F. 93, Salem et Bethl. obvia.

•854. 111. P. liosae, F. 97, Salem, rarissima in Rosa.

855. 112. P. pauiNATA, L. v. S., F. 96, Syn. Car. 1216, etiam Bethlehem obvia in Vite.

856. 113. P. IItdbangeae, L. v. S, F. 98, Syn. Car. 1219, nondum Pennsylvania reperta.
*8S7. 114. P. Daedalea, L. v. S., in cortice Lauri aestivalis, rara Bethlehem.

P. Crustacea, insidens subiculo pulverulento crustaceo, crassiusculo, secedente, expanso in ligno ac
cortice. Cupulis dense gregariis, majusculis sessilibus daedaleis, i. e. varie tortis et flexuosis, invi-
cem adpressis, cum subiculo concolore, cinereo-pulverulentis. Disco fuligineo-cinereo.
*858. 115. P. ahachnoidea, L. v. S., in lignis dejectis udis, Bethlehem

P. subiculo ex filis arachnoideis longe lateque expansis tenerrimis, intertextis, subcandido-cinereis.
Cupulis pallido-aquosis, extus villoso-albis, minutissimis. Siccitate globoso-contractis fere iniper.
ceptibilibus.
'859. 116. P. cAKDiDo-FULVA, L. V. S., rara sed perpulchra in cortice Bethl.

P. subiculo araneoso satis denso, longe lateque effuso, candidissimo, in quo sparsne apparent cupulae
1 — 2 lineares, elegantissime fulva, extus pilis brevibus subfiisciculatis fusco-fulvis ornatae. Affinita-
tem cum P. fulvocana habet — sed dift'ert subiculo.

** Cupulis glabris.

860. 117. V.fiisca, F. 99, Syn. Car. 1217, et Bethl. freq.

861. 118. P. sanguinea, F. 102, Syn. Car. 1218, valde freq. Bethl.
•862. 119. P. scDicuLATA, L. V. S., passim in ramis dejectis Bethl.

P. subiculo crasso, tomentoso, effuso cinereo-fusco, densissime intertexto. Cupulis glabris, marginatls
etfibris quasi r.adicantibus, albis, sub nudo margine radiatim expansis, subiculo affixis ; majusculist
in ambitu mire lobato-undulatis, tri-linearibus ; disco ochraceo.
•863. 120. P. GiusEu-rnLVEnACEA, L. v. S., affinis priori — locis similibus inventa, Bethl.

P. subiculo araneoso multo tenuiori griseo. Cupulis minoribus, extus nigris, margine tumidulo non
lobato, griseo-pulverulento ; disco ochraceo etiam pulverulento.
•864. 121. P. MOLLisiAEoiDES, L. V. S., locis ilsdcm cum prioribus Bethl.

P. subiculo tenui, tomentum byssinum effusum referente, nigrofuscescente. Cupulis sp.arsis sub-dia-
phanLs, omnino P. mollisiam referentibus, tenerrimis, majusculis, nullimodo extus villosis sed sub-
rugosis, cinereis statu madefacto sicco autem nigris. Disco concolore.
•865. 122. P. iiisciNcoLA, L. v. S., in disco caesi trunci ad ligna. Subaffinis P. anomalae, Bethl.
P. minutaaggrcgata, in subiculo tenuissimo albescenti. Cupulis turbinatis, substipitatis, laxe stipatis,

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. ]75

pallide fernigineis, extus tamen omniiio tectis pills albido-clncrels, pulverulentis ; primo conniven-
tlbus, demuin In'egulai'iter expansis. Disco pallldo.
•866. 123. P. MEGJLOMA, L. V. S., in lignis puti-ldis p.isslm liethl.

P. subiculo lute efftiso, atro, contcxto ex fills crassiiisculls. Cupulis niajusculis, elevatis subro-
tundis, ceraceis, ex lutescente .albidls, margine crasso Involuto subrcpando. Disco clnerco. Extus
cupulis glabris aut subfurfuracels.

Trib. 4. Fibrika.
*867. -124. P. f/a?ino, F. 106, rara in Pino canadens. Salem.

868. 125. P. io/ans, F. lOr, Syn. Car. 1221, et. Bethlehem.

869. 126. P. nosr,o-ALBA, L. v. S., F. 113, Syn. Car. 1244, et. Bethlehem.

•870. 127. P. ceracella, F. 114, rara in cortice, Bethlehem. ▼

•871. I'SS. V. phucidJoides, F. 116, ad stipltes rara, Bethl.
872. 129. P. ciiLOKA, L. v. S., F. p. 115, b. Syn. Car. 1235. Species ex optimis — frequens occurrit in
interloribus truncis, maxime gregai-ia, et aetate nig-rescit, saepe 1 — 2 hn. diamelro. Etiam Pennsylv.
•873. 130. P. cHLOBAscENs, L, V. S., affinis priori sed major et colore alleno, locis similibus sed rarius
occurrit, Bethl.
P. majuscida (3 — 4 linearis) greg.aria, sicca valde contorta, sessilis aut brevius stipitata; extus floccosa
fibrosa, nigra aut nigrofusca statu sicciori — madefacta autem aeruginosa. Disco lato clilorasceiiti
aut luteo-vlridi, demum subpulverulento.
•874. 131. P. sonTABiA, L. V. S , rarissime insidens stipitibus tenerrimls Bethl.

P. sessilis, solitaria, m.ijuscula .ad 3 lin. lata, applanata, firma, cr.issa, margine tumido obtuso glabro,
colore ohalybeo ; disco undulatim inaequali Cupula extus vestita fibris quibusdam paucis albes-
centibus.
*875. 132. P MEMBBAWATA, L. V. S.,r,ara, ad ligna dejecta, Bethlehem.

P. submembranacea, extus rugulosa fibris adpressis. Tota nigra, statu sicciori. E stipite longiusculo

abiens in cupulam tubaeformem, irregulariter limbo lobatam, intus cinerascens. Statu madido tota

Pezlza cinerascit. Affinis Merulio aut pot. Cantharella fissill.
*876. 133. P. TOHTA, L. V. S., affinis P. bolarl. Rara obvia lignis vetustis, Salem.

P. subfasciculata, aut sparsa ; stipite crasso sulcato, torto ferrugineo-fusco aeque ac cupula estus
Disco cxplanato undulato, immarginato, aeruginoso-viridi, pulverulento. Substantia demum sub
coriacea. Totus fungus a 4 lineas latus et altus.
•877. 134. P. AscoBOLoiDEA, L. V. S., in rimis corticis Vitis labruscae, kc. Bethlehem.

P. minutissima, spars.a, extus fibrosa, Candida, turbinata carne, sed vix stipitata. Disco subcarneo
quasi ascis ascoboloideis punctate, subconvexulo, siccitate clauso. Vix semiUneam excedit.
*878. 135. P. Lextagisis, L. v. S , in ramis Viburni Lentaginis, Hope, Jersey, vulgata.

P. gregaria, sed sparsim, brevistipitata, stipite tenuiusculo concolore. Cupula dilatata, extus tenulss-
ime fibrosa badia, subpulverulenta. Disco rotundo aut flexuoso marginato, pallide fusco badio.
Tota 1—2 linearis.
•879. 136. P. opuLiFOLiAE, L. V. S., frequens in emortuis ramis, Spiraeae opulifol. Bethl.

P. sessilis, sparsa, egloboso-turbinata, regidaris, margine tumido inflexo; brunnea, extus fibroso-striata,
margine albescenti. Disco pallide. Diametro 1 lineari. Copiosim provcnit in ramulis.
•880. 137. P. TixvisiDiLis, L. V. S., in fibris interloribus Corticis Castaneae BetU.

P. minutissima, subfasciculatim proveniens circum Sphaeronema parabolicum i.n eisdem fibris crescen-
tem; fusca, subfibrillosa, obconica, abiens in stipitem brevem, margine albopruinoso involuto. Disco
cinereo-fusco ascigero. Ore semper contracto. Vix nisi per lentem detegenda.

Series 3. Phialea.

Trib. 1. HiMENOSCTPHAE.-

f Ciborioideae.
«881, 138. P. echinophila, F. n. 4, in involcuris Castan. Bethl.

882. 139. V. firma, F. n. 1, Syn. Car. 1222, et. Bethl.
•883. 140. P. /ruc/i'gma, F. 5, in Juglandium fruct, Bethl.

884. 141. P. serutina, F. 6, Syn. Car. 1225, non in Pennsylv.

176 SYNOPSIS OF

885. 142. P. luiescens, F. 8, Syn. Car. 1228, folils, et. Bethl.

•886. 143- P.;?yr//b™!i"s, F. 13, Salem in muscis rarlssima.

•887. 144. P- clavata, F. 16, Bethl. freq. in cortice Robiniae-

888. 145. P. cyathoidea, F. 21, Syn. Car. 1227, passim etiam in cauUbus, Betlilebem.

889. 146- P. coronuta, F. 9, rarissima, obvia tamen Salem ac Betlil. in stipitibus.
•890. 147. P. slricda, F. 15, ad caules Bethl.

•891. 148. P. campanula, F. 19, in caulibus Umbellatarum, jam Salem et Bethl.
•892. 149. P. Capula, F. 20, ad dejectos stipites Bethl.
•893. 150. P. Ferula, F. 23, ad stipites Bethl.

^ ■ . -j-f Volulelleae.

•894. 151. P. vaccitiea, F. 27, ad fimi\m rarius obvia.

Trib. 2. Caltcinae.

f Calyculae.
895. 152. P. '^ucc/Ha, F. 35, Syn. Car. 1223, rara etiam Bethl.
•896. 153- CROCEA, L. v. S., ex New York communicavit Dr. Torrey.

P. subcorneo-indurata, crocea, fiisciculata, stlpite crasso sulcato incurvo. Cupula varie contorta et
lobata, marg-ine obtuso siibflexuoso. Altitudine J unciali. Cupula diametro bilineari.
•897. 154. P. Phiula, F. 36, ramulis et stipitibus, Bethl.
•898. 155- P. Calyculus, F. ?::7, rara var. infundibuliformis ad ligna Bethl.

899. 156. p. aen(^»!o.sn, F. 39, Syn. Car. 1230. Vulg-atissima et interdum maxima Bethlehem.
•900. 157. P. versiformis, F. 40, Bethl. in salicinls truncis.
•901. 158. P. Jlspcgrecnii, F. 41, Bethlehem ad ligna.
902. 159. P. citrina, F. 43, Syn. Car. 1231. Vulgatissima et maxima Bethl.
'903. 160. P. coNFLUE^fs, L. V. S., affinis priori, sed multo major passim Bethl.

P. majuscula, saepe pl.igis uncialibus et ultra confluens, ita ut cupulae confluentes quasi membranam
efhciunt. Stipitibus crassiusculis, brevibus albescentibus cum cupulis ad basin, ceteram vivide
citrinis, subtus pallidioribus.

904. 161. P. pallexccm, F. 44, Syn. Car. 1232, et. Bethl. optime in caulibus Pastlnacarum basin versus.

905. 162. P. nigripes, F. 45, Syn. Car. 1226, etiam Pennsylv.
•906. 163. P. cA/o»aca, F. 44, b. optima Nazareth ad ligna.

ff Lenticulares.
907. 164. P. kntkularis, F. 46, Syn. Car. 1236, et. Bethl.
•908. 165. P. salicelh, F. 47, r.arior, Hope, Jersey.
•909. 166. P. /r/co/or, F. 49, Bethlehem in truncis r.ara.
•910. 167. P. femiginca. F. 51, Salem in trunci disco.
•911. 168. P. discifoi-mis,F. 52, r.irissima ad truncos, Bethl.

•912. 169. P. cuprcssina, F. 54, ad folia et r.amulos Jiiniperi virginicae dejectae Bethlehem passim.
•913. 170. P. imbcrhis, F. 57, rarior ad ligna Bethl.

914. 171. P. herharum, F. 58, Syn. Car. 1233, et. Bethlehem vulg.
•915. 172. V.faginea, F. 59, r.arissima in foliis Bethl.
916. 173. P. epipltyUa, F. 60, Syn. Car. 1243, Salem ac Pennsylvania.
•917. 174. P. lutcovircm, F. 48, ad ligna Bethlehem.
•918. 175. P. Muugcolii, F. 53, rara sed pulchra Betlil.
•919. 176. P. Pastixacae, L. v. S., in caulibus exsiccatis duris Pastinacae Bethl.

p. minuta, stlpite brevissimo ci\asso, interdum sessllis ; cupulis sparsis apertis, margine tumidulo obtuso
albescenti luteo. Disco subconvesulo rufo lutesccnte. Affinis P. herbarum.
•920. 177. P. Lr.GrMiNiiM, L. V. S., rara sed distincta species sparsim occurrit in leguminibus, Bigno-
niae Catalpae et radicantis, Betlil.
P. minuta, sparsa, emergens, globosa, ceracea, sessllis, glabra, rufa. Disco excavato concolori, mar-
gine albescenti. Punctiformis apparet.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 177

Trib. 3. Mollis: a.

\ Claviforma.
*921. 178. P. conigena, F. 65, conis Pinorum prope Philad.
*922. 179. V ■ Jiavovirens, F. 66, rara in putrido ligno Bethl.

ft Udae.
92o. 180. P. chrysocoma, F. 67, Syn. Car. 1159, aurea, et. Bethl.
•924. 181. P. Ulacina, F. 68, non rara Bethlehem.

925. 182. P. vinosa, F. 69, Syn. Car. 1160, passim et. Bethl.

926. 183. p. rubella, F. 70, Syn. Car. 1162, freq. et. Bethl.
92". 184. P. atrovirens, F. 71, Syn. Car. 1163, freq. ibidem.

'928. 185. P. olivacea, F. 75, nostra occurrit in terra juxta truncos.

929. 185. P. uda, F. 74, Syn. Car. 1157, freq. ubique.

930. 187. P. cinerca, F. 75, Syn. Car. 1158, vulgpatissima.
*931. 188. P. ^««j7/a, F. 76, rarior ad truncos Bethlehem.

•932. 189. P. Pteridis, F. 79, passim ad stipites Pteridis aquif. Bethlehem.

•933. 190. P. axillaris, F. 83, in axiUis muscorum ; Clariss. Torrey ex New York communicavit.

*934. 191. P. sanguinolenta, F. 84, non rara lignis Bethl.

•935. 192. P. xanthostigma, F. 86, in vetustis lignis Bethl.

•936. 193. P. iiu/^am, F. 88, ad cortices putrid. Bethl.

*937. 194. P. livido-fusca, F. 90, rarior in fragmentis corticis dejectis Bethlehem.

•938. 195. P. rfiVuic/fo, F. 91, rara obviaBethl. locis suis.

•939. 196. P. airata, F. 92, passim in exaridis lignis Bethl.

•940. 197. P. leucostigma, F. 87, ligno cariosissimo Nazareth.

*941. 198. P. dentata, F. 89, in ligno materie viridi obtecto, Bethlehem et alibi.

•943. 199. P. coNCHELLii, L. V. S., adramos dejectos Mori albae Betlilehem.

P. minutissima, conchiformis, sessilis, subpellucide rubra, sicca, connivens, margine acuto.
•943. 200. P. cRUENTA, L. V. S., in cortice ramorum passim Bethl.

P. minuta, sparsa, sessUis, applanata, cruenta, subpellucida, marg-ine elevato albidulo crenulato, aut

pruina adsperso. Disco concavo. Forma totius fungi orl)iculata, vix semilineam excedeiis.
*944. 201. P. ciTKiNELiA, t. V. S. , in lignis cariosissimis salicinis Bethlehem.

P. gregaria ac sparsa, minuta, sessilis, junior subglobosa, demum explanata, semper margine crassiiis-

culo obtuso distincta, varie flexuoso et linea albida notato. Ceterum unicolor citrinella — affinis P

chrysocomae.
•945. 202. P. HUFULA, L. v. S., satis affinis P. rubellae, sed major, ac minus tremellosa. Bethlehem

lignis.
P. basi affixa, margine crasso subalbescente, ceterum e rubro rufa. Disco impresso, quasi umbilicato,

limbo interdum undulate, plerumque regulariter orbicularis.

Trib. 4. Patelleae.

•946. 203. P. melaxantha, F. 97, passim Bethlehem.
947. 204. P. melakuca, F. 88, Syn. Car. leucomcla, 1247, et. Bethl.

•948. 205. P. /(gTjyo/a, F. 100, rarior lignis Bethlehem.

•949. 206. P. rfi^ormts, F. 101, Nostra videtur major Friesii, in disco antiquo Salicis Bethlehem.

•950. 207. P. viticola, F. 102, rarior Bethl. in Vite.

•951. 208. P. lecideola, F. 103, passim Bethlehem obvia.

•952. 209. P. connivens, F. 104, in frustuhs dejectis, Bethl.

*953. 210. P. compressa, F. 105, in fragmentis ligni caesi ad terram dejectis Bethlehem freq.

•954. 211. v. Jlexella, F. 107, ad varia ligna cariosa Bethlehem.

•955. 212. P. cLANDicoLA, L. V. S , gregatim provenit et subseriatim in glandibus putridis, Bethl.
P. minuta, nigrofusca, subcaespitosa et fasciculata, sessilis, margine plicato inflexo; disco concavo
glabro. Quasi zonatim glandescircumdant greges densissimae hujus pezizulae, quae cupulis valde
variant, difformibus saepe flexuosis et conniventibus. Disco interdum griseo-pulveraceo.

*956. 213. P. Pbiladelphi, L. v. S., in ramulis Philadelphi inodori culti in hortis Bethlehem.

Vol. IV.— 2 U

178 SYNOPSIS OF

p. cupulis sessilibus aut stipite paplilaeformi praedltis ; s'lccis subrotundis, sparsis, superficialiter
epidermidi adnatis, extus fennigineo lutescentibus, subpulverulentis, margine subproniinulo. Disco
demum convexo, punctato, umbrino, 5 lineari. Interdum cupuli agg'regati occumint.

Genus 24. Ascobolus.

957. 1. A. furfuraceus, Fries, n. 3, Syn. Car. 1270, Carol.

958. 2. A. glaher, F. n. 7, Syn. Car., 1269, et. Uethl. in fimo.
*959. 3. A. immersus, F. n. 8, non rarus in fimo Bethl.

*960. 4. A. coNGLOMEBATus, L. V. S., in ti'uncis quercinis mucidissimis copia ingentl aggregatus. Tarn
affinis Hysteric rufescenti nostro statu sicciori, ut vis distinguitiir. Aladido autem nil dissimilius.

A. cupulis sessilibus, majusculis, applanatis, varie flexuosis, saepissime aggregatis in caespitulis un-
cialibus. Disco cinereo carnoso-tremelloso, late aperto ad latitudinem 1 — 2 llnearum, subtumidulo,
ascis punctato-prominulis nigrloribus ; margine tumido albescente. Sicco statu, valde m\itatur,
cupulis turn contractis, contortis, conniventibus, Hysterium rufescenkm referentibus, disco toto
nigro, margine albo, extus autem nigrescentibus- Ad ulnarem longitudinem confluunt caespites
cupularum.

Genus 25. Bulgaria.

'*961. 1. B. globosa, F. 166, n. 1, Salem et Bethlehem rariter obvia.

962. 2. B. inquinans, F. n. 2, Syn. Car. Fez. 1153, copiosissime et interdum maxima invenltur Salem
et Bethlehem. Praesertim vulgata in lignis caesis ad ignem destinatis.

963. 3. B. sarcoides, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. Fez. 1156, freq. et. Bethlehem in Betula.

*964. 4. B. zicFi, L, v. S, in ligno putrido Bethlehem Imnc fungum rarius, sed tum maxima copia
inveni.

B. magnitudine et substantia indoleque omnino B. inquinantis: forma autem magis Pezizoidea, breviter
stipitata. Junioribus subturbinatis aut obovatis, clausis, vix autem velatis. Mox cupula dilatatur,
margine undulato repando, disco, ascophoro, eleganter rufo. Extus umbrino-fusca, venoso-r.gulosa,
strigoso-pilosa, pilis tamen breviusculis. Statu niadido attinet diametrum 2 — 3 unclalem, et colore
laeto inter folia putrida oculos allicit ; in sicco cornea et indurata sit mox autem reviviscens. In-
crescit more B. inquinatae lignis, putridioribus tamen, inter folia defossis.

Tribus 3. Claviculaues.
Genus 26. Vibrissea.

965. 1. V. TBUNCOBDM, F. p. 31, Syn. Car. 1121. Leotia, L. v. S., solummodo (;arolina obvia.

Genus 27. Sarea. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. 8G.

966. 1. S. awea, F. II. p. 156, Helotium.n. 3, Syn. Car. 1272, elegans. Nondum Pennsylvania obvia.

967. 2. S. acicularis, F. n. 4, Syn. Car. 1271, et. Bethlehem in cortice.

968. 3. S. Jimetaria, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1273, et. Bethlehem rarius locissimilibus.
•969. 4. S. subtilis, F. n. 6, rarius. Bethl., Philad.

*970. 5. S. pithya, F. n. 1, in ligno et ramulis Pini can.adensis, m.ijor et magis applanata quam Eu-

ropaea species sed omnino eadem, Plainfield, Pennsylvania.
'971. 6. S. BBASsicAEcoLA, L. V. S., in caulibus vetustis Brassicaruni induratis Bethl.

S. gregaria, gregibus vastis, minuta, propuUans inter fibros caulis. Stipite -albo pulverulento, b.asi in-

crassato. Capitulo rufo-.aurantio, conve.xo, in cupulam c slipitisapice dilatato, demum disco appla-

nato et manifestim marginato.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 179

Genus 28. Volutella. Fries. Veg. Sys. et Mycol. p. 173.

Fungus pulclierrimus, passim occarrens in folUs sem'ivivis Quercinis Bethlehem, jam describendus diu
nos exercuit ubi sit locandus. Nunc certior factus sum longa observatione eum hue pertinere.
Nomine Jimphyphyto multis a me communicatus est. V. Q.nEiiciNA, L. v. S.
•972. 1. V. Receptaculo coi-neo ceraceo-pezizaeformi, basi, stipitiformi, brevissima, folio adnato, quae
basis autem in patellulam marginatam extensa. Cupula varie formata, undulata, extus plicato-rugu-
losa, ceterum glabra, colore purpureo-rubro, diamelro in junioribus lineari — in adultis interdum J
unciali. Disco plerumque subumbonato. Totus fungus extus et quidem in disco, filis tenuissiniis,
cum pruina alba interspersis vestita, passim evanidis. Est quidem analogia cum Epichysio Todei.
Crescit sparsim, sed plerumque multis speciminibus in eodem folio. Interdum fasciculatlm. Sub-
stantia indurescit.

Genus 29. Ditiola.

'972. I- D. volvata, F. p. 171, n. 3, ex Nova Anglia Torrey communicavlt.
'974. 2. D. sulcata, F. n. 4, in rimis corticis Vltis, etiam ex Nova Anglia Torrey.

Tribus 4. Stictei.

Genus 30. Stictis.

I . Stictis Corticiae.
•975. 1. S. ocf/too, F. 193, n. 3. Bethlehem rara.
•976. 2. S. Pupiila, F. n. 4, in ramis salicinis Bethl.
•977- 3. S. spkacralis, F. n. 5, rara in Fraxino Beth!.
*978. 4. S. chrysophaea, F. n. 6, in ramuhs decorticatis Betlil.
*979. 5. S. tenuis, F. n. 9, Carolina a me Frieslo missa.
*980. 6. S. radiata, F. n. 7, Bethlehem in Corni sericeae cort.
'981. 7. S. pehicula, F. n. 10, In ram. Ribis florid. Bethl.
*982. 8. S. pallida, F. n. 11, in lignis vetustis sepium Sal. et Bethl.
•983- 9. S. hemisphaerica, F. n. 12, in ligno pineo Pennsylv.

*984. 10. S. llTrRAjtGEAE, L. V. S., valde vulgata in ramulis emortuis Hydrangeae, Bethlehem et
Salem.
S . omnino affinis S. radiatae, a qua magnitudine multo majori et disco globoso elevato distinguitur.
•985. 11. S- Item, L. v. S., in antiquissimis caulibus Rubi viUosl Bethl.

S. subimmersa, erumpens c\im epidermide, verrucae ad instar, arete cincta ab epidermide; verruca
orbiculata. Limbo albopulveraceo, plicatim inflexo, faciliter detergibili. Disco excavato ni-
grescente.
*986. 12. S. FiMBKiATA, L. v. S., ad latus interior squamarum Strobili Pini inopis juxta Kaign's
Point, Philadelphia.
S. immersa, suberumpens, disco tremelloso ceraceo orbiculari, subconvexo, pruinoso, cinereo, limbo
candldissimo prominente eleganter fimbriato-fisso. Aecidium exacte refert. Gregatim provenit.
Siccitate subclausa.
*987. 13. S. CAULINCOLA, L. V. S., sub epidermide caulium majorum; primum tecta demum erumpens,
Bethlehem.
S. minuta, atra, et circumcirca nigrificans, exacte orbiculata aut urceolata, solummodo ore rotundo.
margine spurio cinerascente cincto, prorumpens.
♦988. 14. S. Umbellatarcm, L. v. S., vulgaris in caulibus Pastinacae Bethl. Affinis radiatae.
S. sparsa, gregibus tamen vastis caules occupans, immersa, ore pulverulento sublacero valde promi-
nuloalbo. Disco ime excavato pallido. Multo minor S. radiatae et margine vix manifestira radiato.

180 SYNOPSIS OF

*989 15. S. CEHACEA, L. V. S., in caullbus passim, Bethl.
S . sparsa aut coUecta in maculo exalbescente, immersa. Disco ceraceo albido saepe reijulari. Limbo
non pulverulento sed crassiusculo albo.
•990. 16. S. Steiia, L. v. S., in ramis ignotis ligno immersa, Bethl.
S. ime immersa, disco nigro urceolato, minuta, limbo albo stellatim fisso, valde prominente : laciniis
3 — 4 stellatim reflexis, pulvere obtectis.
*991. 17. S. LiousTRi, L. v, S., in ramulis Ligustri, Bethlehem, affinis S. Lecanorae.
S. sparsa erumpens, carnoso-tremellosa, patellaeformis, primum nigiescens, demum quasi lutescens
in ligno. Margins elevato sublacero — et disco quasi pruinoso.
*992. 18. S. Philadeiphi, L. V. S., in ramulis tenerrimis P. inodori, Bethlehem hortis.
S. erumpens, orbicularis, disco subceraceo tremelloso, omnino pulvere cinereo obtecto, magis in am-
bitu aggregato efficiens limbum crassiusculum.

2. Xylographa.
'993. 19. S. paralkla, P. n. 14, in omni hgno vetusto, praesertim saeplum nostr., " fence rails" dicto-

rum, Bethl. et Salem.
'994. 20. S. stictica, F. n. 15, in canescente ligno Bethlehem.

3. Propolis.
*995. 21. S./onnosa, F. n. 16, vulgata in disco truncorum caesorum Bethlehem.
•996. 22. S. hysterina, F. n. 20, in Querco Salem et Bethl.
*997. 23. S. pROMiNULA, L. V. S., in ipso libro ramentarum Vitis emortuae Bethl.

S. majuscula, valde prominens, primum immersa, demum fere libera aut superficialis, disco ime exca-
vato albido-pallido, limbo valde dilatato, vix lacerato, sed saepe irregular! pluribus quasi in unum
confluentibus.
*998. 24. S. versicolor, F. n. 17. in iisdem lignis cum Ascobolo nostro conglomerate, Bethlehem.

999. 25. S. Hissopi, L. v. S., in caulibus H. nepetoidis, Bethl.

S. ime immersa, minuta, urceolata, ore contracto, limbo albo-pulverulento, in radios patentes diviso.
Hymenio lutescenti, demum quasi libero in cavitate. Uistinguitur ore contracto.

Genus 31. Solenia.

1000. 1. S.fascicitlata, F. p. 206, n. 1, Syn. Car. incana, n. 1266. Salem et Bethlehem.
•1001. 2. S. Candida, F. n. 2, rarior Bethlehem.

•1002. 3. S. villosa, F. n. 3, freq. in lignis Bethlehem.

* 1003. 4. S. ochracea, F. n. 4, Syn. Car. 1267 et 1268, urceolata — quae mera varietas. Frequena ambo
v.arietates et. Bethl.

Ordo III. CLAVATI.

ScBORDo I. PILEOLATI.

Genus 32. Hericium.
Hue pertinet Hydnum (Gomphum) Caput Medusae jam recensitum — non infrequens Bethl. n. 532 supr.\

Genus 33. Sparassis.

'1004. 1. S. cris;)o, F. I. p. 465, in horto Bartramii prope Philadelphiam sub maximis arboribm Cu-
pressorum et Pinorum, exactc cum fungo lusatico convenientem inveni.

NORTH A3IERICAN FUNGI. ISl

1005. 2. S. spATHULATA, F. Sys. \eg. p. 89, Syn. Car. 1070, sub nomine M. spathulatae. Sine iill.i
dubio congenera prioris et Bethlehem quanquam rarissime obvia. Elench. F. p. 227, n. 2.

SuBORDo ir. MITRULINI.

Genus 34. Spathulea. Sys. Veg. S8, Spathularia.

•1006. 1. S. Jiavida,T. 1. p. i91. In terra lignosa tmncorum mentis Pocono. Etium ex New York.
Variat clavula ime rufa.

Genus 35. Mitrula.

1007. 1. M. paludosa, F. 491. Leotia Ludwigii et BuUiardi, Syn. Car. 1117 — Ulii, etlam freq. iisdem
locis Bethlehem.

*1068. 2. M. isFLATA, L. V. S., Elench. F. p. 234, n. 3, valde memorabilis gregibus vastis occiipat
ramulos dejectos rarissime Salem.
1069. 3. M. ExiGUA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1119, et Elench. Fries, p. 235, rara Salem.

Genus 36. Geoglossum.

1008. 1. G.glabrum, F. 488, n. 2, Syn. Car. 1115, nondum Pennsylvania.

1009. 2. G. hirsutum, F. n. 1, Syn. Car. 1114, nondum in Pennsylv.

1010. 3. G. FAHiNACEUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1116, nondum repertum in Pennsylv.
*1011. 4. G. HUFUM, L. V. S., ex Hope, New Jersey, communicavit Dr Kampman.

G. terrestre, glabrum, rufum, stipite tenuori, clavula multo crassior, et color clavulae rufior, apice
obtuso inaequali. Subrugosum. Unciam longitudine excedens.

SuBORDO III. CLAVULATI.
Genus 37. Clavaria.

Trib. 1. BOTRTOIBEAS.

1012. 1. C..Bo<r!/<!'s,F. 466, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1075, et.Bethl. freq.

1013. 2. C.formosa, n. 2, Syn. Car. 1072, et. Bethlehem.

1014. 3. C.Jlava, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 1073, fi-equens, et. Pennsylv.

1015. 4. C. grisea, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 1074, nondum Pennsylv.
"1016. 5. C. spinulosa,F. n. 7, quibusdam annis freq. Bethl.

Trib. 2. Eamahiae.

1017. 6. C. stricta, F. n. 8, Syn. Car. 1076, rarior Salem.

1018. 7. C. ^aZma/a, F. n. 9, Syn. Car. 1077, etiam Bethl.

1019. 8. C. abietina, F. n. 11, Syn. Car. 1078, rarior et. Pennsylv.

1020. 9. C. pyxidata, F. n. 13, Syn. Car. 1079, vulgaris Bethl.
*1021. 10. C. apiculata, F. 12, Menango Chunk, Jersey, inventa.

1022. 11. C. ^ratois/s, F. 15, Syn. Car. 1081, nondum Pennsylv.

1023. 12. C. comicukta, F. 16, Syn. Car. 1080, non in Pennsylv.

*1024. 13. C. crispula, F. 14, inter muscos rarior Betid., olim nobis C. epiphylla, Bethl.

♦1025. 14. C. crocea, F. 18, rarissime Bethl.

•1026. 15. C. tenacella, F. 20, Salem solummodo inventa.

Vol. IV.— 2 V

182 SYNOPSIS OF

*1027- 16. C. vlrgata, F. 21, ex New York missa Toirey.

1028. 17. C. cristata, F. 22, Syn. Car. 1082 et 1083, et. Bethl.

1029. 18. C. rugosa, F. 23, Syn. Car. 1088, etiam Pennsylv.

1030. 19. C. macropus, F. 26, Syn. Car. 1086, nondum Bethl.
•1031. 20. C. Kunzei, F. 25, rara Bethl. obvia.

1032. 21. C. gracilis, F. 27, Syn. Car. 1085, et. Pennsylv.

1033. 22. C. subiilis, F. 28, Syn. Car. 1084, et. Bethl.

1034. 23. C. byssiseda, F. 29, Syn. Car. 1087, et. Bethl.

1035. 24. C. TETKAGONi, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1090, et. Bethl.

1036. 25. C. mucida, F. 30, Syn. Car. 1091, passim Pennsylv.
•1037. 26. C. /i(/!^mea, Pers. rarior Salem.

•1038. 27. C. TENUIS, L. V. S., in muscis nobis ex New York missis.

C. sparsim ex ligno proveniens, fere simplex, affinis C. mucidae, ct tantum rarius apice furcate.
Ceternm ten'iis, J unciah longitudine, pallida aut alba, gracilis.
"1039. 23. C. coMPRESsA, L. v. S., distinctissima species, Dr Kampman ex New Jersey communicavlt.
C. majuscula, 2 — 3 uncias long-a, ex ipsa basi crassiuscula vage i-amosa, rarais crassis non valde divisis,
complanato compressis, quasi canaliculatis, apice obtusatis, deorsim attenuatis. Flavo-alutacea.
•1040. 29. C. subcohticalis, L. v. S., rarlssime sub cortice reperta monte Menango chunk, Jersey.
C . uncialls, caule brevi tenuori, ramoso-dilatata, ramis subdivaricatim furcatis, compressulis ; alutaceo-
alba, valde pulverulenta, et subvillosa. Apicibus ramorum acutis. Cornu cervinum aemulat.
•1041. 30. C. conoNATA, L. v. S., in ligno putrido dejecto Bethlehem.

C. lig-natihs, jam e basi divisa, ramosissima ; ramis primordialibus divergentibus demum complanatim
aut angulatim compressis, apicibus adhuc divergentloribus truncato-obtusis, in ipsa truncatura coro-
natis processubus minutis circumcirca Cladoniae more. Substantia subtenaci. Ramis omnibus
madido statu quasi subdiaphanis et subviscosis, substriatis ; exsiccata autem non cornea fit. Medi-
ocri magnitudine. Colore pallido-cervino.
'1042. 31. C. sTjLPiiuRAscEss, L. V. S., aestate inter folia putrescentia, Bethl.
C. delicatula, semiunciali altitudine. Caule aut stipite tereti, basi Incrassata, albo-pruinosa ; apice
ramosa, ramis subfastlgiatis tcretibus, ramulis breviusculis corniculatis acutis. Radiculis byssoideis
foliis insidens. Color totius fungi, e sulphureo-subfuligineus.
*1043. 32. C. TENAx, L. V. S., ad terram nudam in Insula Lehigh prope Bethl.

C. fasciculata, substantia tenacissima, demum subcornea, e basi jam ramoso-divisa, ramis compressis,
apice fere in membi-anam dilatatis, ramulis minutis irregulariter prominentibus et inde fimbriatis.
Colore alutaceo-rufo. Uncialem altitudinem non excedit.
*1044. 33. C. MERisMAToiDEs, L. V. S ., cum priori ad ten'am nudam.
C. caulescens, caule varietorto, brevi, et fere a basidiviso in ramos numerosos strlctos, tereti-angulatos
tenues, fastigiatos. Apice ramis dilatato subfimbriatls. Substantia tenacissima. Colore uniformi
pallido lutescente. Uncialis aut biunciaUs.

Trib. 3. Cortkoideae.

1045. 34. C. GiGANTEA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1112, Elench. Fries, pag. 231. Etiam frequens Penn-
sylvania. Abnormis — an novum Genus ' Structura interna fibrosa, stipites Agaricorum in animam
revocans. Intcrdum plagas occupat densas 3 — 4 pedes diametro in viclnitate truncorum inter
radices subdenudatas.

1046. 35. C. pislillaris, F. n. 31, Syn. Car. 1095, rara Pocono.
1047- 35. C. ligula, F. n. 32, Syn. Car. 1094, non in Pennsylv.

1048. 37. C. vERNALTs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1098, Vere et. Bethlehem.

1049. 38. C. TRicHOMORPBA, L. V. S., Syn Car. 1099, et. Pennsylv.
•1050. 39. C. conto-to, F. 33, Torrey ex Massachusetts com.

1051. 40. C.fuxiformis, F. 41, Syn. Car. 1101, et. Bethlehem.

1052. 41. C. inaegualis, F. 43, Syn. Car. 1102, Torrey etiara misit.

1053. 42. C. onn-«5/(rfa, F. 44, Syn. Car. 1104, etiam ex Torrey.
•1054. 43. C. auraniiaca, F. 46, ex Doctissimo Torrey com.
•1055. 44. C. urgillucm, F. 48, Salem nobis obvia.

1056. 45. CJUvipes, F. 49, Syn. Car. 1103, et. Pennsylv.

NORTH A3IERICAN FUNGI, 183

1057. 46. C. /«raos«, F. 51, Syn. Car. 1105, nondumPennsylv.

•1058. 47. C. n/^-nVa, P. 5'3, rara Uethlehem.

1059. 48. C.fragilis, F. 55, Syn. Car. ebuniea 1106.

1060. 49. C./(;/cata, F. 5", Syn. Car. 1107, et. Pennsylv.
•1061. 50. C. ticrmiCHfans, F. 54, Salem rara ad ten-am.

*1062. 51. C. ADBASTio-ciNNABAniNA, L. V. S., locis teiTac nudae ad ripas LeliigU in Rhododendretis.
C. ten-estrisad radices tamen arborura, simplex, carnosa, subtenax, fasciculatim proveiiiens, seriebus
saepe elong'atis, multiformis, varians a junioribus 3 linearibus ad triunciales adultas altitudine.
Deorsum attenuata, medio incrassata, apicem versus iterum attenuata. Clavulis aetata compressis,
flexuosis, juventute teretibus. Basi albo-pulverulenta aut pruinata et subbyssacea. Ceterum gaudet
colore ex aurantio in cinnabarinum vcrgenti. Majoribus clavulis interdum i uncialibus crassitie ;
apice semper obtusiusculo.

Genus 38. Typhula.

1063. 1. T. gyrans, F. p. 494, Syn. Car. 1 113, rai-a, etiam Bethlehem ad stipites.
•1064. 2. T. MucEHDAE, L. V. S., rarissima in mucerda Shamokin Pennsylv.
T. gregaria, minuta, lineam non superans, albo-pallida, stipite gracili, glabro, clavula exacte ovata
concolore. Tuberculo nuUo.
*1065. 3. T. nAMEALis, L. V. S., rarissime in ramis Castaneis, Bethl.
T. minuta, sparsa 1 — 2 linearis. Stipite brevi, glabro, badio-lutescente. Clavula subcylintlnca, sub-
falcata interdum, attenuata, albido-citrina, subpulverulenta.
•1066. 4. T. villosa, F. 495, n. 5, rarissime obvia, Bethlehem ad folia et stipites deject.

Genus 39. Pterula. Fries. Syst. Veget. p. 90.
1067. 1. P. PLUMOSA, L. y. S., Syn. Car. 1089, etiam Bethlehem inter folia.

SuBORDo IV. PISTILLARINI.

Genus 40. Calocera.

1068 et 1069, vide sub Mitrula — omissa.

C. viscosa, F. p. 486 et 487, n. 1, Salem rai-a.
C- furcaia, F. 4, Salem et Bethl. in ti-uncis.
C. cornea, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1092, et. Bethlehem.
, C. glossoides, F. n. 6, Syn. Car. 1093, et. Bethl. freq.
C. piLiPES, L. V. S., ex ligno dejecto gregatim propullans, Salem.
C. simplex, 2 — 3 Un. alta, clavula cinereo-nigra cornea basi nigricanti subpilosa, ceterum compresso-
glossoidea. Vegetans colore paUide fuligineo. Apice attenuato.
*1075. 6. C. FAscicuLATA, L. V. S., abnormis, minuta, in Ilymenio Daedaleae, Bethl.

C. minutissima, fasiculatim prorumpens, sed clavulis simplicibus vermicularibus,aureofulvis, flexuosis,
tenacibus stipitem versus nigricantibus. Semilinearis. Substantia ceterorum.

• Genus 41. Crinula.

•1076. 1. C. caliciiformis, F. p. 403, rara obvia in cortice RobinJae Bethlehem dejecto.

1070.

1.

1071.

2.

1072.

3.

1073.

4,

1074.

5.

184 ' SYNOPSIS OF

Genus 42. Pistillaria.

1077. 1- P. micans, F. 497, "n. 1, Syn. Car. 1108, non Penns.

1078. 2. P. ovata, n. 2, F., Salem et BeUil.

•1079. 3. P. fUisyuiVtam, F. 3, ad stipites Bethlehem. - •

•1080. 4. P. musckola, F. 4, in muscis hypnoideis, Salem rarissime.

Ordo IV. TREMELLINI.

SxiBOEDO I. PILEOLARES.

Genus 43. Helotium.
*1081. 1. H. umbonatum, F. var. epiphylla, in foliis putridis Salem ; faciliter periit.

Genus 44. Cyphella.

•1082. 1. C. lacera, F. 202, n. 2, Vol. II. rarius Salem in laqueo vetusto.
*1083. 2. C. muscicula, F. n. 3, immuscis ad terram Philad.
1084. 3. C. PENDULA, L. V. S., Carol. Syn. Carol. 1183, Pezlza valde similis prime obtutu Sphueriae

pendulae.

Genus 45. Guepinia. Syst. Veget. F. p. 92.

•1085. 1. G. HELTEiLoiDEA, L. V. S. Fungus rarissimus, omiiino sui g-encris, liuc pertincrc videtur.
Mense Augiisto obvius ad terram locis graminosis.
G. anomala, subtremelloso-carnosa, intus gelatinosa et udo tempore quasi deliqucscens, siccitate autem
indurescens et cornea deveniens. Stipite cavo, sursum in pseudo-pileum irreg'uluriter inflalo-bul-
latuni, rugoso venosum dilatato. Apicibus pluribus ramosis et corniculatis (semper cavis) obtusis.
Hymenio cxterno manifestim sporidifero, totum fungum occupante. Altitiidine statu vegeto 4 — 5
imciarum. Siccitate diminuitur. Colore aquoso-pallido.

. -. SuBOEDo II. CUPULARES.

Genus 46. Lemalis. Syst. Veg. F. p. 93.

■1086. 1. L. Betuli, F. II. p. 193, Pezlza BetuU, Salem et Bethl.
1087. 2. L. oLivACEo-TiHENs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Peziza 1234, solummodo Salem obvia, in truncis

Bethl.
'1088. 3. L. pulla, F. II. p. 160, n. 5, Bethlehem in asseribus.
1089. 4. L. BCFO-oLivACEA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1220, Peziza nigro-olivacea ; Salem et Bethlehem
differt specificea priori.
•1090. 5. L. auEBciNA, L. v. S., in ramis querneis deorbatis, Betlil.

L. minor, sparsa, sublibei-a, fusco-atra, subgelatinosa, ov.ita. Disco interdum subplicato, margine sub-
involuto nigro, pulverulento nigro. Diametro 1 — 2 lineari.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 1S5

Genus 47. Exidia.

■(■ Suriculae.

1091. 1. R. .iarkula Judae, F. 221, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1136, et freq. Pennsylvania.

1092. 2. E. AuniFoBMis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1156, F. n. 4.

1093. 3. E. recisa, F. ii. 5, Syn. Car. 1154, praesertim in Salicinis ramis, et. Hctlil.
*1094. 4. E. fruncate, F. 6, in Pyro Malo Bethlehem.

If Glandulosac.
1095. 5. E. glanduhsa, F. 7, Syn. Car. 1135, vulgat. et. Pennsylv.
•1096. 6. E. sacc/mrina, F. 8, Bethl. in cortice Catalpae.
•1097. 7. E. repanda, F. 9, in ramis Platani, Betlil.
*1098. fi. E. cmpressa, F. 10, in ramo salicino, Bethl.

1099. 9. E. cuENATA, L. V. S., F. 11, Syn. Car. 1141, etiam occurrlt in ramis Bethlehem.
*110U. 10- E. LURiDA, L. V. S., passim occui'rlt in Ramis CeLastri, Betlilchem.

E. effusa, gyroso-plicata, lurida, orbiculata, crassiuscnla. Sicca diminuta. Papillis raris adspersa.
•1101. 11. E. spicuiATA, L. V. S., rarius in disco caeso truncornm Platani, Bethl.

E. adpressa, effusa, crassiloba, verrncosa, rugulosa, olivaceo-virens, siccitate parum diminuta, sed
colore tum nigro. P.apillis frequentibus in superficic, marglne in lobos minores obtusos diviso.
•1102. 12. E. A PPLANATA, L. V. S., in interlori cortice Rhols g-labri, Bethl.

E. applanato-expansa, arete adpressa, margine tantum sublibero, figura oblonga, satis crassula, 2 — 3
lin. longa ; sicca atra, et quasi pulveraceo-furfuracea, rugis aut venis extus panels notata. Papillis
sparsis.

SuBOEDoIII. TREMELLEI.
Genus 48. Tremella.

f Mescnicrifwmes.
•1103. 1. T./?;iJWa/o, F. p. 212, n 2, passim Sivlem et Bethl.

1104. 2. T.foliosa, F. n. 4, Syn. Car. 1138, et. Bethl. freq.
•1105. 3. T, frondo-ia, F. n. 3, truncis quercinis Bethl.

1106. 4. T. luiescens, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1130, vulgaris et. Pennsylv.

1107. 5. T. AunA^•TIA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1131, F. 6, etiam frequenter et maximisspeciminibus Bethl.
occurrit.

1108. 6. T. mesenterica,V. 7, Syn. Car. 1129, et. Bethlehem.

If Cerebrinae.
'1109. 7. T. albida, F. 9, rarior ad varios truncos Bethl.
•1110. 8. T. intumescens, F. 10, rara ad truncos Bethl.
1111. 9. T. viHENs, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1134, F. 11, in Corni florid, ramis — nondum Pennsylv
'1112. 10. T. cniSsiLOBA, L. v. S., propuUans ex ramis dejectis Bethlehem.
T. prorumpens, constans ex lobis crassis carnoso-tremellosis subrotundatis et globoso-aggregatisalbidis.
Statu madido supei-ficie quasi squ.amulosa; exsiccata nigra et pvdverulenta.
•1113. 11. T. conRnciATA, L. v. S., rarius in lignis et ramis Bethl.

T. caespltosa, corrugata, lobis flaccidis tenuioribus, margine intumescentibus, venosis ; nigropurpu-
rascente colore. Sicca subsquamulosa. Unciali diametro.

fff Coryne.
1114. 12. T. sarcoides, F. n. 2, p. 217, Syn. Car. 1156, Pez. et Bethl.
•1115. 13. T. clavata, F. n. 3, p. 218, rarior Bethl.
'1116. 14. T.unicohr,¥.n. 4, rarissime Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 2 W

186 SYNOPSIS OF

'1117. 15. T. riLMATA, L. V. S., forma et indole affinls Canth. spathiilariae, n. 292, In ligno putrido
Bethl.
T. radicata, lignum penetrans radice tomentosa. Stipite compresso ; palmatim expansa, subcornea
sicca, elegantissime aurantia, subdiaphana, apice capituloso, gyroso plicato, compresso et dilatato;
Capitulo cum stipite confluente.

Genus 49. Naematelia.

1118. 1. N.encepka/a, F. p. 227, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1132, et. Pennsylv.
•1119. 2. N. rubiformis, F. n. 2, Specimina nostra majores demum nigrescimt. Pethlehem in ramis.

1120. 3. N. NucLEATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1142, F. n. 3, vulgata est etlam in Pennsylvania. Saepe
inventa membrana, siccitate inconspicua, triuncialiter expansa.

Genus 50. Dacrymi-ces.

1121. 1. T). fragiformis, F. p. 229, n. 1, rarior Syn. Car. 1147, etiam Bethl.

1122. 2. D. violaceus,F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 1148, et. Bethlehem in ramis decorticatis Mali. Siccus
niger.

*1123. 3. D. virescens, F. n. 4, in asserlbus, Bethl.

1124. 4. D. stillutus, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1149, abietina frequens ad ligna et Betlilehem.

1125. 5. D. l(ia-ymaIis,Viivs. et Syn. Car. 1150, videtur mihi omnino a priori colore ac indole dis-
tinctus. Freq. et. Bethlehem.

*1126. 6. D. Syringae, F. ii. 6, rarior m ram. Syringae Bethl.

•1127. 7. D. ciNSADAp.isL's, L. V. S., freq. in ramis salicinis Bethlehem, affinis priori.

D. minor, prorumpens, epidermide arete cinctus, primum convexus, demum concavus et subpezlzae-
formis, colore vivide cinnabarino, saepe confluens ac gregibus vastis ramos occupans longitudinaliter
effusus. Faciliter cxcutitnr, linquens faveolum. Floccis internis, aqua solutus egregie distin-
guitur.
'1128. 8. D. iNTOLUTUs, L. V. S., sat. affinis D. lacrymali, ligno antiquo Salem et Bethl.

D. m.agnitudine D. stiUati, subrotundo-dlintatus, gyroso-plicatus, aiu-antio-pallidus. Basi involutus
tomento strigoso albo quod saepe totum fungum induit.
•1129. 9. D. PELLuciDcs, L. V. S,, Maximus, rarior ad ligna Salem; etiam Philadelphiae vicinitate
obvius.
D. maximus, tres unci.as longitudine ac latitudine occupans, candldus, subpcllucidus, st.atu vegeto,
initium Hydni gclatinosi referens — forma autem Ti-emellue est gyrosa, varie lobata, lobis crassis
obtusis. Structura interna omnino est Dacrymyces. Sicco statu membranam sistit crassam duram,
plicato-venosam, pellucidam.
*1130. 10. D. cApiTATus, L. V. S., in c.aule Brassic.arum Betlileliem obvius.

D. stipitatus, stipite c.aulem pcnetr.ans, b.asi tomentoso, crasso, furfuraceo (Ditiolam referens) abiente
in capitulum subrotundoglobosum, saepe impressum, interdum plicatum, colore aurantio-rubro.
Sparsim crescit — interno contextu omnino hujus generis.
*113I. 11. D. iiirFonMis, L. v. S., rariter in ramulis Rosae corymbosae Bethlehem.

D. difforniis, v,arie tortus, fere Myxotrichi ad instar erumpens ex epidermide, aurantio-ruber, subex-
pansus. Structura interna ut in ceteris.
"1132. 12. D. EPirnrtLcs, L. v. S., Salem obvius in foliis Galii. Omnino Sclerotium refert sed sub lenle
structura interna Dacrymycem ostendit.
D. gregarius, subrotundus, oblongusve lutescens, minutus, I linearis subpulvinatus, quasi innatus,
saepe subconfluens. An etiam Sclerotium herbarum hue pertinet'
' 1133. 13. I). viTicoLA, L V. S-, rarior ex epidermide Vitis emortui propullans Bethl.
D. biformis. Ex cortice aut epidermide prorumpens, stipite cr.asso praeditus, basi tomento involuta
aut volvata, in capitulum gyrosum aurantio-rubrum dilatato. In ligno decorticato autem, effusus,
gyroso-plicatu.s, tenuis, ejusdem coloris. Utraque forma servat structuram internam Dacrymvcis.
•1134. 14. D. AzALEAE, L. v. S., rarior in ramis emortuis Azaleae nudiflorae Uethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 187

D. sparsiis, minutus, ex cortice ut Myxosporium, propullans luteo-aurantius, pellucidus, explanatus in
capitulum subpalmatim lobatum, breve. Structura interna priorum.

Genus 51. Pyrenium.

1135. 1. P. terresire, Syn. Car. 530, solummodo Carolina.
•1136. 2. P. CotLAE, L V. S., in CoUa indurata mucosa Bethlehem obviam.
P. magnitudine seminis papaveris, nidiilans in colla et aggregatlm proi-umpens, ovato-globosum in-
c.-irnato-aurantium, tomento albo subinvolutum. Contextus indistincte floccosus.

SuBORDoIV. HYMENULI.

Genus 52. Phtllopta.

•113r. 1. p. biparasitica,F. p. 219, n. 1, in Hymenio Thelophorae aut PolyporiBethl.
1138. 2. P. PAHASiTicA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1143, Tremella Carolina et Pennsylv. m C/avaria gi-
gantea.

• Genus 53. Agykium.

*1139. 1. A. caesium, F. p. 231, n. 1, rarum 15ethl. in lign.

*1140. 2. A. rufum, F. n. 3, freq. in Castaneo ligno Bethl.

'1141. 3. A. airomVcns, F. n. 4, ad ramos dejectos Bethl. • . ' .

*1 142. 4. A. nigricans, F. n. 5, in dejecto cortice Castan. Bethl.

*1143. 5. A. ladeum, F. sub nigricante citatnec autem descripsit — effusum lacteumdemumnigrescens.

In stipitibus variis Bethl. obvium.

*1144. 6. A. herbarum, F. n. 6, frequens ad stipites, Bethl.

Genus 54. Hymenella. /.,.'.

•1144. 1. H. vulgaris, F. p. 234, n. 2, in caul. Solidag-inura, Bethl.
*1145. 2. H. nigra, F. n.3, in stipitibus Rubi Bethl.
•1146. 3. H. ciLiATA, L. V. S., in caulibus v. c. Arctli Bethl.
H. subrotundo-difformis, tuberculosa, pallida aut rufescens, circum basin ciliata, ciliis albis persisten- ■
tibus. Minuta.

188 SYNOPSIS OP

Classis Secunda. PYRENOMYCETES.
Ordo I. SPHAERIACEI.

Sdbordo I. SPHAERINI.

Nos in sequente Synopsi hujus Subordinis amplissimi, melius visum Quatuor Genera Friesii in Sys-
temate ejus Orbis Vegetabilis, sub unum Genus Spkaeria retinere, cum ex ipso Friesii sententia non
praeferenda sunt dispositioni vastissimi generis in Systemate mycologico exhibitae, Hanc quidem dispo-
sitionem non omnino pcrfectam agnovimus, nee tarn naturalem ut possit inimutata manere, sed satis utilis
nobis vldetui- fungillos lios rite cognoscendos. Non autem in animo est Systema construere, sed species
recensere. Ceterum nobis contigit numerum specierum quam raaxime augere, utpote regionibus ame-
ricanis tarn feracibus ligni eniortui, matricis Sphaeriarum, apprime proprium erat.

Genus 55. Sphaeria.

Trib. 1. CoiiDTCEps.

a.) Hypocrea.

1147. 1. S. militaris, F. 1, Syn. Car. 1, in Pennsylv. Pocono.

1148. 2. S. alutacea, F. 2, Syn. Car. 2, rara et. Betblehem.

*1149. 3. S. capitata, F. 6. S.alem Carolina rara in terra orta ex putrido trunco Castaneae — omnino
autem sine Sclerodermate defosso. " ' ^"

1150. 4. S. eniomorhiza, F. Syn. Car. 3, rarissima.

1151. 5. S. ophioglossoldes, F. 4, Syn. Car. 5, loco nunc aqueducto occupat ante 18 annos Bethlehem
invenl nee iterum.

1152. 6. S. MDcnoNATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 4, F. 7. Icon in Journal of Acad. Philad. Vol. V. Tab.
1, f. 1, rarissime obvia solummodo Carolina.

•1153. 7. S. uehculea, L. v. S,, in terra lignosa rarissime obvia Salem.

S, subcarnosa, subsuberosa. Capitulo magno ovato clavato in stipitem attenuato-elongatum deciirrens.

Colore alutaceo, intus cum stipite flavescente. Peritheciis superficialibus minoribus concoloribus in

capitulo obtuso. Altitudo totlus fungi li uncialis. Capitulum 4 unciam diametro.
*1154. 8. S. Geoglossum, L. v. S., Icon in Journal of Acad. Philad. Vol. V. Tab. I, f. 4. Dr Torrey

ex New York communicavit. An terrestris '
S. carnosa-suberosa, simplex, nigerrima. Clavula linguaeformi, compressa, subcanaliculata, falcata,

aplce obtuso. Peritheciis oblongis, nigi'Is, subprominulis. Ostiolis minutis vix prominentibus.

Intus albida. Stipite Iriplo longiori clavula subsquamuloso, basi hirsutulo, gracili, suberoso, intus

albo, extus nigro. Altitudine pollicari. Refert Geoglossum.
•1155. 9. S. ciAvuLATA, L. V. S., species omnino admirabilis, passim in vivis ramulis Quercus palus-

tris et coccineae, onustis opei-ibus recentioribus Cyiiipum. Bethlehem ad ripas Lehigh.
S. Subiculo clypeato, ovato, regulari, contexta iibrilloso-membranaceo arete epidermide insidens,

centro incr.assuto-elevato, marginibus subliberis inflexis, ad quartam p.artem unciae expanse. Ex

hoc subiculo patcUari, basilar!, assurgunt clavulac rigidulae, subdivei-gentes, ad 6 — 10 numerum ;

tres Uneas altae, substantia suberosa, intus albae, cxtusnigrae, et apice obtuso cinereo-pulveraceae.

Stipite attenuato, et in capitulum oblongum obtusum sensim abiente praeditae sunt. Aetiite vigen-

tiori Capitulum distinctius a stipite sese ostcndit, onustum seriebus parallelis peritheciorum nigrorum.

His promlnulis cum ostiolis minutis, et demum dejicientibuscorticem externam cinereo-pulverulen-

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 189

tam ; intus albo-fiu-ctis. Capitnlum et clavula intus albescunt more S. capitulae. Stipite versus
basin iiicrassato.

h.) Hypoxyla.
1155. 10. S. bulbosa, F. 10, Syn. Car. 6, Carol, et Belhl.
1157. 11. S. hypoxylon, F. 11, Syn. Car. 7, ubique terrarum.
115S. 12. S. PEUsicAniA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 9, F. 13, Salem solum.

1 159. 13. S. digitala, F. S, Syn. Car. 10, frequens Pennsylv. Speciminibus optimis maximis.

1160. 14. S. pulymorpha, F. 9, Syn. Car. 11, freq. et. Bethlehem.

1161. 15. S. carpop!ii/a, F. 12, Syn. Car. 8, Carolina solummodomihi obvia in nucibus Liquidambai-is.
Pennsylvania, etiam fagfineis, ut in Europa.

*1162. 16. S. suBTr.Rn.\xEi, L. V. S. Icon in Journ.al of Acad. Tab. I. figf. 3, sed representans f'ungum
imperfectum. Species nunc melius cognita primum ab amicissimo Torrey accepta ex fodinis New
.Icrsey, nuperrime in puteo, pr.iesertim autcm Bethl. in doliis semidefossis et tectis, aquae coUingen-
dae causa obvia.
S. suberosa, subslmplex speciminibus fertilibus, sterilibus autem saepe intricate ramosis imo anastomo-
santibus ; ceterum longlssima (interdum semipedalis) gracihs, flexuosa, et compressa ; clavula vix a
stipite distincta ; apice plerumque indlviso, attenuate, torto, compresso, griseo-pulvendento ; basi
paululum incrassata, hirsutiuscala, cum cetero fungo extus nigro-badia. Peritheciis demum in raris
fertilibus, maximis, pro ratjone ti'unci tenuioris, quern undirjue occupant, valde promiuulis, acutius-
culis ostiolis, unde quasi aculeatus truncus fertilis. Satis distant inter se.

'1163. 17. S. CoBxc Uamae, L. V. S., passim in truncis antiquis dejectis subdefossis e latere provenit
Bethl.; affinis S. hypoxylo sed multo crassior.
S. suberosa, aterrima, cnassiuscula, trunco subradicato, varie torto, atro-floccoso In radice, compresso, in
apicem furcato-ramosim diUtatur, plerumque apicibus abrupte acuminatis, demum fertilibus, exacte
cornu damae. Junior apice ut ceterae Hypoxylae Sphaeriae hujus sectionis squamuloso-cineras-
cente, ceterum tomento atro undique brevissimo invcstita. Peritheciis majuscuUs prominulis, ostio-
lis obtusato-cylindricis brevibus. Intus candidissimus. Totus fungus saepe triuncialis.

*1164. 18. S. FLABEi-LiFORMis, L. V. S ., JouHial of Academy, Vol. V. Tab. I. f. 5. Syn. Car. p. 85, n.
1071, nomine Merisiiia nigr'ipes perpcram. Karior occurrit Sphaeria, rarissime fertilis, .ad ligna sicca
molliora, nigro-tincta, jam prime obtutu colore distincta amoeneincarnato. Etiam Bethlehem obvia.
S. suberosa, brevicaulis, bulbosa, bulbo crasso applanato nigro convexo insldcns, trunco breviusculo
crasso, c bulbosa basi mox in ramos palmatos, fimbriates, congestos in capitulum, diviso, colore amoene
lutco-incarnato, instrato pulvere copioso concolore. Trunco deorsum nigrescente, piloso, cum
bulbo i seorsum tereti pallente. Peritheciis demum in palmatis apicibus provenientibus, vix pro-
minulis. Semiuncialem altitudinem vix excedit. Semper sparsim nee aggregatim crescit.

Trib. 2. PonoNiA.
1165. 19. S. CANBITJA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 20, F. 16, rara in ramis fraxineis, Salem et Bethlehem. Sine
uUo dubio est Sphaeria, cupula sua ligno ipso tam adnata ut remanet remoto cortice. Cum sequente
transitum fecit ad sectionem aut tribum proximum. '

•1166. 20. S. isTEKMEDiA, L. V. S., Jour, of Acad. pag. 8. Affinis priori, sed distinctissima. Bethl.
rariovin ramis corruptissimis Pruni hyemalis — ex epidermide gregatim erumpens.
S. pulvinato-cupulata, i. e. Sphaeria pulvin.atainsidens Cupulae subrepandae inseparabilis ; fere prirao
obtutu sessilis, sed revera abienti in stipitem brevissinuuii, crassum, penetrantem interiorem corti-
cem. Cupula cum stromate connata, extus nigra plicata. Peritheciis crebris periphericis, ovato-
globosis, in superficie elevatis, furfure albo-brunnescenti tectis, Stromate cinereo-brunneo, pulve-
raceo — cortice fungi externo fusco, furfure albescenti subtecto. Tota sphaeria magnitudineS.fuscae
subrotunda, applanata, interdum repanda.

"1167. 21. S. PocuLA, L. V. S. Icon. Journal of Acad. Tab. II. f. 6. Primum accepi a Dr ToiTey ex
New York propuUans ex cortice Fraxineo. Nunc copiose Bethl. Inventa in variis Corticibus prae-
sertim Castaneorum — semper cupulis inversis pendentibus. Omnino refert Cyphellam pendulam nos-
tram, ita ut eandem putassem, nisi praesentia peritlieciorum obstaret. In ramis Rubi emortuis varie-
tatem minus fasciculatam inveni. Haec certissime S. punctatae, quam nondumin America inventam
maxime dolendum — genuina socia.

Vol. IV.— 2 X

I 90 SYNOPSIS OF

S. suberosa-coriacea, stipitata ; stipitlbus fasciculatim ex epidermide prorumpentibus, incurvis, sensim
dilatatis in cupulas obverse penduUis, extus ex albido-fuliginosls, demum subfurfuraceis ; stipites
semper crassi sunt. Cupulis excavatis, disco planiusculo, margine crasso, obtusato, inflexo-pulveru-
lento. Peritlieciis immersis disco, minutis, monostichis lutescentibus, ostiolis nigris, vix prominen-
tibus. Substantia cupularis intus ex albo-fuliginea aut badia, suberosa. Altitudo caespitiset singu-
larlum cupularum 4 — 5 lineas, diameter disci 2 — 5 linearis. Aetata provectiori, stipites fusco
nigrescunt.

Trlb. 3. PctVINATAE.

a Hypoxylae.

1168. 22. S. concentrica, F. 18, Syn. Car. 12, et. Pennsylv. ubi saepe maxima.

1169. 23. S.fragiformis, F. 19, Syn. Car. 14, frequens et. Betlil.

1170. 24. S. fusca, F. 20, Syn. Car. 19, ad ramos freq. Bethl.

*1171. 25. S t»-^i7/ace«, F. 21, non est eudem cum nostra multlformi. Bethlehem passim.

1172. 26. S. cohaerens, F. 22, Syn. Car. 18, et. Fennsylv.

1173. 27- S. multiformis, F. 23, Syn. Car. 13, et. Pennsylv. sed rarior. /S granulosa, Syn. Car. 16,
raera varietas.

1174. 28. S. DUBissiMA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 46, F. 24, rarior Bethlehem. Ex tropicis optima speci-
mina.

•1175. 29. S. VEBNicosA, L. V. S., Journal of Acad. Tab, I. f. 2. Species haec pulcherrima rarissime
milil obvia ad palos saeplum, Salem Carolinae.
S. maxima, plusquam unciali altltudine, subturbinato-stipitata. Cortice externo splendide vernicoso
atra, in apice turbinate capitidato, subrugoso undulata, ostiolis vix perceptibilibus. Peritheciis peri-
phaericis, minutis, subglobosis, nigro-corticatis, nidulantibus in primo strato stromatis sub externo
cortice. Stroma constans ex stratis concentricis peritheciorum majorum, oblongo vatorum densiss-
ime stipatorum, implentibus capitulum totum turbinatum, aequo ac .stipitem. Hae Perithecia meri
sunt sacculi membranacei candidi, omnis corticis nigrae expertia ; statu vegeto repleti pulvere semi-
nali copiosb aterrimo, turn copia ingenti per ostiola, ne lentis ope djstinguenda, ejecto, superficiem
Sphaeriae et hgnum circacircum tingente, Sacculi persistentes post pulveris ejectioncm ; tum intus
candidissima sphaeria est. Capitulum turbinatum diametro semiunci.iU, abruptim in stipitem J
unciae cvassum abiens. Stipite semlunciam alto. Proxima S. concentricae — sed optime distincta.

•1176. 30. S. siARGi.vATA, L. v. S., Jour of Acad. Tab. I!, f. 8: affinis S. multiformis, sed major. In
Pennsylvania haec species vulgatissima praesertim ad ramos quercinos locum usui-pat S. multiformis
quae rarior.
S. pulvinata, confluens, valde elevata, major. Juniore aet.ate ochroleuca ([iro more pulverulenta)
m.aturo, nigerrima absque uUo nitore. Superficle ex peritheciis periphaericis subjacentibus, adeo
regulariter granulata. Peritheciis ipsis cum externo cortice s.atis prominentibus, subhemisphaericc,
at horizontaliter trunccitis, margine in truncatoi'a annuliformi cinctis subelcvato. Centro Iruncaturae
conico-applanato abiente in ostlolum, glaberrimo — cortice reliquo externo rugosa. Peritheciis
cetcrum corticatis, monostichis, subglobosis, nidulantibus interne in sfromate nigro, sacculo albo
instructis. Pulvinuli saepe i unciales ad longitudinem et latitudincm sex uncialcm subconfluunt.
Pulvere atro copioso. Sti-uctura externa peritheciorum differt a S. multiformi.

•1177. 31. S. ESTEiio.MELi, L. v. S., Jour. of Acad. p. 10, e rimis corticalibus Castaneorum crumpens,
rarior, Bethl.
S. ptdvinata, longitudinaliter confluens, rubro-rubiginosa, superficie non granulata. Cortice interior!,
aterrimo. Pulviaulis subdiflbrmibus comprcssiusculis. Stromate .aterrimo, in quo immcrsa sunt
sparsim perithecia m.ajora, ceteris peritheciis periphaericis, minutis, globosis, nigris. Superne
quasi rubiginoso-pulverulento cortice exteriori furfurascente tecta. Interruptlm confluunt saepe
pulvinuli longitudinahter ad longitudinem semiped;dem. SinguU pulvinuli i unciales.
Quoad indolem extern! corticis affinis S. fragiformi.

•1178. 32. S, TEHES, L. V. S., Journ. of Acad. Tab. ab amicissimo Z. Collins communicata in cortice
ignoto.
S. pulvinata, subtereti-cylindrica, apice obtuso, rotundata. Cortice exteriori tubcrculoso-undulato
rubiginosa. Stromate fuhginoso in cpio undique perithecia pcriphaerica imraersa inaequalitatem

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 191

corticis exterioris efficiunt. Pulvinulus cylindi-icus tres lineas altus, H latus. Sparsim nee approxi-

mati occurrunt pulvinuli in cortice. Quodam modo affinis S. rubiginosae.
•1179. 33. S. DEConTicATA, L. V. S., quanquam affinis S. rubiginosae tamen spectat ad Sphaerias con-

natas. Ad ligna et in cortice. Primum ex Nova Anglia misit Dr Torrey, nunc copiosior, Betlil.
S. subpulvinata, applanata praesertim in ligno orbato, minus in cortice ; externa superficie griseo-

rubiginosa, tuberculis nigosis sphaerulaefoi-mibus dense tecta, ad instar ostioloruni, ita ut inde

exasperata apparet nigris granulis: exterioris corticis ceterum expers. Peritlieciis peripliaericis,

pluribus seriebus in stromate rubiginoso-fuligineo immersis, ovato globosis. Pulvinulis subrotundis

aut dlfFormibus, J uncialibus saepe confluentibus.
•1180. 34. S. TRANsviinsA, L. v. S., Maucli Chunk transversim erumpens in trunco Betuli carpinlfolii

rarior.
S. magna, subpulvinata, subimmersa in cortice et pulvinatim prorumpens, diffbrmiter aut turbinatim

angulata. Superficie irregulariter rugosa aut aequabili nigra. Peritheciis ovatis, periphaericis,

Intus splendenti-nigris. Stromate nigrofusco pulverulent;!. Ostiolismanifestisprominentibusplano-

conicis. Unclali longitudine, crassitie i unciuli.

0 Hypocreae.
1181. 35. S. rufa, F. 26, Syn. Car. 21, et. Peniisylv.
•1182. 36. S. gelatinosa, F. 27", in Sambuco, Bethlehem.
1183. 37. S. Steueorum, L. v. S., Jour, of Acad. p. 12 et 13, in hymenlo et pileo Thelephorae fasci-
at.ae, L. v. S., affinis prioribus, sed m.ijor. Forma ad gkhosas, Bethl.
S. undulato-confluens, applanata, ambitu sublobato, superficie plicata, subpulvinata, colore exincarnato-
brunneo : junior tomento albo basilari velata et tum magis pulvinata. Interdumsolitaria; plerumque
autem confluens serie longitudinali in plicis Thelephorae cui insidet. Substantia, quanquam non
gelatinosa, tamen mollior. Peritheciis in superficie granulatim prominulis, mere corticalibus, i. e.
sti'omati albido subjacenti, non immersis, manifestim ostiolatis, spargentibus pulverem seminalem
copiosam albidam. Ad longitudinem uncialem saepe confluunt pulvinuli, 3 — 4 lin. lati; margine
sublibero.

Trib. 4. CoNXATAE.

tt. Hypocreae.
•1184. 38. S. ladea, F. 29, adradices truncorum in terra et interiori cortice, Bethlehem.

1185. 39. S. cilrina, F. 30, Syn. Car. 30, etiam Pennsylv.

1186. 40. S. rosea, F. 31, Syn. Car. 31, rara etiam Bethl.

1187. 41. S. ochracea, F. 30, /S, Syn. Car. 32, Salem.

•1188. 42. S. sTEKiLion, L. v. S., pulcherrima, super folia et dejectamenta locis umbrosissimis effusa,
Bethl.
S. substantia primum molliuscula, longe lateque effusa, applanata, superficie longitudinaliter striata,
ex incarnalo-lutescenti. Sicca, margine tenerrimo byssoideo ex intertextis fibris filamentosis prae-
dita; et liis laeviter omnino tecta apparet. Intus demum alba carnoso-cornea. Perithecus raris vix
rite formatis in nostris. Foliis, capsulis, amentis, dejectis increscit ambitu unciali et crassitie bili-
neari.

1189. 43. S. lutcovirens, F. 35, Syn. Car. 33, et. Pennsylv.

1190. 44. S. LAciFLuonuM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 34, F. 32, rarior obvia in Pennsylv.

1191. 45. S. HTALiNA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 35, F. 36, in monte Pocono frequens occurrit distinctissima
haec species.

•1192. 46. S. TUBERicoLA, L. y. S., in exoleto Tubere albo Infestans corticem exteriorem, Pocono
inventa.
S. effusa, tenuis, fusco-nigrescens, vix ambitu determinate. Peritheciis pi-imo subimmersis, demum
fere omnino prominulis, nigrofuscis, rugoso-tuberculatis, minutis, subconicis, dense aggregatis, intus
omnino similibus prioribus, demum pulvere sparso.cuvis.

^ Hypoxyluc.
1 193. 47. S. rubiginosa, F. 37, Syn. Car, 17, etiam Pennsylv.

192 SYNOPSIS OF

1194. 48. S. PERFonATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 45, vulgaris et. Beth]., Fr. 38.

1195. 49. S. atropurpureu, F. 39, Syn. Car. 36, etiam Bethl.

1196. 50. S. icrpCTs, F. 40, Syn. Car. 39, vulgatiss. et Pennsylv. •
1]9". 51. S. coLLicuLOSA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 82, F. 41, rara Bethl.

*1198. 52. S. coprophila, F. 42, Salem rara sed distinctissima in lig'no dejecto stercore tecto.

•1199; 5Z. S. conjiuens, F. 43, passim Bethl.

1200. 54. S. Sassafras, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 87, freq. et Bethl.

*1201. 55. S. atramentosa, F. 49, rarius Salem et Bethl.

1202. 56. S. incrustans^ F. 46, Bethl. lignis moUioribus.

1203. 57. S. AFFLATA, L. V. S ., Syn. Car. 63, F. 50, etiam Bethl.

*1204. 58. S. TPHBixuLATA, L. V. S., in ligno fiig-ineo mentis Pocono, Pennsylv.

S. turbinato-pulvinata, applanata, subconfluens, tamen pulvinulis semper distinctis. Peritheciis non
peripliaericis sed per totum stroma ad basin usque dispersis majoribus. Superficie externa granu-
Lata, pulveraceo-rugosa, ostiolis minutis prominulis. Stromate parco, ob magnitudinem peritheci-
oruni, e fuliginoso albido. PulvinuU seriatim siti, quasi literas hebraicas formant, et insident crus-
tae nigrae in cortice eftusae.

•1205. 59. S. iLtiTA, L. V. S., non infrequens ad latera perpendicularia truncorum praesertim Platani,
fere omnino eos plagis latis inaequabihbus confluentlbus investlens, Bethl.
S. latissime effusa, confluens, stratis saepe superimpositis, sistens plagas subeffiguratas, ligno emollito
quasi iUitas : superficie superna undulata inaequabili, primum eleganter oliv.aceo yirente, demum
nigra. Peritheciis m.ajusculis, granul.atim prominentibus, coronatis ostiolis acutis conicis aut indis-
tinctis ; ceterum crasse corticatis, intus cavis et ob magnitudinem stromate parco albescenti cu'cum-
datis.

*1206. 60. S. EXAHATA, L. V. S., in cortice ramorum juniorum Jugl. tomentosae, Salem et Bethl.
S. effiguratim effusa, qu.asl longitudinaliter sulcis imis p.araUeUs in superficie exarata — primum epider-
mide subtecta,'quas in sulcis persistit. Peritheciis valde prominulis in summa jiiga sulcorum, irre-
gularjbus, e nigrofuscis, iiigropapillatis, majusculls, monostichis, stromate parco circumdatis. In-
terdum sulcis confluentibus. In ambitu margine sterlli, subrepando praedlta ; crustae subjacenti,
ex substantia corticali nigrifacta formata, insidet.
1207. 61. S. UYDNicoLA, L. V. S., Jour, of Acad. p. 14, Tab. II. f. 9, rarior in subulisjam corruptis
Hydnorum, Bethl.
S. crassa, brevis, subrepand.a, satis in superficie elevata, passim confluens. Superficie externa ater-
rima, undulata, a peritheciis subjacentibus, depressa, granulosa. Peritheciis magnis subdistantibus,
immersis in stromate albo-lutescenti, monostichis, velo aut s.acculo brunneo instructis. Ostiolis
papillatis, prominulis. Subuli Hydni saepe cvim stromate concrescunt : turn inferior pars quasi
pedicellum crassum cxhibet. Substantia Strom.atis manifestim suberosa. Diametro vi.\ 2 — 3 lineas
excedit. Aflinitas quaedam cum S. uda adest.

'1208. 62. S. callosthojia, L. v. S., Jour. Acad. Tab. II. f. 10, ligno et cortice Lauri aestivahs, Bethl.
freq. nee alibi.
S. irregulariter effusa — ad longitudinem et latitudinem 2 — 3 unciarum ; etiam occurrit pulvinulis
minoribus subturbinatis, seriatim approximatis nee revera confluentibus — satis simills inde S. turbi-
nuhtne. Speciraina effus.a, primo obtutu, referunt Sphaeriam maximam simplicem, contigue acer-
vatam. At transversim secta, conex communis quo connata sunt, in conspectum venit, extus niger.
Superficie inaequali ; ex peritheciis subelevatis, granulosa, punctato-rugosa. Peritheciis, externe
ftpice truncato in ostiola obtusiora, subconice elevato, stromate immersis interne grunioso, colore
. vivide rubro-ochraceo, parciori aut copiosiori ; corticatis, ovalibus et irregul.aribus, sacculo splen-
denti atro — abientibus in ostiola per ductum conspicuum. Stroma color-atum numquam deest, nee in
fere simplicibus pulvinulis singulum tantum perithecium interdum continentibus.

'1209. 63. S. FDScopunpnuKA, L. v. S., Jour, of Acad. Tab. II. f. II, lignis emoUitis aeque ac cortice
increscit, Sal. et Bethl.
S. effiguratim effusa, m.argine plerumque sterili, semper longitudin.aliter serpens. Cortice e.xtcrno
intus atro nilcntc duriusculo, superficie eleganter purpurco, deinum purpiu'eo fuscesccnt, regulariter
granulosa ex subjacentibus peritheciis. Peritheciis, non papillatis, polysticliis, oblongo-ovatis,
crebris, minoribus, velo interno albido, immersis in Sti-omate atro-nitente. Ligno tenuiter tantum

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 193

illita, circiirncirca atrotincto. Insepanibilitei- adnata. Uncialem longitudinem occupat, saepe prae-
amaiis loca excavata ligni. In cortice miilto elevatior ct quasi tuberculosa.

•1210. 64. S. ixrESTiESs, L. v. S., passim Salem ac Bethlehem, in lig-nis non dm-is, exslccatis decorti-
catis; priori affinis. ^

S. insuper crustam crescit atram, tenuem, in ambitu long-e lateque lignum atrotingcntem et sterilem,
et quasi investit totum lignum, cum ejus rimis, elevatioribus, cavitatibus, &.c. pallio granuloso ater-
rinio, sensim abiente in crustam. Peritheciis dense stipatis, regulariter oblongis, ad basin stronialis
peneti-antibus, parcissimi et tantum superne perceptibilis ; in superficie externa, rugulosa, subconice
elevatis, ostiolo papillato deciduo praeditis. Plagas sistit 2 — 3 unciales longitudine ac latitudine.

•1211. 65. S. GBEGALis, L. V. S., rariter Carolina obvia in ligno udo moUi.

S. late effusa insuper crustam inaequabilem e nigrofuscentem referens sphaerias simplices aggregatas.
Peritheciis tamen raajusculis valde proniinulis quasi applanato-convexis, ex approximatione varie
compressis, connexis cvusta tenui, nigrofuscis, primum papillatis demum pertusis, papilla decidua,
superficie rugosis, serie insertis stromati rubro-fusco aut nigro simplici. Perithecia destructa et dif-
fracta saepe dimidiatim manent in crusta inania.

•1212. 66. S. XiXTHosTiioMA, L. V. S., Seriatim erumpens e rimis ramorum decorticatorum Quercus,
Bethlehem.
S. insidens crustae tenui nuUimodo eft'usae. Serie simplici protruduntur tubercula valde elevata dit-
formia subconfluentia fusco-nigra, rugosa, vix ostiolata, majoribus mixtis minoribus in eadem caes-
pite. Tuberculis verticaliter sectis, apparent perithecia interna, unum vel plui-ia in eodem tuberciUo,
majuscula, globosa, oninino immersa in stromati lutescenti, grumosa. Tubercula extus nigra.
Passim ad uncialem longitudinem protracta est series.

•1213. 67. S. spHAF.RiosTOMA, L. V. S., rara Bethlehem in ligno carioso emollito.

S. brevis, subpulvinata, carbonacea, aterrima, 2 — 3 lineas longa, oblonga, utrinque acuminata, super-
ficie externa longitudinaliter striata. In hac observantur ostiola sphaeriomorpha, sparsa globosa,
ore rotundo pertusa, ductu longiusculo connexis cum peritheciis internis, ipso ligno immersis,
absque ullo stromati genuino, tectis tamen externo cortici communi tenerrimo superficial! nigro.
Peritheciis ipsis majusculis et massa atra repletis — ovatis. Haec massa, sub lente augentissima, ex
sporidiis fere Jlelanconis constat.

•1214. 68. S. Catalpae, L. v. S., in cortice Catalpae non rara Bethlehem, sed plerumque statu sub-
exsoleta tantum mihi obvia.
S. seniatkn e rimis corticis erumpens, primum rubiginosa, demum nigra. Caespitulis aut potius pul-
vinulis longitudinaliter confluentibus. Cortice externo subtenui superficie a subjacentibus peri-
theciis granulosa rubiginosa, quasi pulverulenta, demum nigro rugoso. Peritheciis crebris, stromate
pai'co nigi-o, primum oslioUs papillatis, tum pertusis, ostiolis nempe deciduis. Multam habet affini-
tatem cum S. rugosa, sed minor nee eft'usa.

Trib. 5. Glebosae.

1215. 69- S. deusta, F. 51, Syn. Car. 27, vulgatissima ad latera et radices truncorum, Carolinae, Penn-
sylv., New York, &c., ad 8 uncias lata.

^ platyceps, quasi stipitata, Bethlehem.

y effusa, fusca, tenuis, aequabiliter eft'usa, Salem. ^ ■

Kota. — In Sphaeria deusta frequentior quam ceteris mihi obvia est forma initialis Sphaeriarum ilia,
qua referunt Thelephoram pulvere copioso filamentoso, colorato, plerumque aeruginoso virente
onustam — de qua miror tam pauca verba in Friesii Systemate reperienda esse.

1216. 70. S. Tuhulina, ¥ . 52, Syn. Car. 29, etiam Pennsylv. plerumque in laeso arbore adhuc
vigente.

•1217. 71. S- succenfenato, F. 55, rariusad ram. Bethl.
•1218. 72. S. spondylina, F. 56, rarius in ram. querc. ibid.

1219. 73. S. numularia, F. 57, Syn. Car. 42, S. clypeus, inveni speclmina Pennsylvania septam uncias
longa et lata 3 — 4. In vai-iis — praecipue Quercus.

1220. 74. S. knta, F. 58, Syn. Car. 28, Salem et Bethl. Nostra quae exacte refert Iconem Todei,
omnino ad Glebosas pertinet — et frequens est Bethl., affinis quidem Snhaeriae nostrae contor-
tae, tamen ostiolis elevatis, forma regulari ac loco in ipso ligno nee in cortice distinguenda.

•1221. 75. S. scLPHUREA, L. v. S., rara, in cortice insidens, Salem nee Pennsylv.

Vol. IV.— 2 Y

194 ' SYNOPSIS OF

S. tenuior, subcamosa, demum exsiccata cornea, varie in marg^ine tenui sulibero lobata, sulphurea.
Stromate interno albido. Peritheciis crebris, globoso-depressis, immersis, luteofuscescentibus.
Ostiolis concoloribus sparsini in depressis foveolis superficiei externae ceterum laevigatae sitis,
papillatis. Recens omnino separabilis a cortice, quo ad sem'iuncialem longitudinem efFusa, arete
sequens inaequalitates corticis subjacentis forma quadam subrotunda. Quodammodo S. citrinae
aifinis.

*1222. "6. S. Cabies, L. v. S., non dissimilis var. y S. deustae in lignis cariosis, ISethl.

S. vix separabilis, subrotunda aut elongatim effusa, crassiuscula, ambitu sublobato, aten'ima. Super-
ficie undulatim inaequali, nigosa. Ostiolis crebris, obtuse conicis, demum pertusis. Peritheciis
majusculis subdepressis, in stromate parco nigrescente. Sphaeriam serpentem prime adspectu
referens. Longitudine semi — aut unciali. An hujus tribus ? tamen superficialis est.

•122j. 77. S. auADBATA, L. v. S., insuper corticem Rhoidum variorum Bethl.

S. crassa, elevata, abbreviata, plus minus quadrata, tamen saepe irregulariter sublobata ; basi affixa

-; cortici, et in ambitu praedita margine acutiusculo. Superne applanato-undulata, rugosa. Peri-
theciis paululum tantum circa ostiola in superficie prominulis, majusculis, pyriformibiis, ime immei-
sis in stromate albido-pallido, nee tamen ad basin usque. Ostiolis brevissimis, apertis, pertusis.
Primum sordide olivacea, demum nigra. Pulvinuli minores tam crassi, ut quasi cupulati stipitati
apparent.

'1224. 78. .S. coNTOKTA, L. v. S., frequens in Corticibus Quercus et Pyri Mali in Carolina, Pennsylv.
et New York.
.S. cortice solummodo stiplti papillaeformi affixa, quamvis arete illi adpressa, libera in ambitu varie
lobata, et omnino lobis contortis, fere Lichenis ad instar. Crusta corticali nigra subtus badia, inclu-
ditur Stroma albolutescens, subpulverulentum centro satis crassum, in ambitu attenuatum. Perithe-
ciis crebris minutis globosis, sub hoc cortici externo nidulantibus, non ime immersis stromati, in
superficie inde subgranuloso subelevatis, irregulariter. Ostiolis minutis. Inferne cortex stei-ilis evu-
dit. Colore primum viridi-atro, mox nigrescente. Sphaeria tota ad quartam partem unciae ex-
tensa. Saepe pluria indivldua caespitosim aggregata sunt.
Affinis S. lentae nostrae sed multo major. Eximia species.

'1225. "9. S. SUBLOBATA, L. v. S., ex eadem familia S. lentae ; in cortice Platani, Bethl.

S. minor, elevata, scutellaeformis, levissime insidens, margine obtuso, lobato-repando, ex atro suboli-
vascens. Superficie applanata, rugulosa. Peritheciis subperiphaericis monostlchis lutescentibus,
immersis sti-omate lutescentl. Ostiolis impressis. Diametrum 2 — 3 linearum non excedit. *

'1226. 80. S. scBAFFixA, L. v. S., primo adspectu varietatem S. stig'inatis refert. Frequens in ramis
dejectis pyrinis Bethlehem.
S. transversim subambiens ramulos, crassa, elevata, ligno adnata, more S. numularlae, applanata, ple-
rumque orbiculata, margine sterili, sed non libero. Superficie externa subrugosa atra. Peritheciis,
sllpatis, oblongis, stromate parco circumdatis. Ostiolis crassiusculis, non impressis, conice protrusls.
Long, et lat i — 1 unciali; saepe confluens. Primum epidermide cincta, demum deniid.ita.

•122". 81. S. Abtemisiae, L. v. S., proxima S. repandae F. in emortuis Artemisiarum ram. Bethl.
S . minor, blhnearls, ovata, subangul.ata, subcupulata et marginata ex epidermide stellatlm revoluta
erumpens, 2 — 3 confluentes. Aterrima disco rugoso opaco, ostiolis parum prominentlbus umblU-
catis crebris. Stromate aterrimo, in quo nldulant perlthecia globosa minuta cava. Tota sphaeria
quasi libera, insidens libro corticali, utrinque nigra, rugosa. Non omnino confluens sed potius
invicem adpressae sunt sphaerulae.

Trib. 6. LicNOSAE.

1228. 82. S. bullata, F. 59, Syn. Car. 55, etiam Bethl. Coryl.

1229. 83. S. unduluta, F. 60, Syn. Car. 40, frequens et. Bethl.

1230. 84. S. s^igvna, F. 61, Syn. Car. 41, frequentisslma ubique. '
/3 quadricocca, rarior Pennsylv.

y decorlicala, rarior ibidem.

Mire varlat haec species. Num et S. subafflxa nostra varietas sit hujus '

1231. 85. S. PLATisTOMA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 43, F. 62, freq. et Pennsylv.

1232. 86. S. ATBopcKCTATA, L. V. S , Syn. Car. 44, F. 63, multo rarior occurrlt liaec species memora-
bilis Pennsylvania quam Carolina.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 195

1233. 87. S. RoBisiAE, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 61, F. 65, frequens etiam Pennsylvania — seel ralde poly-
morpha saepissime Sphaeriam alienae sectionis referens.

•1234. 88. S. pilulifera, F. 66, in tnincis Acerinis Salem et Pennsylvania passim.

*1235. 89. S. rhytostoma, F. 67, distinctissima in cortice triinci Pruni liyemalis liethlehem rai-ius.

* 1236. 90. S. euphoraea, F. 69, vulgaris in quercinis ramis etiam fagineis Bethl. •
1237. 91. S. rfjsci/ormis, F. 68, Syn. Car. 31, vulgatissima.

*1238. 92. S. ALBOPRUiNosA, L. V. S., cum sequente, affinis duabus prioribus. In ramulis fagineis,
New Jersey obvia.
S. orbicularis, primum plana, demura elevato-convexa, cortice stellatim cincta, disco primum dense
albo-pruinoso, pulverulento, demum subfuscescente. Ostiolis quasi in poris sparsis impressis.
Perithecils tenuiter corticatis, ovatis, in coUum nigrum perforatum attenuatis. Stromate albo-ceraceo.
Minor est S. disciformi.

*1239. 93- S. TiREScENs, L. V. S., colore bene distincta a S. disciformi persistente viridi, passim Caro-
lina et Pennsylv. ramis junioribus.
S. orbiculata, m-ijor, valde elevata, tamen applanata. Disco omnino tecto pruina aut pulvere
luteo-virenti, demum quidem detergibili, sed colorem servans viridem. Peritlieciis paucis majuscu-
lis, g-loboso depressis ; tegumento corticali crasso nigro praeditis, in collum breviter attenuatis, stro-
mate candido-ceraceo circumdatis. Ostiolis nigris quadricoccis in supei-ficie virenti prominulls. Ad
basi arete cincta epidermide non stellatim fisso.

•1240. 94. S. aspersa,F. 70, var /3 fusca. Major fungo Friesii, ceterum quadrans. iletlilehem in
quercinis ramis.

•1241. 95. S.favacea, F. 71, frequens, bethlehem et Salem.

1242. 96. S, verrucaeformis, F. 72, Syn. Car. 56 et Bethl.

1243. 97. S. Cefhalanthi, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 59, F. 73, freq. et Bethl.

1244. 98. S. LiHioDZNpni, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 60, F. 74, nondum Pennsylv.

1245. 99. S. Rbois, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 62, F. 75, frequens in Rhoi radicante etiam Pennsylvania.
•1246. 100. S. Jiavovirens, F. 76, ex amicissimo Torrey solummodo accepi in cortice Betulae popuU-

foliae ex Nova Anglia.

•1247. 101. S. prorumpens, F. 77, in ramis Robiniae Bethl.
1248. 102. S. uda, F. 78, Syn. Car. 81, frequens et. Bethl.

•1249. 103. S. DiscRETA, L. v. S. Frequenter per corticem ad ipsum lignum penetrans, cui adnatum, In
truncis et ramis praesertim majoribus. Malorum (rarissime in Carolina) mihi obvia est species dis-
tinctissima. Interdum occurrit remanens et vigens in ipso ligno, cortice omnino dejecto, plerumque
per corticem penetrat. Major, nulli nisi sequenti affinis. Olim amicis perperam ut S. nostra r/i.i-
qiticola caroliniana rarissima, nee Pennsylvania inventa commimicavi.
S. abnormis orbiculata, cortice concrescens et per corticem penetrans, nigro-circumscript.a, basi
firmiter ligno ipso affixa. Quasi pyxidem format e crusta nigroferruginea confecta, basin versus
contractam in pedicellum crassum nigro circumscriptum in ligno. Tamen faciliter e ligno separabilis,
linquens orbiculum nigro ei circumscriptum in loco, basi pyxidis aut cupulae separata planissima.
Cupula aut pyxis perithecia includens omnino lignosa, ferruginea, c massa corticali. Disco i
unciali, marginato, concavo ex albo-cinerascente, subpurpurascente crustaceo frustuloso, stellatim
cincto frustulis epidermidisinseparabiliter adhaerentibus. Ostiolis papiUatis in disco vix prominulis.
Peritheciis majusculis ovatis monostichis lineam longis, coUo in ostiola attenuatis, immersis in stro-
mate albidiori immixta lignoso. Tota sphaeria saepe et i unc. alta ac lata. Copiosim infestat ramos
diu persistens — primum per corticem penetrans et quasi veiTucis excavatis superficiem variolans,
demum ramum deorbans.

•1250. 104. S. EXCAVATA, L. V. S. Affinis priori, sed nunquam ex cortice separabilis, transverslm
erumpens, rarior in Cortice Prunorum, Bethl.
S. elUptico-orbiculata, cortice non stellatim sed quasi margine acuto subelevato cincta, et cum epi-
dermide protusa. Disco ime excavato concava, nigra, non in disco Crustacea ut prior, foveolis
autem multis minutis sparsis punctata, in quorum fundo nidulant ostiola. Ceterum ut prior cortice
quodam proprio nigro pyxidiforme inclusa, ad ipsum lignum penetrans, nee tamen eadem altitudine,
nam vix dimidiam partem excedit, nunquam formam substipitatum exhibens. Cupula pyxidiformis
parte inferiori farcta pseudo stromate lignoso — superiori magis vero stromate. In hac nidulant
perithecia rariora majuscula py riformia, in collum splendentem nigrum attenuata, occupantia mcdiam

196 SYNOPSIS OF

partem stromatis. Magnitudine prions. Species ambo valde memorabiles, ulterior multo rarius
quam prior.

*1251. 105. S. STJBCONCAVA, L. V. S., etiam affinis prioribus sed raulto minor: gregatim et saepe con-
fluens prorumpit ex ramis Viburni dentati, Bethl.
S. minor (1 — 3 lin.) clev.ata, erumpens, undique cincta cortice fisso, includens quasi in coi'tice crus-
taceo nigro proprio, peritliecia pauca majuscula, globoso-depressa, fere totam Sphaeriam interne
occupantia, stromatis circumdantis fere expertia. Disco subconcavo, subrugoso, atro. Ostiolis
globoso-papillatis, clev.atis, raris, concoloribus, interdum confluentibus — coUo breviasculo connexis
cum peritbeciis, sacculo albo distincto intus praeditis.

•1251. 106. S. SMiLACicoLA, L. V. S., rarior in emortuis ramis Smihcis rotundifoliae, Salem.

S. subpulvinatim effusa, epidermide insidens, margine quoddam sterili sublobato in arabitu praedita,
quo arete adhaeret ligno — lineam nigram linquens. Peritbeciis paucis, prorainulis in superficie
nigra, intus nigris aut nigi'ofuscis. Stromate parco pulverulento. Longitudine 1 — 3 lineari occurrit,
saepe in centro adeo elevata ut formam subconicam induit.

*1252. 107. S. GnisEA, L. v. S., rarior in lignis cortice orbatis — S. stigm.^tis vicinitate, Bethl.

S. oblonga, efi'usa, subconcav.a, ligno innato-immersa utrinque acuminata, undique et ime linea nigra
circumscripta, medio satis ci'assa et ibi exhibens stroma albo-griseum, in ambitu tenuior, stromate
vixdistinguendo. Peritheciis applanatis, crebris, minutissimis, nigris, stromati immersis. Superficie
externa albogrisea, frustulatim rlmosa, ostiolis subumbonatis obtusis griseis prominentibus. Uncia-
lem diametrum saepe attingit.

•1253. 108. S. snssA, L. v. S., in ligno exsiccato rimoso quercino, liethl. satis frequens.

S. longitudinaliter rimis ligni quasi inspissa, valde angust-i et utrinque acuminata, nigrescens. Medio
satis elevato, superficie e peritheciis prominentibus, valde rugosa. Stromate vix ullo. Peritheciis
ipso ligno immersis, ostiolis subconice elevatis. Saepe ad semiunciani protracta.

*1254. 109. S. coNcoLon, L. V. S., in ramis Vaccinii corymbosi Bethlehem sub epidermide.

S. more crescendi Sph. stigmati approximatur ; multo minor, undulatim effusa, tenuis, i lineari cras-
sitie ; superficie quanquam undulata, t.amen laevi, et omnino concolor libro, rufo-brunnea, quasi ut
tumor illi innata. Interdum ciner.iscit ; seriatim punctata ostiolis minutis nigris subimpressis.
Stromate subpulverulento albescenti. Peritheciis densis nigris ovatis, invicemadpressis, intus niten-
tibus. Omnino memorabilis.

*1255. 110. S. entehoxantha, L. v. S., ex ramis dejectis Castaneorum prorumpens, Bethl.

S. epidermide stellatim fissa cincta, valde elevata, tiu'binato-difformis, prorumpens pulvinulis subcon-
fluentibus, valde tortis et compressis, extus basin versus nigrescentibus, parte superiori intumes-
centet-urbinato-fuscescentibus, plicato-rugosis. Ostiolis sparsis raris punctiformibus. Peritheciis
majusculis obovatis compresso-stipatis, immersis stromate flavo etrubro tincto pulveraceo. Cortice
proprio peritheciorum aterrimo. Gregatim crescit pulvinulis plerumque bilinearibus.

'1256. 111. S. RiBESiA, L. V. S., rarissima in truncis emortuis Rib. rubri. Salem inventa. Non
eadem cum Dothidea F.
S. effusa, confluens e pluribus pulvinulis aggregiitis. Superne e copia ostiolorum prominentium
I'ugosissima. Ostiolis ipsis crassis brevibus, difformibus, ore longitudinaliter aperto, hysteriiforme.
Peritheciis majusculis, plerumque obovatis in stromate parco subalbescenti. Prorumpens ex epi-
dermide, sed ligno ipso adnata plagis, ad longitudinem uncialem, i unciali latitudine confluentibus.

Trib. 7. Vehsatiles.

"1257. 112. S. scaij-osa, F. 79, passim ad ligna Bethl.

1258. 113. S. podoides, F. 79, (3, Syn. Car. 48, freq. et Bethl.

•1259. 114. S. f'rrc^u/an's, F. 80, rara in querc. ram. Bethl.

1260. 115. S.friabilis, F. 81, Syn. Car. 5.3, etiam Bethlehem.

1261. 116. S. sordida, F. 82, Syn. Car. 52, vulgaris Bethl.
1262- 117. S. quercina, F. 84, Syn. Car. 50, vulg.iris Bethl.

•1263. 118. S. lanciformis, F. 85, passim ad cortices, Bethl.

1264. 119. S. fcrruginea, F. 86, Syn. Car. 89, in lignis Castan freq.

•1265. 120. S. versulilis, V. 90, traver.sim in Pruno Bethl.

•1266. 121. S. ceratosperma, F. 81, Salem et Bethl.

•1267. 122. S. Hystrix, F. 89, rarior in Acerinis, Salem.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 197

1268. 123. S. imitiva, F. 93, Syn. Car. 37, frequens in Vitibus, Salem ac Pennsylv.

•1269. 124. S. BABicAWS, L. v. S., rarissime in radicibus emersis Fagorum Salem.
S. minuta, prorumpens, pulvinulis minoribus cinnabarinis, irregularibus, subgyrosis (S. gyrosam
habitu revocantibus). Sub crusta cinnabarina externa, cortice proprio atro-nitenti. Ostiolls cylin-
dricis, intus aterrimis, extus cinnabarinis, passim in superficie elevatis, faciliter deciduis — unde
superficies atropunctato evadit, ob ductum atio-nitentem quo peritheciis connectuntur ostiola. Stro-
mate subpulverulento lutescenti. Peritheciis minutis atris stromati irregulariter Immersis. Pulvi-
nuli vix excedunt bilinearem longitudinem et subrotundi sunt, gregarie erumpunt ex cortice radicum,
subinde confluentes.

•1270. 125. S. AHifCLANS, L. v. S., rarior in ramulis decorticatis varlis lignis moUioribus, annulatim ra-
mulum cingens inventa Salem et Betlil.
S. subpustulata, annulatim confluens circum circa ramulum decorticatum, rarius solitaria. Pulvinulus
quisque formam induit subconico-truncatam, ceterum lanciformis, concrescens cum fibris ligni,
iisque longitudinaliter subtectus. In truncatura prominent ostiola, crebra, cr.assa, brevia, macrosto-
mata. Peritheciis in stromate albo, collis atris brevibus in ostiola abientibus. Lignum saepe circum
circa crusta quadam nigra induit. Invenitur etiam interdum longitudinaliter confluens, nee annula-
tim et saepe vestita in superficie pube fuscescente. Linea nigra in ligno circumscripta.

•1271. 126. S. coLLECTA, L. V. S., frequens in ramisjunioribus Mori albae Bethl.
S. minor, sparsa non confluens, pulvinulis subrotundis convexis, elevatis, atris, subruguloso-punctatis
in superficie ; Ostiolis indistinctis prominulis, steUatim epidermide cinctis. Peritheciis minutis
globosis in stromate satis crasso aterrimo, sed non ad basin immersis. Pulvinulis IJ lln. longis et
latis.

*1272. 127- S. TARioLosA, L. v. S., frequens in ramisjunioribus Populiitalici, &c. ex epidermide pro-
rumpens, longe lateque confluens, et earn quasi variolosum reddens. Bethlehem.
S. gregarie confluens, primum omnino epidermide tecta, nisi circum ostiola, demum subprorumpens,
epidermide tamen hinc inde adhaerente. Pulvinulis satis elevatis, atris, rugosis, irregularibus.
Ostiolis crebris, brevibus, diflibrmibus. Peritheciis obovatis aut pyriformibus majusculis, immersis,
pluribus seriebus, stromate candido. Estus atra, juniore aetata tamen cum ostiolis cinerascente-
pulveracea.

•1273. 128. S. suBcoNFiTjE-vg, L. v. S., transversim in ramis putridis Celastri prorumpens Bethlehem.
Affinis secundum descriptionem S. dispari Friesii. Ambit inter Versatiles et Confluentes.
S. transversim prorumpens aut longitudinaliter, forma orbiculata aut diffbrmi, aterrima, valde protu-
berans, basi tantum epidermide cincta, crusta nigra circum circa effusa sub epidermide. In superiori
parte pulvinuh aut caespites, perithecia subirregularia sed plerumque angulata, angulis acutis, adeo
prominent, ut fere singula referunt, punctato-rugosa, papillata, demum pertusa. Intus perithecia
globoso-ovata se ostendunt, immersa stromate parco, ex coi'ticali substantia, aut ex subjacent! crusta
nigra orto.

*1274. 129. S. oBscnRi, L. v. S., rarius obvia in lignis quercinis igni destinatis, Bethl-

S. majuscula, spai-sa, immersa in libro, per epidermidem steUatim fissam prorumpens. Crusta full-
g^ea late effusa tecta, tubercula efficit satis elevata, obtusa, subconica aut diffbrmia, fusco-ferru-
ginea, ostiohs indistinctis. Peritheciis flexuoso-gyrosis difTormibus, fuligineis, per ductum album et
excavatum cum tuberculo connexis. Stromate ex materia corticis.

•1275. 130. S. sAjiBucivonA, L. v. S. Copia ingenti infestans ramos dejectos minore Sambuci cana-
densis. Affinis S. scabrosae, Bethlehem.
S. emergens, demum superficialis, nigricans, longitudinaliter aggregatim confluens, quasi maculas
elatiores efficiens, demum omnino cortice dejecto, superficie inaequali rugosa nee tamen Crustacea
exhlbetur. Tuberculis singulis ovatis ,iut diffbrmibus. Peritheciis majusculis, numerosls, poly-
stichis, nigris, stipatis in quoque tuberculo. Stromate candido pulverulento statu vegeto circum-
data. OstloUs polygonis, prominulis, demum irregularibus, ime umbihcatls. Pro more secundum
locum in ipso ligno aut cortice mire variat forma. Singuhs tubercuhs 2 — 3 linearis 1 alt. — sed ple-
rumque occupantibus plures unclas longitudinaliter aggregatis.

Trib. 8. Conceescentes.
1276. 131. S. DisciKcoLA, L. v. S., Fr. 97, Syn. Car. 63. Hanc speciem distinctissimam nunquam

Vol. IV.— 2 Z

1 98 ' SYNOPSIS OF

Pennsylvania inveni — et quidem speciraina Caroliniana omnia Botanophilis Europaeis communicavi,
itaut milii nunc desunt. Omnino alia quam S. discreta hujus libelli — olim pro ea sumpta.

1277. 132. S. spinosa, F. 98, Syn. Car. 84 et 85, nam S.horrida nil aliud. At sententia Friesii, p.
369, sequentem etiam nil aliud esse mihi non placet. Species est loco, forma perdistincta frequens
Pennsylv.

1278. 133. S. LiMAEFOHMis, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 47 et 86, S . penicilhsa cum priori jung'enda sed non cum
S. spinosa. Haec nostra nunquam in lignis, semper autem et quidem saepe ad 8 — 9 pedalem lon-
g'itudinem in cortice crescit.

1279. 134. S. spiculosa, F. 99, Syn. Car. 83, rarius occurrit et in Pennsylvania ramis salicinis cortice
orbatis.

1280. 135. S. lata, F. 100, Syn. Car. 66, vulgaris etiam Pennsylva. cum varietate ^ polycocca.
*1281. 136. S. maura, F. 101, frequens Bethlehem in ramis decorticatls.

*1282. ' 137. S. lejoplaca, F. 102, rarius, Hope, New Jersey.

*1283. 138. S. miliaria, F. 103, rarius in vetusto Ugno ibidem.

*1284. 139. S. decipiens, F. 104, passim in cortice, Bethlehem.

*1285. 140. S. subcutanea, F. 105, sub epidermide juniorum ramorum Ribis, Bethl.

*1286. 141. S. infernalis, F. 106, optima species, Bethl.

1287. 142. S. AcuLEATA, L. V. S., valde affinis S . spiculosae, sed semper et quidem frequentissime in
caulibus emortuis maximarum Herbarum praesertim Phytolaccae, rarius Umbellatarum occurrit
Bethl. ac Salem — longlssime effusa.

S. long-issime ac indeterminatim effusa, crusta tenui nigra, priraum tecta epidermide tenerrimo per
quern protruduntur ostiola long-a teretia, initio tenni turn incrassata, et caulem talem tactu quasi
aculeatum reddunt, demura epidermide orbata. Peritheciis omnino espertibus stromatis, ligno
( caulino ime immersis, depresso-globosis, atris, sparsis. Ostiolis longissimis, saepe aetate difformibus,
decumbentibus ac diffractis. Perithecia nunquam prominent. Saepe circumdat caules ad pedalem
longitudinem. Quanquam species caulicola, ob summam affinltatem cum ceteris hujus sectionis,
nuUimodo ab his separanda.

/3 arteniisicola, paulo crassior omnibus partibus, in caulibus emortuis Artemisiarum Horti.

1288. 143. S. ViBuiiNi, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 58, F. 107, et. Pennsylv.

1289. 144. S. DioBPTHi, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 57, F. 108, nondum Pennsylv.

1290. 145. S. ViTicoiA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 64, F. 109, non in Pennsylv.

1291. 146. S. Fimeti, F. 110, Syn. Car. 158, caute distinguenda a S. stercorea simplici. Carol, et
Pennsylv.

•1292. 147. S. lineata, F. Ill, rara Bethl. obvia.
1293. 148. S. AEaciLiNEABis, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 116, F. 113, solummodo Carolina in Berberidis
canad.
'1294. 149. S. oppansa, F. 114. Ob crustam gelatinosam distincta. In cortice salicino, Bethl.

1295. 150. S. PANNosA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 172, F. 115 et. Betlil. elegans obvia.
♦1296. 151. S.Jloccosa, F. 116, in Sambuci ramis, Bethl.
1297. 152. S. velata, F. 117, Syn. Car. 80, ramis tiliaceis Carol.
•1298. 153. S. crustata, F. 119, r.arius Carolina in ramis.
*1299. 154. S. «<6/£cte, F. 120, Bethlehem passim sub epiderm.
•1300. 155. S. reconf^j'to, L. V. S., sub epid. Ribis ftoridae Bethl.
S. pvimum cortice tecta, peritheciis ime reconditis in ligno, depresso-globosis, protrudentibus ostiola
longissima rudia per corticem, passim per epidermidem prorumpentia et demum eum dejicientia.
Tunc in conspectum venit crusta quadam nigra sub epidermide effusa indeterminatim, quae manifes-
tim ex gelatina sporidifera sparsa orta est.
*1301. 156. S. coNCBEscENs, L. V. S., species admodum distincta solummodo obvia in emortuis ramulis
Ribidis aureae Hortorum Bethl.
S. crusta quadam ex massa corticis orta nigro-fusca tecta ; transversim erumpens forma orb iculata aut
utnnque angustata per epidermidem, disco quasi excavato, substellatim epidermide cincta et mar-
ginibus subelevatis praedito, bi- vel tri-lineari. In hac crusta, concrescunt periUiecia numerosa,
basi immersa, globoso-depressa, minuta, superne attenuata in ostiola cyhndi-ica, crassluscula, pro.
namula. Peritheciis intus albo-farctis, demum formam mutantibus et quasi conico-cylindricis. Affi-
nis S. reconditae, at habitu excavato disci bene distincta.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI, 199

•1302. 157. S. Mori hcbbae, L. v. S., in ligno putrido Mori rubrae Bethlehem. An ad Tribum Con-

natarum ?
S. nuda, crassiuscula, vix concrescens, sed semi-immersa, interdum plagis inaequalibus J uncialibus
confluens, inlerdum subsimplex. Superficie valde Inaequali rugosa, ostiolis subprominulis, perforatia.
Peritheciis majusculis monostichis immersis stroraati fiiligineo-nigro. Extus tota nigra.
•1303. 158. S. ELETAJTs, L. V. S., in truncis denudatis Rhois glabriUethlehem, secundum descriptionem
affinis S. lignyotae Friesii.
S. tecta, sed non cortice, sed fibris ipsis ligni, quibuscum longe lateque assurgit, superficiem nig^o-
tingens et inaequalem reddens. Peritheciis stromate fuliginoso-pulverulento tectis, majusculis,
globoso-depressis, circum ostiola majuscula quasi radiatim subcircinantibus. Superficies tactu exas-
. parata ostiolis prominentibus.
*1304. 159. S. KiTCLosA, L. V. S., satis affinis S. maurae in dejectis Lauris aestiv. Bethl.

S. longissima, (pedalis) et lata, (uncialis) efFusa, ligno priraum subimmersa, inde ex fibris elevatis
cinerascente, demum fere omnino emergens, ambitu effigurato, superficie rivulosa et undulata,
provectiori aetate, longitudinaliter angustira sulcata, coUiculosa et tunc aterrima. Ostiolis in sulcis
prominentibus, atris, subcylindj'icis, longiusculis, apice subtruncatis, rugosis perforatis. Peritheciis
majusculis globosis, arete stipatis, Stromate fuliginco tectis, monostichis. Stroma superne albescit.
*1305. 160. S. ELONGATO-coMPaESSA, L. V. S., seriatim provenit in ligno denudato, Bethl.

S. plagis abbrevlatis, .valde elevatis; primum subimmersis compressis, ac seriatim longitudinaliter con-
fluentibus, rugosis subdifTbrme-ellipticis, centro compresso subconice elevato. Ostiolis diffbrmi-
bus parum prominentibus subglabris. Peritheciis globoso-depressis, paucis, majusculis fere experti-
bus stromatis, quod stroma ceterum nigrescit. Lignum quasi coUiculosum reddit, sed non nigrescit
inter plagas.
•1306. 161. S. CONFUSA, L. V. S., in cortice et ligno Bethl. ^ %

S. late effusa, non ime immersa, concrescens, subeffigurata, atra. Peritheciis polystichis, superim-
positis stromate fuliginoso, pulveraceo; obovatis, abientibus in ostiola rugosa subpyramidata angulato-
aspera, demum pertusa.
•1307. 165!. S. DENiGBATA, L. v. S., in denudato ligno Rhododendr. max. Bethl.
S. late effusa, Crustacea, crusta tenui nigra denigrans lignum. In hac observantur verrucae longitudi-
nahter elongatae ac parailelae subconfluentes ex congerie peritheciorum ortae, quae hisiramersae, et
serie erumpunt per ostiola minuta difformia parum eleyata. Peritheciis ipsis albo-farctis depresso-
globosis, sparsis in massa crustae immersis.
•1308. 163. S. MELA, L. v. S., aff. S. latae Bethl. in ligno quercino denudato.
S. longe lateque effusa, crusta nigra, parum elevata saepe (an a fungo parasitico) superficie sub dema-
tiosa ; satis aequabUi, aut tantum inaequabili ex subjacentis hgni rimis. Peritheciis nidulantibtts in
ipso ligno, non tamen ime immersis, globosis, subdepressis, extus fuscescentibus subnitentibus, coUo
longiusculo peneti-antibus per crustam. Ostiolis conice polygonis, nigris, subsulcatis, elevatis.

Trib. 9. CiBCUMScaiETAE.
1309. 164. S. Sacculus, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 26, P. 123, truncis majoribus Bignoniae radicantis Carolina

nee alibi.
1310- 165. S. BiB^fOKiAE, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 25, F. pag. 379, CI. Friesius imperfecta tantum speci-

mina vidit. Loco citato diagnosis nostra et descriptio non bona.
S. m'u"e varians. Junior pustulata ferrugineo-nig^a, minor, conceptaculum formans sub corticem ceteris
hujus tribus non dissimile, cortice fibroso subimmerso, ostiolis umbihcatis cylindricis prominentibus.
Demum in formam oblongam concrescens at 1 — 2 unciarum longitudinem e rimis longitudinaliter
prorumpens, apicibus conceptaculorum truncatis. In truncatura consplciuntur ostiola brevia crassa
irregularia. Peritheciis mediocribus stromati cinereo-carneo immersis.
•1311. 164. S. gastrina, F. 124, rara in ignoto ligno, Bethl.
1312. 165. S. prunastri, F. 126, Syn. Car. 91, etiam Pennsylv.
•1313. 166. 'S. stellulata, F. 128, in Uhno et Platano, ibid.
•1314. 167. S. e«<£ro?eucff, F. 129, ramis denudatis, Bethl.
•1315. 168. S. exiensa, F. 130, ibidem, Bethl.
•1316. 169. S. anomia, F. 131, frequenter occurrit in ramisRobiniae, Bethl.

200 SYNOPSIS OP

•1317. 170. S. monadelpha, F. 132, rarior in fere destructis ramis Prunonim, Bethlehem, &c. Nova
Anglia misit Torrey.
1318. 171. S. ScopABiA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 101, F. 125, rara CaroUna.

•1319. 172. S. Halseyana, L. v. S., rarissima in cortice betulino ab amicissimo Abraham Halsey ex
New York communicata.
S. major, pustulata, subrotunda, conceptaculls transversim confluentibus, ad longitudinem ac latitudi-
nem semiuncialem, aterrimis, 2 — 3 lineas altis, apice plano-truncatis, undique tuberculosis. Ostiolis
cylindricls, brevibus, confertis, cylindricis, crassiuscuUs, subtuberculosis. Primum cpidermide
tecta, quae semper arctim adhaeret. Perltheciis intus succenturatis polystichis, stromate albo-fuli-
ginoso immersis — Stromate seorsum aucto, omnino fuligineo. Affinis S. scopariae, sed ostiola multo
breviora, crassiora, et magis cum conceptaculo concrescentia.

•1320. 173. S. Aausie/toa, F. 136, in quercinis ram. Bethl.

1321. 174. S. syngenesia, F. 133, Syn. Car. 99, tumida; et Bethl.

1322. 175. S. PDGILLT7S, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 107, F. 135, in putrido ligno etiam Pennsylvania obvia,
quanquam rara.

•1323. 176. S. cerviculaia, F. 136, vulgai-is Bethl.

•1324. 177. S. fibrosa, F. 139, in cortice Ulm. Bethl.

1325. 178. S. comioulata, F. 138, Syn. Car. 97, Carohna.

1326. 179. S. Carpini, (BetuU) F. 140, Syn. Car. 96, et. Pennsylv.
•1327. 180. S. lixivia, F. 141, in cortice Juglandis cinereae, Bethl.

1328. 181. S. juGLANDicoiA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 102, F. 142, etiam passim Pennsylv. in Juglandis
tomentosae et albae cortice.

'1329. 182. S. FncSTBUM Coni, L. v. S., rarius in radicibus arborum prominentibus, Bethl.

S. cortice innata, ex epidermide radicis prorumpens; conceptaculls nigris exacte forma frustrum coni
referentibus, apice ti-uncatis, furfure pulveraceo rubiginoso in truncatura tectis, ex quo prominent
ostiola cylindrica perforata, nigra. Stromate intus omnino deficiente, conceptaculum totum exple-
tum peritheciis pyriformibus arete stipatis, quasi circinatim dispositiset in collura conjunctis, circum-
datis materia corticali. Basi vix circumscripta.

•1330. 183. S. Toxici, L. v. S., frequens in sarmentis et ramis Rhois radicantis.

S. conceptaculls majusculis, subrotundis, nigris rugosis, primum tectis, demum cortice orbatis, saepe
longitudinaliter confluentibus. Ostiolis centro aggregatis, teretibus obtusis; interdum difformibus et
apice quasi stellatis. Peritheciis oblongis, stipatis seorsum in coUum junctis, fuligineis nee nigris.
Stromate parco albescenti, demum fuligineo circumdatis. liasi conceptacuU clausa. Variat mag-
nitudine.

'1331. 184. S. BDBiscoLA, L. V. S., frequens in stipitibus Rubi in hortis dejectis et jam fere consumptis
putrldine, Bethl.
S. interiori cortice adnata, demum excussata, fcveolas linquens ; orbiculata, centro depressa ubi assur-
gunt ostiola rugosa ; gregatim confluens, priori satis affinis. Primum epidermide tecta et tam ime
in cortice defossa ut sola ostiola prominent, demum assurgens ac omnino liberabi. Peritheciis majus-
culis, paucis, depresso-globosis, stromate albo-pulverulento circumdatis. Conceptaculum interdum
coronatum est unico ostiolo, cyhndrico, ore dilatato — interdum pluribus divergentibus.

•1332. 185. S. AiLosTOMA, L. V. S., in discoet ad latera trunci magni caesi Robiniae prope Lancaster
obvia, valde polymorpha. Etiam ex Nova Anglia Dr Torrey communicavit. Primo adspectu con-
ceptacula ubi maxime confluunt varietatem S. spinosae referunt.
S. primum ligno ipso immersa, longe lateque confluens, ostiolis tantum globoso-stellatis, prominenti-
bus; demum assurgens et fere libera. Conceptaculls tum ut in prioribus, sed magis et quidem
latitudine etiam confluentibus. Ostiolis rigidis, tereti-difFormibus, apice plerumque dilatatis. Peri-
theciis majusculis, stipatis, fere omnino sine stromate, collo in ostiola abientibus. Plagae concepta-
culorum confluentium, demum quasi crusta conjunctae et ei insidentes. Hoc modo crescendi
maxime a prioribus distat.

•1333. 186. S. oLioosToMA, L. v. S., frequens in interiori cortice ramorum Castaneorum epidermide
orbato, Bethl.
S. minor, orbiculata, pustulata. Conceptaculo saepe concentrice annulato, medio depresso, nigro, in
coUum crassiusculum .attenuato, in cujus apice conspiciuntur ostiola minuta, parum prominida, saepe

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. " "UlQi

unicum. Pei-itheciis immersis stromati mere e corticis substantia femigineo, minutis adpressis, saccule
albo conspicuo. Versus basin conceptaculo subevanido. Affinis S. fen'ugineae.

•1334. ISr. S. AMORPHosTOMA, L. V. S., rarius in cortice Gledltsiae, Bethl. cultae. ■^_ ; jv

S. tecta, ostiolis solummodo prominulis, compresso-diflbrmibus, cornels, tubercidosis, fuscescentibus,
saepe quasi villosis (ex Cladosporio quodam parasitico') : ceterum conceptacula sparsa, cortice
innata nee confluentia. Peritheciis majusculis pro ratione, globosis, in coUura longiusculum junctis,
et intus stromate fuliglnoso circumdatis. Ut prior species basin versus conceptaculum quasi eva-
nescentem habet.

•1335. 188. S. Radicium, L. v. S., ex radicibus arborum caesorum defossis ac aere expositis Bethl.
prorumpens.
S. tuberculo aut conceptaculo nigro, basl subrotunda, subelevato, firmo, cortice nempe crasso, apice
inaequaliter triincato. Peritheciis crebris, polystichis, oblongis et obovatis. Ostiolis cylindricis,
stipatis, in disco demum sparsim aut densim protrusis. Stromate parco lutoso intersperso.

•1336. 189. S. coxsruncATA, L. v. S., passim in ramls quercinis ad ignem destinatis, Bethl.

S. conceptaculo majusculo, nigro, sed externe massa quadam fuscescente conspurcato, basi effuso in
crustam concolorem ct eodem modo conspurcatam. Pluribus saepe confluentibus, sub epidermide
rupto, et stcUatim revoluto. Peritheciis majusculis, subcircinnantibus in conceptaculo, compressis,
coUis elongatis conjunctis, et stromate cinereo-fuscescente circumdatis, intus farctis massa subcornea.
Disco convexo, nigro, primum fusco-pulveraceo longe protuberante, demum obliterato ostiolis
crebris teretibus spinulosis, aterrimis.

•1337. 190. S. MODESTA, L. V. S., prorumpens sub epidermide juniori ramorum Ulmi Bethl.

S. Conceptaculo sublibere increscens llbro corticis sub epidermide, tuberculum sistens rotundura sub-
elevatum; demum prorumpens epidermide revoluto fissocinctvuu. Disco nigro-fuscescente. Ostiolis
nigris subprominulis, longiusculis, densls, ex tereti-conicis deciduis, in disco. Stromate cinereo
albo quo nidulant perithecia. Diameti'o conceptaculi 2 — 3 lineari.

Trib. 10. I»fcusAE.

1338. 191. S. nivea, F. 143, Syn. Car. 94, freq. in mahs Bethl.

1339. 192. S. leucostoma, F . 145, Syn. Car. 95, in Persicis vulgata.

•1340. 193. S. cincla, F. 144, major priori, pustulata in ramis tenerrimis Carolina obvia.

•1341. 194. S. melastoma, F. 147, in Malo Bethlehem.

1342. 195. S. microstoma, F. 148, Syn. Car. 98, et. Pennsylv.

•1343. 196. S. melwperma, F. 153, Cortice Betul. Pennsylv. • -

1344. 197. S. sc!i/e//ato, F. 154, Syn. Car. 92 et. Pennsylv.

•1345. 198. S. taleola, F. 157, passim BetM. ad ramos.

•1346. 199. S.pwfina, F. 158, in juniorib. Robiniis Bethl.

•1347. 200. S. dissepta, F. 159, cortice betulino, Bethl.

1348. 201. S. lessella, F. 160, Syn. Car. 114, frequens etiam Pennsylv. inramls salicinis.

Trib. 11. Obvahatae.

1349. 202. S. ciliata, F. 161, Syn. Car. 90, rara et Pennsylv.

•1350. 203. S. tortuosa, F. 162, rarissime obvia in ramo pineo Peridermio plni infesto, Camden, New
Jersey.

1351. 204. S. coronata, F. 163, Syn. Car. 105, solummodo in Bignoniacapreolata (non ut lapso calami
in Synopsi dicitur in B. radicanti) Carolina.

1352. 205. S. LiauiDAMBAnis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 103, F. 165, ramulis junioribus Liquid, styraci-
fluae.

•1353. 206. S. CojirTONiAi:, L. v. S., transversim erumpens ex rimis corticis Comptoniae, immersa

Interiori cortice Bethlehem.
S. subpustulata, prorumpens more S. tortuosae; tuberculo basi difformi, conice elevato, subtrunc.ato,

aterrimo, nlgro-farcto. Peritheciis etiam nigro-farctis subcircinnantibus. Ostiolis rugosis longis acu-

minatis, conniventibus. Ambit inter banc sectionem et sequentem.
•1354. 207. S. decorlicans, F. 166, in Syringae ram. Bethl.
•1355. 208. S. deformis, F. 170, in ramis quercinis, Bethl.
•1356. 209. S. teiphaemia, F. 171, freq. Bethl. et Salem.
•1357. 210. S. s«/«so, F. 172, in cortice Alni etSalicis, Bethl. - ' .

Vol. IV.— 3 A

202 SYNOPSIS OF

•1358. 211. S. melastroma, i\ 173, cortice Ulmi Salem.

1359. 212. S. <«rgida, F. irS, Syn. Car. 109, /a^jnca, Pennsylr. et Car.

*1360. 213. S. clopima, F. 176, in virgTiltis Bethlehem.

1361. 214. S. salicina, F. 177, Syn. Car. 114, et. Pennsylv.

1362. 315. S. ViTis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 117, F. 178, rarior et. Bethl.

1363. 216. S. capsularis, F. 179, Syn. Car. 106, Carolina.
•1364. 217. S. ambiens, F. 182, vulgaris et. Pennsylv. et Carol.
•1365. 218. S. kucopis, F. 179, in ramis Syringae, Bethl.

1366. 219. S. stilbostoma, F. 182, Syn. Car. Ill et 113, et. Pennsylv.
*1367. 220. S. tessera, F. 183, rara in cortice Coryli Bethl.
•1368. 221. S. dulosu, F. 184, in emortuis ramis Celastri.
1369. 222. S. Radiila, Syn. Pers.,Syn. Car. 93. Passim a me olim amicis sub nomine S. vulgatissimae
communicata. NuUimodo nostra ad S . leiphaemiam pertinet. Fere semper et quidem vulgatissima
occurrit plagis latis longisque confluens sub epidermide et arete tecta, ostiolis solummodo i-adulan-
tibus plus minusve prominentibus — plerumque satis regulariter pentagonis. Peritheciis stromate
. alblcanti, ex corticaU massa, circumdatis — sine concept.aculo nee nigro-circumscriptis, majusculis.
Caespites ostiolorum quasi seriatim prominent. V.wiis r.imis, in populinis apprime.
•1370. 223. S. sphindrina, F. 174, in cortice Catalpae et Juglanclis nigrae rarior, Bethlehem.
•1371. 224. S. viHioLARiA, L. v. S., frequens Bethlehem sub epidermida, v. c. Tiliarum.

S. subpustulata, confluens sub epidermide laevi plagis v.ariolosis longis latisque, arete tecta; ostiolis
ex epidermide stellatim fisso prominentibus, in disco primum fuscescente demum obliterato, minus
angul.atis ac multo brevioribus quam in priori. Peritheciis quidem suberectis circinnantibus, sti-oraate
' parco, albescente circumdatis absque conceptaculo. Linea nigra, plura individua, saepe totas plagas
in inia cortice circumscribens, sectione horizontali facta, observatur. Multo minus super corticem
elevata quam prior.
•1372. 225. S. Platani, L. v. S., frequentissima erumpens ex epidermide Platani, Bethl.

S. pustuLata phagis maximis ,aggreg-ata sub epidermide, sed pustulis singulis, multo minoribus quam in
prioribus, non revera confluentibus : arete tecta epidermide circum ostiola stellatim fisso. Ostiolis
in fuscescenti disco, primum punctiformibus, demum subprominulis, turn disco obliterato. Stro-
mate .albescente multo crassiori quam in prioribus et interdum in disco prorumpente. Peritheciis
aterrimis splendentibus per stroma quidem assurgentibus sed subtus in ipso cortice, absque stro-
mate nidulantibus. Vi.x nigro-circumscripta.
•1373. 226. S. GONrosTOMA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 104, pentagona, non est S. pentagona Person! nee ad
tribum Circinnat.arum pertinet, omnino potius prioribus affinis. Seriatim ac pustulatim ex rimis corti-
cis juniorum r.amorum Sassafras, Bethlehem ac Salem prorumpit.
S. pustidata, arete epidermide tecta, ostiolis pentagonis seu tetr.agonis stipatim promlnulls, aterrimis,
disco nullo. Peritheciis nigris erecto stipatls, clrclnnatim locatis iu ipso cortice absque uUo stromati,
junctls in collum brevlusculum, qulbusdam majusculis aliis multo minoribus : nuUimodo circum-
scriptis.
•1374. 227. S. cossErTATA, L. v. S., sub cortice Gleditsiae, Bethl.

S. non pustulata, gregarie erumpens, sub epidermide subefi'usa, disco primum fusco nigro convexo,
flemum obliterato, ostiolis, stellatim angulatis, parum prominentibus. Peritheciis variissubcircinnatim
nidulantibus in stromate corticali, albo, absque uUo conceptaculo ; sed pluribus caespitulis in unum
consept.atls linea nigra, ime in corticem ad ipsiim lignum penetrante.
*lo75. 228. S. r-APiiuFEiiAE, L. v. S,, frequens in junioribus ramis Mori papyriferae Bethl. cultae.
S. epidermide tecta, gregatim .ambiens ramulos et valde elev.ans epldermidem, demum stellatim fissam,
sub qua conspiciuntur pustulae, disco atro rugoso truncate protruso. Ostiolis demum brevibus, dlf-
formibus, umbillcatis in disco emergentibus. 'Peritheciis panels, m.ajusculls, globosls, in stromate
lacteo albo, conceptaculo quasi incluso, nigro corticalo. Caespitulis quidem parvis sedadeo elev.alis,
ut ramulum variolosum reddimt.
*1376. 229. S. Ceanothi, L. v. S., frequens in emortuis stipillbus Ceanothi, Bethlehem.

S. subpustulata, arctim epidermide tecta, soils ostiolis prominentibus. crebris, aterrimis, nltentibus,
leretibiis, perforatis. Peritheciis suberecto-clrcinnantibus, in stromate corticali : albo-farctis, pyrifor-
mibus ac dlfiormibus. Pustulae minutae. 11 linear! dlametro.
* 1377. 230. S. ixDisTiNCTA, L. v. S., in ramis junioribus Sassafras. Proxlma S. varlolariae.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 203

S.sparsa, sub epidermide tumidulosa et arete ab epidermide, vix fissa, nee revoluta cincta. Ostiolis
solis purum elevatis, ang^ulatis, nlgris, crassis, saepe suceiim nigrum spargenlibus, prominentibus.
Peritlieciis tribus vel quatuor majusculis atris nidulantibus in stromate corticali vix eolorato.
'1378. 231. S. aoiDKiFiDA, L. v. S., in ramis ettruncis Vaceinii corymbosi, Betid.

S. primum obtecta, tractu longitudinali gregarie erescens et tuberculum corticale efficiens, bilincari
latitudine, stellatini tectum epidermide adhaerente, satis elevatum. Ostiolis crassis brevibusaterrimis,
plerumque quadrifidis, obtusis. Peritlieciis majusculis, 3 — 4 numero, atro-nitentibus, nidulantibus in
stromate mere corticali, ovatis, suberectis.

Trib. 12. CinciifNATAE.
•1379. 232. S. Ciffatefa, F. 185, sub libro Betular. Bethl.
1380. 233. S. pulcheUa, F. 186, Syn. Car. 108 frequcns praesertim sub cortice Prunorum. Occurrit
Bethlehem denudata et seniipoUicari diaraetro circinnans.
•1381. 234. S. aperta, F. 188, sub cortice Populi italicae, Betlil.
*1382. 235. S. vasculosa, F. 190, eximia ; Beth, in Pruno.
*1383. 236. S. conjuncta, F. 191, etiam in Prunis ibidem.
*1384. 237. S. thelebola, F. 193, in Junipero vh-g'. juniori, ibid.

1385. 238. S. jmii'A'm/o, F. 194, Syn. Car. 113, et. Betlil. - . '

1386. 239. S. qualernata, F. 195, Syn. Car. 110, et. Pennsylv.
•1387. 240. S. /wr/wTOcea, F. 196, in ramo Tiliae Bethl.

•1388. 241. S. vestitu, F. 197, ramis Rib. floridae, Bethl. - '

*1389. 242. S. acc/w!;.s, F. 198, rara ramis Sassafras, Salem. •
1390. 243. S. convergens, F. 199, Syn. Car. 112. In Pennsylv. plerumque obvia in ramis Rosae
corymb osae.

•1391. 244. S.pusilla, F. 199, b. Bethlehem frequcns obvia in societate S. velatae sub cortice Casta-
nearum. Saepe ingenti copia aggregata. Olim pluribus sub alio nomine communicavi.

•1392. 245. S. abnormis, F. 200, rara Bethl. in Sambuco.
1393. 246. S. BiTERGENs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 123, F. pag. 4.'6, rara in Liquidambari Carolina. Om-
nino ad hunc tribum pertinet. Conceptaculum aut receptaculum loco citato desci-iptum plane
accessorium est. Non rara fuscescit.

•1394. 247. S. scABKisETA, L. v. S., in crusta aliarura Sphaeriarum sub cortice Castaneo rarior
Bethlehem.
S. irregulariter circinnans, nudiuscula. Peritheciis globosis nigris et fuscis valde tuberculosis. Ostiolis
longissimis flexuosis, undique scabris, pilis nempe obsitis minutis fuscis, subpellucidis. Minor est
S. pulchellae cui affinis. Interdum sola ostiola ex epidermide fissa prorumpunt.

•1395. 248. S. RUFESCESS, L. v. S., frequens sub epidermide Rhols glabri Salem et Bethl.

S. circinnatim nidulans in ipsa corticis substantia, qua rufescente regulariter tecta. Ostiolis centrah-
bus longissimis, teretibus, decumbentibus, flexuosis, divergentibus, per rimas epidermidls prorum-
pentibus, saepe albo-pruinosis, et quodammodo Cenangium conspersum referentibus. Peritheciis
nigris orbiculatim in foveolis corticalibus absque uUo stromate, depresso-decumbentibus.

•1396. 249. S. EXPEHS, L. V. S., frequens in ramulis teneris Rosae corymbosae Bethlehem, afiinis S.
ambienti, sed disci aut ullius stromatis expers.
S. immersa, epidermide tecta, peritheciis vix in substantiam corticis penetrantibus, eleganter orbicula-
tim circinnantibus suberectis, nigris, coUo brevisslmo junctis, disco nullo. Ostiolis brevissimis cras-
siusculis, aterrimis, subumbilicatis, prospicientibus ex rimis epidermidis.

•1397. 250. S. RiMicoLA, L. v. S., (olim S. asplenifuUa mihi) passim in rimis tranversallbiis ramorum
juniorum Comptoniae asplenifoliae Bethlehem.
S. (arcinnata, suberecta, minutissima ; in rimis hi.antibus epidermidis aut potius corticis, observantur
pustulae immersae cortice interno rufescenti, et ab eo arete tectae. Ostiolis aterrimis centralibus
teretibus, cylindricis, glabris, arete stipatis, parum prominulis, pressione peritheciorum sed absque
uUo disco invicem junctis. Peritheciis paucis ovato-compressls, albo-farctis.

*1598. 251. S. RHiziNA, L. v. S., in radice Ithododendri — affinis priori, Bethl.

S. circinnata, arete tecta cortice interno, ostiohs teretibus pertusis subdivergentibus, orificio amplo,
primum interdum papillate. Peritheciis densim circinnantibus, valde depressis, crebris, olivaceo-
nigris, albo-farctis, minutis, nidulantibus in foveolis corticalibus absque uUo stromate.

204 ' SYNOPSIS OF

•1399. 252. S. AcniEANs, L. v. S., passim in truncis ramisque Rhois typhinae Bethl. protuberantibus
ostiolis, ramum tactu quasi aculeatum reddens.
S. subcircinnata, minor, pustulis undique in ramo sparsis, satis elevatis cum epidermide arete cin-
gente. Peritheclis nldulantibus in stromate fuscescente omnino corticali, atris, albo-farctis, subde-
cumbentibus aut erectis, in coUum long-iusculum coalitis. Collo fuscescente protruso, deinum
ostiolis spinulosis frequentibus obliterate. Ostiolis ipsls teretibus subacutis, primum saepe glauco-
pruinosis, aterrimis ceterum.

Trib. 13. Caespitosae.
1400. 253. S. cinnabarina, F. 201, Syn. Car. 118, freq. et. Bethl.
*1401. 254. S. verhucosa, L. v. S., frequens in More et Sassafras, Bethl.

S. caespitosa, in stromate applanato, incarnata, ac rubro-coccinea. Peritheciis minoribus globosis,
basi autem quasi contractis, ubi sti'omate insident, crebris, vis coUabescentibus, circumcirca verru-
coso-tuberculosis; ostiolis minutis papillatis. Intus rubris. Differt a priori magnitudine et peri-
theciis vernicoso-punctatis, nee tarn manifestim decolorantibus.

1402. 255. S. coccinea, F. 202, Syn. Car. 119 et. Bethl. eum variet.

1403. 256. S. liibis, F. 203, Syn. Car. 121 (appendiculata) et. Pennsylv.

1404. 257. S.popuUna, F. 205, Syn. Car. 120, etiam Pennsylvania.
•1405. 258. S. micheUana, F. 206, Bethlehem in cort. quercino.
•1406. 259. S. conglobata, F. 207, in Corylo Bethl. var. b.

1407. 260. S. cucurhUula, F. 209, Syn. Car. 133, vulgaris Bethl.

•1408. 261. S. pun/cea, F. 210, in Viburno dentato Bethl.

1409. 262. S. Berheridis, F. 211, Syn. Car. 129, non in Pennsylv.

1410. 263. S. variu, F. 213, Syn. Car. 128, in prunis et. Bethl.
•1411. 264. S. Jiaucosa, F. 212, rara obvia Bethl.

•1412. 265. S. acenata, F. 214, in rarais populinisibid.

1413. 26S. S. cupularis, F. 215, Syn. Car. 132, freq. et. Pennsylv.
•1414. 267. S. pulicaris, F. 217, ram. sambucinis Bethl.

•1415. 268. S. inversa, F. 208, in castaneorum et quercuum ramis praesertim igni destinatis, Bethl.
1416. 269. S. MonBosA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 134, F. 218. Midto frequentius occurrit Pennsylvania
quam Carolina. Haec Sphaeria aeque paradoxa quam lethalis pestis, nobis in plerisque Prunis indi-
genis obvia. Nee autem in Pennsylvania, nee in Carolina unquam inventa, arbores indigenarum
specierum destruens. Prunis Cerasis autem cultis, praesertim his, nobis nomine " Amarellae"
morbum lethalem infert. Ante 40 annos haec varietas Cerasorum vulgata erat v. c. Bethlehem.
Faucis annis post, fere omnes destructi sunt, combinato furore hujus fungi et Cynipis, operibus
cujus semper insidct, et id adeo, ut Pomologi nostri ad banc diem novos restituere non valeant.
Interim Pruni variae, e. g. Hungaricae, Reine Claude, SiC. nuper introductae et assidue cultae,
eximie florebant nee unquam huic morbosae pesti succubuerunt Nupen-ime autem et in his
omnibus Cynips, fungusque incepiunt saevire, et quidem magnitudine semper maxime aueta, sis-
tentes tumorcs ad sesquipedalem longltudinem extensos — sed non tarn dense onustos peritheciis
quam in r.imulis Cerasorum inveniuntur. Exoptandum remedium hujus morbi nondum inventum.
•1417. 270. S. TUMonuM, L. v. S., passim in tumoribus istis ramealibus (an ictu Cynipis ortis) quibus
rami quercini vigentes, interdum totae arbores mire modo infestantur. Bethlehem.
S. caespitosa (passim simplex) tumoribus insidcns, ex quorum substantia, sine manifesto stromate
quasi prorumpunt. Peritheciis globoso-difformibus, papillatis, rugosissimis, intus albo-farctis.
'1418. 271. S. ocHnoLEUCA, L. v. S., in varlis arboribus frondosls — satis distincta a S. cinnabarina,
Bethlehem et Salem.
S. caespitosa, stromate obliterato, sed nunquam omnino deficiente. Peritheciis ovatis et obi)vatis,
junloribus subcylindricis, oehroleueis, glabris, minutis, creberrime aggregatis, polystichis, caes-
pituhs subeffusis, eonfluentibus tamen semper subpulvinatim elevatis : demum passim coUapsis sed
non pezlzoideis, minutim papillatis, intus eoncoloribus nee unquam decolorantibus.
'1419. 272. S. MOLLicscDLA, L. V. S., in lignis eariosis emollitis nldulans, in stromate parum elevato,
nigro-fusco, in faveoUs ligni slto. Substantia perilheeiorum primum moUiuscula. Salem.
S. caespitosa, moUiuscula, demum indurata. Stromate applaniito ejusdem indolis, peritheciis majus-
eulis insidentlbus, oblongo-ovatis, eleganter fuscis, demum extus pulverulentis : ostiolis deeiduis,

KORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 205

brevibus, nigro-nitentibus, peritheciis demum pertusis ore subnitenti-nigro (post dejectionem
ostiolorum) — nunquam collapsis Caespituli vix bilineares. Stroma demum pulveraceum. Quodam-
modo abiens ad Periphaericas.

•1420. 273- S. Mezerei, L. v. S., ex rimis epidermidis D. Mczerel in hortis, Bethl.

S. caespitosa, plerumque flexuosim ex rimis epidermidis prorumpens, insidens stromati plus mimisve
effuso ex massa corticali nig-ro-tiiicta orto. Peritheciis aut omnino separatis (turn ex cylindrico-coni-
cis, nigris, basi attenuatis, apice abientibus in ostiola acuta) aut in centro caespituli inter se con-
fluentibus. Intus cavis.

•1421. 274. S. Ceeastri, L. v. S., in ramentis Celastri scandentis Bethlehem rarior.

S. caespitosa, erumpens in stromate Tubercularioideo extus fuscescente, intus pallide lutescenli, sub-
pulvinato, ethnic circum circa insidens. Peritheciis dense sitis sed non accumulatis, globoso-ovatis,
corrugato-rugosis; ostiolis obsoletis, ceterum brunneo-fuscis; magnitudine S. cinnabarinae: Faciliter
excedit aeque ac stroma; ab epidermide stellatim fisso circumdantur caespituli regulares. Peri-
thecia demum indurescunt sed non coUapsa inventa sunt.

*1422, 275. S. JcsipEiiicoLA, L. v. S., minuta; frequens in cortice Juniperi virginianae Salem et Bethl.

S. caespitosa, erumpens, stromate oblitcrato. Peritheciis pro ratione raajusculis paucis in quoque

caespitulo, saepe confluentibus ac globoso-depressis, aterrimis, rugulosis. Ostiolis minutissimis

deciduis, tum ore aperto, per quod conspicitur massa interior alba. Faciliter ex epidermide excu-

tiuntur perithecia, faveoloslinquentia.

•1423. 276. S. STiPATA, L. v. S., etiam in cortice juniperino, Bethlehem.

S. caespitosa, caespitulis variis, plurimis minutis, prorumpentibus ex epidermide stellatim fisso; aliis
majoribus in rimis corticis sitis, stromate nigi-o subobliterato. Peritheciis ipsis etiam rariis, quibus-
dam difforme-globosis majoribus, aliis minutis, omnibus nigris rugulosis. Ostiolis brevibus diffor-
mibus, saepe deficientibus; ceterum intus cavis, sacculo fuscescente praeditis, nee albofarctis. Arete
stipata sunt perithecia, nisi in minoribus caespitulis, ubi interdum simpliciaoccurrunt.

*1424. 277. S. BEMATiosi, L. V. S., frequens in ramulis Platani ac in Mori, affinis S. cinnabarinae sed
raulto minor, Bethlehem.
S. caespitosa, ex epidermide prorampens, stromati basilar! .applanato. Peritheciis paucis globosis,
glabriusculis, ex colore rubro in nigi-o-fuscum decolorar.tibus, indistincte ostiolatis, collapsis, undique
pilis brevissimis subpellucidis dematiosis tectis. Faciliter excutiuntur et faveolos linquent. Caes-
pitulis vix semilinearem diametrum superantlbus.

•1425. 278. S. ScMACHi, L. v. S., eximia et majuscula species ad sequentem tribum spectans, rarius
sed tum magna copia occurrit in Uhol glabro (vulgo " Sumach") Bethl.
S. caespitosa, peritheciis subconfluentibus, in stromate nigro, subobliterato. Caespitulis majuscuUs
difformibus ex epidermide prorumpentibus. Junior peritheciis crusta quadam nigra connatis. In
adulta fere peritheciis liberis manifestim ostiolatis, majusculis, difformibus et invicem varie com-
pressis gaudet. Sacculus internus albus manifestus, includens vigente statu, massam nigram gelati-
nosam spermaticam, demum evacuatus. Caespituli flexuosi ad tres lineas extensi.

•1426. 278. S. puBENs, L. v. S., in junloribus ramis Robiniae, Bethl.

S. nigra, peritheciis pubentibus, sed ceterum adeo accedit ad S. elongatam sequentis sectionis, ut vix
specie distingiienda.

*1427. 279. S. Van Vleckii, L. v. S., passim inventa Salem cum epidermide fibroso Bignoniae radi-
cantis concrescens. Modo crescendi, habitu et adspectu omnino abnormis, unde earn olim pro S.
coronata sumpsi.
S. irregulariter caespitosa, in stromate atro, subpulveraceo, cortici interiori, aut ipso ligno subaffixo,
diffoi-mis et faciliter decedente, stroma hoc, crassiusculum, primum omnino tectum epidermide
fibroso-subsoluto, peritheciis jam tum evolutis, quibuscum assurgit et truncum infestatum longe
lateque quasi varlolosum reddit. Denique per fibres prospiciunt ostiola, perithecia et caespituli
ipsi, corticemque dejiciunt. Peritheciis ipis cylindrico-globosis, nigris, rugosis, vix inter se con-
fluentibus sed a fibris solutis saepe separatis. Ostiolis longis, rostellatis, intermixtis brevioribus,
divergentibus, demum deciduis, Peritheciis juventutc albofarctis, demum evacuatis.

•1428. 280. S. Htperici, L. v. S., rarior Bethlehem in cortice fruticum Hyperici hortis culti, affinis
priori quodammodo.
S. caespitosa; junior confluens, demum peritheciis liberis. Caespitulis semper forma utrinque acumi-
nata, longltudinaliter confluentibus, seriatim ex epidermide prominentibus. Stromati nigrofusco

Vol. IV.— 3 B

206 SYNOPSIS OF

quasi concavo, insident perithecia nigra, primum connata crusta ex qua sola ostlola protruduntur,
demum omnino libera; globosa aut ovata, rugosa, ostiolata sese ostendunt. Ostiolis conico-papillatis,
brevibus. Peritheciis evacuatis, intus atris — deciduis saepe ex stromate. Turn stroma, concavum
et forma quadam naviculari, foveolis deciduorum peritheciorum notatum, epidermidc fisso circum-
datum se ostendit. Similitude quaedam adest juniori aetate cum Sphaeriis concrescentibus. Caes-
pituli minores.

*1429. 281. S. ATHOFUSCA, L. v. S., in ramis Stapliyleae trlfoliatae Bethlehem format minores caespites.
S. caespitulis lineam vix excedentibus, sed copiosim et tractu lineari prorumpens ex epidermide ab eo
stellatim fisso cincta, caespitulis vix confluentibus Peritheciis insidentibus stromati palpabili, tamen
faciliter ex materia corticali excusso, ceterum statu vegeto atrofuscis, conicis, subpellucidis, ostiolis
simplicibus cum perithccio confluentibus; statu sicciori, collapsis non tamen pezizoideis, sed
potius compressim aut omnino irregulariter collapsis, nigrescentibus. Peritheciis minutissimis.

*1430. 282. S. PAHASiTANs, L. V. S., rara species et valde memorabilis, occupat Tuberculariam in
consortio S. cinnabarinae in llobinia Bethl.
S. caespitosa, minuta, parasitans in Tubercularia quam interdum omnino occupat, sibi tamen vindicans
stroma proprium nigrum, cui aetate maturo insident perithecia numerosa, se insuper aggregata,
aterrima, subconico-dift'ormia, tuberculosa, primum molliuscula, demnm coUapsa, manifestim osti-
olata. Intus plerumque evacuata inveniuntur. Inter mixtam S. cinnabarinam ter minutie ex-
cellit.

Trib. 14. CONFIDENTES.

1431. 283. S. GinosA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 24, F. 221, specimina pulcheiTima amicissimus Torrey ex
Nova Anglia misit. Saepe cum variis Tubercularils concrescit et summo jure ad hunc tribum a CI.
Friesio refertur.

1432. 284. S. aoEBcuoM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 125, F. 223; et. Pennsylv.

1433. 285. S. Castaneae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 124, F. 224, et. Pennsylv.

1434. 286. S. Caltcasthi, L. v. S , Syn. Car. 126, F. 225, et. Pennsylv.

1435. 287. S. Gleditsiae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 31, F. 226, et Pennsylv.

1436. 288. S. iKsiDENS, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 122, F. 228, et. Pennsylv.
•1437. 289. S. c/onga/a, F. 230, in Robinia Bethl. frequens.

1438. 290. S.Jissa, F. 234, Syn. Car. in Rosis etiam, Pennsylv.
*1439. 291. S. mu<i7ff, F. 235, passim in populinis Bethl.

1440. 292. S. mucosa, F. 238, Syn. Car. 67, et. freq. Pennsylv.
*1441. 293. S.melogramma, F. 222, rarior in Fago Pocono.
*1442. 294. S./u//gmosa, F. 231, in ramis salicinis Bethl.

*1443. 295. S. suBtoNNATA, L. v. S., satis frequens, prorumpens ex epidermide caulium Gossvpii,
Salem, Carolina.
S. caespitosim confluens, eUiptice prorumpens ex tenero epidermide, vix llnea longa, aterrima, Peri-
theciis dlfformibus paucis, pro ratione majusculis, apice applanatis aut irregulariter subcollapsis,
. papiUato-ostiolatis. Intus albofarctis, demum deciduis; tunc in foveolis observatur stroma albes-
cens, subcupulatum cui insident.
•1444. 296. S. HiBisci, L. v. S., rara obvia in truncis eniortuis Hibisci rosei, Salem.

S. caespitulis elongatis confluentibus, snepe varie fiexuosis ex epidermide prorumpens, epidermide

substellutim fisso, circum cii-ca erecto, sed non caespitulum denudante. Superficie caespituli ap-

planata, in qua ad dimidiam partem prominent peritliecia, nigi-a, pulvere parco fusco atro adspersa,

papiUata, ovata intus albofarcta. Fibros corticales quibus adliaerent caespituli cum ligno nigrescunt.

•1442. 297. S. AHBiGUA, L. v. S., in sarmentis Rhois radicantls Carolina et Pennsylv.

S. prorumpens caespitulis subrotundis nigris satis elev.atis Peritheciis non ostiolatis, denique pertusis
subirregularibus oblongis, imo subflexuosis et globosis, paucis tantum confluentibus. Extus
quanquam non glabris, quasi nitentibus intus albofarctis. Sphaeriae fuliginos.ae non dissimilis.
'1443. 298. S. Meliae, L. v. S., vulgatissima in ramulis .Meliae azcdarach Carolina.

S. satis polymorpha. Junior e.\ epidermide prorumpens ab ea cincta, cospisculum sistit sclerotoi-
deum subrotundum, griseo-fuscum, perithecii>; in superficie vix prominentibus, intus jam indistinctis
nidulantibus in materia stromatica pulveracea. Provectiori aetate caespitulis elongatim et seriatim

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 207

confluentibus, perlthecia fere omnino liberantur, pluribus tamen in unum connatis, aplce applanato,
ceterum rugosa, diflbrmia vis albofarcta. Ostiolis indistinctis hysteriimorpliis.

*1444. 299. S. PEnsniMoNs, L. v. S., passim in cortice Diospyri ving. (vulgo Persimon) non dissimilis
S. quei'cuum, Salem.
S. caespitulis gregarie confluentibus, varie flexuosis planiusculis, nigris, ex epidermide elevata pro-
i-umpcntibus. Peritheciis convexis, semipi-oniinulis, papillatis, intus .ilbofarctis, dcnium cvacuatis.
Differt a S. quei-cuum peritheciis valde prominulis et ostiolo manifestiori conico-papillato, etiam
apice peritbeciomni subtruncato.

*1445. 300. S. CuATAEGi, L. v. S., in variis speciebus Cratoegi, Bethl.

S. caespitulis plerumque ellipticis prorumpentibus nigris aut fuscescentibus, laxe nempe ad dimidiam
parte involutis tomento furfuraceo fusco. Peritheciis majiisculis, paucis, diffbrmibus, scmiUberis
deinum pertusis (an primum papillatis >) intus albofarctis, demum evacuatis. Horizontaliter secto
caespitulo, perithecia subcircinn.atim disposita, inipsaraassa corticali nidulantia conspiciuntur.

*1446. 301. S. Gallae, L. v. S., species distinctissima freq. Betlil. in Gallis vetustis Querc.

S. caespitulis sparsis, nigerrimis valde elevatis, superficialiter innatis. Peritheciis primum omnino
confluentibus, ambitu quasi lobato. Demum semiUberis assurgentibus, difFormibus regularioiibus
immixtis, rugosis, majusculis, manifestim papillatis, intus albofarctis.

•1447. 302. S. PROPULLASS, L. v. S., frequens in corruptissimis surculis Celastri, Betid.

S. atra; caespitulo in libro cortical! affixo, propullans per epidermidem, arete ab ea cincto, satis
elevato, forma subrotunda, basi contracta stromate parco insidente, subturbinato. Peritheciis ma-
jusculis atrofarctis, prominulis in superficie subdepressa, coronatis ostiolis papillarlbus centralibus.
Caespitvdus superne quasi punctato-rugosis. Ceterum in quoque ramulo multi aggregati sunt
caespituli.

Trib. 15. Sebiatae.
•1448. 303. S.Jilicma, ¥■ 242, inPteride, Bethl.
*1449. 304. S.jimcl, F. 243, vulgatissima, Salem ac Pennsylv.

1450. 305. S. arundinacea, F. 245, Syn. Car. 79, striacformis, et vulgaris in culmis Miegiae, Salem.

1451. 306. S. Zeae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 79 y, rara sed bene distincta in caulibus Zeae, Salem et Bethl.
S. omnino tecta, epidermide fusco tincta (ostiolis sobs prominulis) satis elevata. Seriatim disposita,

brevis, utrinque acuminata, subconfluens. Peritheciis binis vel ternis tantura in caespitulo, subdis-
tantibus, primum .albofarctis, demam evacuatis. Ostiolis latis, umbilicatis, sacpe unico.
*1452. 307. S. I'mearis, F. 247, in Soiidaginum caulibus, Bethl.

1453. 308. S. Mnethi, F. 248, Syn. Car. 74, Carolinaac Pennsylv.

1454. 309. S. culmicolu, F. 249, in culmo Andropogi, Bethl.

1455. 310. S. longissima, F. 251, Syn. Car. 73, et. Pennsylv.
•1456. 311. S. melaena, F. 252, vulgaris in caulibus Pennsylv.

1457. 312. S. picea, F. 253, Syn. Car. 78, ad caules firmiores.
•1458. 313. S. chloromela, F. 255, in caulibus Pastinacae et Angelicae, Bethl.
•1459. 314. S. rimosa, F. 241, A. S. in foliis et culmis Zizaniae Kaign's pomt, Philad.
•1460. 315. S. Porri, F. 257, Pers. /3 exuberans. In caulibus AUiorum. Peritheciis quidem albo-
farctis, sed an Imjus sectionis' nura semper aut simplici aut tantum duobus peritheciis majusculis
mihi obvia. Primo adspectu affinis S. Zeae aut striaeformi.
1461. 316. S. 7jebtilosa, F. 250, Syn. Car. 76, et in Pennsylvania vulgatissima in variis caulibus. Se-
quentfcs 5 species, S. nebulosae quidem .affines sunt — tamen vix ad eam pertinent.
•1462. 317. S. ciMiciFiTGAE, L. v. S., passim occurrens in caulibus Cimicifugae, Bethl.
S. sub epidermide, tecta; maculas sistens griseas, omnino similes prioris, sed crassiores quanquam
ambitu indeterminato — ostiolis denique punctiformibiis nitidis prorumpentibus. Peritheciis subja-
centibus nidulantibus in ipsa substantia caulis, papillatis, globoso-depressis, inter se distantibus sed
seriatim dispositis; singulis similibus peritheciis S. herbarum; praesertim quando persistunt post
destructam maculam. Turn subrugosa coUapsa exhibentur.
•1463. 318. S. EupaoiiDicoiA, L. v. S., in caulibus Euphorb. marginatae hortis cultae, Betldehem.
S. tecta, macula latissima effiguratim in caulibus eft'usa, omnino priorum. Peritheciis, pro ratione
majusculis subjacentibus, atris, globosis, rugosis, creberrimis, demum cum macula cinerascente aS'
sui'gentiljus, ore pertuso, et demum ut in priori, omnino denudatis. Maculae pleiumque majores
quam in S. nebulosa.

208 SYNOPSIS OF

•1464. 319. S. Ibidicola, L. v. S., larior in foliis putrescentibus Iridis virginicae, Bethl.

S. tecta, maculis griseo-nigris, vix determinatis, minoribus. Ostiolis soils globosi^ aut saltern obtusis
proriimpentibus. Perillieciis sub macula, creberrlmis, irregulariter dispositis nullimodo seriatis, intus
albofarctis. Macula longitudine tres lineas vix excedit,
•1465. 320. S. ruMosA, L. V. S , in caulibus Chenopodiorum maximorum fi-eq. Bethl.

S. tecta; maculis fumoso-nigris determinatis oblongis, sed saepe longe lateque confluentibus. Sub
lente augentiori e fills dothidineis, crusta cinerea intermixta compositae videntur maculae. Ostiolis
creberrlmis, seriatis, nigris, subacutis, prorumpentibus. Peritheciis minutissimis, vix cultello secan-
dis, albofarctis. Ascos non vidi, et Dothideis valde affinis est. Ob habitum tamen hue collocanda.
*1466. 521. S. Peponis, L. V. S., vulgaris in fructubus Peponis, Bethl. et jam Salem.

S. tecta, macula cinereo-grisea, longe lateque indeterminatim eftusa, subcrustacea, et faciliter deter-
gibilis. Tum apparent perithecia, simplicia, sparsa, mollia, glabra, globosa, demum collapsa, papil-
lala, ostiolis soils per raaculam prospiclentibus post maculam destructam, crustae adhaerentia.
Primo adspeclu ad priores pertinet, sed suspicor earn esse Spaeriam simplicem. Latlssimis (pal-
maribus) plagis Pepones punctat.
•1467. 322. S. CMBELLATAiiuM, L. V. S., rarlor occurrit in caulibus Umbellatarum, Bethl.

S. tecta, maculis longe lateque subeffiguralim effusis, referens mappam geographicam, crusta nigres-
centi absque uUo nitore. Peritheciis subtus dlstanter sparsis, basi ligno subimmersis, depresso-globo-
sis, collo ad superficiem penetrante, ubi tum ostiola apparent crassa cylindrica, brevia, rugosa,
subdifformia. Affinis Concrescentlbus immersis.
*1468. 323. S. TrrHAE, L. v. S., vulgatissima in foliis Typhae latifoliae, Bethl.

S. minutissima, sed caespitulls aut potius maculis gregatim confluentibus ac saepe totum fere folium
occupantibus. Macula quoque brevi, oblonga-subquadrata, nlgro-fumosa: seriatim inter nervos dis-
posltae sunt. Perillieciis multls etiam lineatlm seriatis, minutissimis, punctiformibus, albofarctis,
demum orbatls, astorais.
'1469. 324. S. HiBiscicoLA, L. v. S., in teneriorjbus ramis H- palustris et militaris Hortorum, Bethl.
S. tecta, macula buUoslm elevata, rainori, nlgrocinerea, elongata in ambitu quasi fimbriata; e fibris
Dothidineis, crassis parallelis non radiantibus enlm constare vldetur macula. Peritheciis crebris
cum crusta macular! elevatis, nigro-cinereo-farctis. Ostiolis brevibus conicis aut globosis, rugosis.
Crusta maculae crassior quam in ceteiis et quasi grumosa. In iisdem caulibus saepe etiam inveni
Dothideam delicatulam nostram.
'1470. 325. S. SiLPHii, L. v. S., in ditissimi caulibus Silphii connati in Horto Nazareth.

S. primum tecta et tum cinerascens, demum denudata nitente nigrescens, maculas slstens llneares aut
elliplicas utrinque acuminatas. Peritheciis creberrlmis, albofarctis, ostiolis globosis deciduis: tum
perithecia minuta referunt pezizulas. Affinis et S. polygrammae Interna structura.
•1471. 326. S. Abistidae, L. v. S., rara in foliis Aristidae dichotomae, Salem.

S. eflusa longitudinaliter ; crusta aterrlma expers tamen nitoris, epidermide non tecta: in sulcis nervo-
rum, hypophylla et marginalis, forma linear! seriatim disposita, superficie rugosa. Peritheciis immer-
sis, crebris, albofarctis, parum prominulis, pro ratione majusculis, vix ostiolatis.
•1472. 327. S. NERTisEauiA, L. v. S., distinctlssime in aversa pagina Andropog. scopariae Naz.

S. minutissima, atra, inter nervos disposita, oculls nudis lineolas mlnimas offert. Lente aucta, videntur
maculae superficiales lineares, parallelae, utrinque truncatae, in quarum superficie conspiciuntur
perithecia crebra, manifestlm papiUata, applanata, collapsa, albofarcta. Maculae saepe confluunt.
Sphaeria Jlndropogi., in altera pagina saepe occuiTit.
'1473. 328. S. rcscATA, L. v. S., affinis S. lineari — in dejectis stipitibus horti Nazareth.
S. in maculis fuscis subnitidls, lineatlm expansis proveniens, uniseriata. Peritheciis primum subtectis,
demum liberis patellaeformibus, i. e. applanato-impressis, subrotundis, sparsis, (interdum extra
maculam) Centre ex ostiolo papillaeformi nigro-punctato.

Trib. 16. Cohfebtae.

1474. 329. S. EPiPHTLLA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 130, F. 258, non in Pennsylv.

1475. 330. S. scinpoKCM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 71, F. 260, ex Georgia — vldetur Carici non Scirpo in-
crescere.

1476. 331. S.graminis, F. 261, Syn. Car. 70, freq. Pennsylv. var. « Elymorum, ,6 Poarum et elegans
varietas cinerascens in Muhlenbergia erecta.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 209

•U77. 332. S. conferta, F. 264, olim mihi S. acervulala, frequcns in foliis Jug'landum Bethl.

1478. 333. S. DLMEA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 288, Xyloma, F. 267, frequens et. Pennsylv. in fol. Ulmi
fulvae.

1479. 334. S. YuccAE, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 88, F. 270, Carolina.
•1480. 335. S. i//Vo;w, F. 272, in foliis quercinis Bethl,

'1481. 336. S. allicina, F. 269, rai-ior in foliis AUii schoenoprasi Nazereth. Passim oocurrit omnino sim-
plex sine macula.

•1482. 337. S. Caricis, F. 262, Bethlehem Inventa in Caricis crinitae foliis.

•1483. 338. S. puNCTUM, L. v. S., in siccis foliis Panici nitidi, &c. Bethl.

S. minutissima, sublinearis, sistens pnncta fusco-nigra subcinerasccntia nudo oculo. Peritheciis
immersis sed tarn prominulis in superficie ut rugulosa fit. Ostiolis vix perceptibilibus; intus omnino
similis S. graminis, sed quater terve minor.

•1484. 339. S. ANBHopoBicoLA, L. V. S., cum sequente frequens in foliis Andropogonum semper hypo-
phylla, Bethlehem.
S. tecta, subinaequabllis, confluens plus minus effiguratim, minor, atronitens. Peritheciis non prominuhs
sed passim epidermidem folii nigro-tinctam paululum elevantibus, stromati fuliginoso pulveraceo im-
mersis, primum albofarctis, demum ev.acuatis, astomis.

*1485. 340. S. Andropogi, L. v. S., in eadem pagina foliorum cum priori Bethlehem sed habitu et
indole aliena.
S. non tecta, sed superficiahter illita, superficie externa applanata inaequaliter corrugata, nigerrima
absque ullo nitore, varie in ambitu lobata, confluens. Peritheciis astomis minutissimis et subindis-
tinctis. An igltur Dothidea'

*1486. 341. S. LUTEO-MACULATA, L. V. S. , scmper insidct maculis lutcsccntibus in foliis lauguescentibus,
maximorum Andropogonum Carohna apprime in pagina superiori.
S. tecta, oblonga, sita in macuUs lutescentibus confluentibus, elevata cum parenchymate folii, atra,
superficie inaequabili. Peritheciis seriatim immersis in stromate fuliginoso, parum prominulis,
demum evacuatis, ostiolis latentibus. Differt a priori magnitudine 3 — 4 lineari, macula lutescente,
nee pluribus in eadem macula confluentibus.

•1487. 342. S. CANALicuiATA, L. V. S., ex eadem grege, sed optime distinct.!, Bethl. in foliis involu-
crorum Cyperi, pagina aversa inventa.
S. tecta, atra, constans c seriebus perltheciorum sitjs inter strias folii, ita in maculam piceam paralleliter
confluentibus, ut macula eleganter canaliculata evadit; major. Ostiolis crebris punctiformibus. In
margine occurrunt perithecia subsolitaria subrotunda, applanata. Interdum etiam maculae piceae
medio infertiles sunt — et, quod memorabile, saepe etiam macula J uncialis, interrupta est, ita ut
immutata substantia folii in conspectum venit.

•1488. 343. S. Lespedezae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 72, perperam ad S. TrifolU relata, quae omnino alia
nondum mihi in America obvia. Haec nostra in variis Lespedezis praesertim monticohs et in Penn-
sylvania.
S. semper macula latiori lutescenti in folio effusa insidet valde varians magnitudine, rarius adaequans
S. Trifolii. Peritheciis pluribus quidem junctis in plaga atra consimili priorum maculis — sed non
rariter occurrit perithecium majusculum solitarium in minori plaga atronitenti, demum evacuatum,
praeditum ostiolo pertuso non elevato. Et in speciminibus vere confertis caespitulus atronitens
non tuberculoso-rugulosus evadit, peritheciis inclusis, sed tantum superficie inaequabili sed ostendit.
In simpliclbus margo sterilis semper adest ; centro quasi hemisphaerice elevato.

•1489. 344. S. FLABELLA, L, v. S., pulchcrrima species hypophyUa in frondibus emortuis Pteris aqui-
linae, Bethl.
S. tecta, m.ajuscula, atra ac atro-cinerascens. Centro quasi innata nervo pinnarum frondis, et ad
semi-uncial em latitudinem efiusa, sese in pinnasutrinquelobato-flabellatimextcndit, superficie inae-
quabili bullosa. Peritheciis albofarctis, demum evacuatis in stromate cinereo immersis, ostiolis
plerumque latitantibus: passim papillatim prominulis.

■•1490. 345. S. Panici, L. v. S., in semivivls et emarcidis foliorum Panicorum, Bethl.

S. maculis crebris non late effusis, parvulis lutescenti-purpureis (in marcidis foliis evanidis) insident
caespituli atri minuti obscure nigri, primum tecti, in foliis marcidis atronitentes, subrotundi, aut irre-
gulariter lineares, amphigeni, sed solummodo in pagina superiori fructificantes. Peritheciis paucis
immersis, inaequaliter elevatis, obliterato-ostiolatis, interdum collapsis. Stromate vix ullo.

Vol. IV.— 3 C

210 SYNOPSIS OF

•1491. 346. S. Aghostidis, L. v. S., an mera varietas S. graminis? in A. filiforme Betlil. minor.
S. insidens maculis fuscobadiis, evanidis in foliis emortuis, lato effusis. Caespitulo applanato utrinque
acuminato, minuto, tecto, confluente, demum elevato, striate et rugulosa ex peritlieciis subjacentibus
in stromate parco subfusco. Ostiolis indistinctis.
•1492. 347. S. IniDis, L. v. S., affinis S. epiphyllue. Frequens in foliis Ir'idis, Kaign's Point, Phliad.
S- caespitalis minutis oblongis aut difformibus passim confluentibus, ex epidermide prorumpentibus ab
ea cinctis, insidentibus strumati quadam ex massa folii orto. In caespitulo quocunque nigro cineras-
centi, pluria perithecia majuscala oblongo-dilVormia, ultra medium immersa, atronitentia, primum
albo-farcta demum evacuata, astoma conspiciuntur.

Trib. 17. Btssisedae.
1493. 348. S. aurantia, V. 276, Syn, Car. 170, etiam in Pennsylv. vulgaris in lignis, praesertim autem
in fungis pUeatis memljranaceis, Polyporis, Thelephoris, &c.
*1494. 349. S. BoLETicoiA, L. v. S., rarior in Polyporo citrino corruptissimo inventa Bethl. affinis
priori, sed colore dilutiori, indole Subiculi, et forma Peritheciorum distincta. An var. /S fulgens
Fries, hue pertinet. Sed in nostra perithecia minime confluunt, potius sparsiora quam in priori.
S. subiculo efFuso, inten-upto, laxioris contextus quam in priori plagis irregularlbus, ex ochraceo.
aurantio, margine albescenti. Peritheciis subiculo tantum semi-immersis, conico-ovatis, plus minus
sparsis, primum concoloribus, demum rubro-aurantiis molliusculis, papiUatis, faciliter ex subiculo
excussis, et foveoloslinquciitibus. Gelatina seminaUs interna albissima, demum propulsa, plerumque
in ostiolo remanet, ut villus candldus.
1495. 350. S. rosdla, F. 277, Syn. Car. 171, nondum in Pennsylv.
•1496. 351. S. thelena, F. 279, Specim. nostra fere terrestria, ad radices truncorum, ex New York misit

Torrey.
•1497. 352. S. aquila, F. ,80, Bethlehem rara interdum subconnata.

1498. 353. S. CoiiTiciuM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 173, frequens et Pennsylv. in Castaneis. Species dis-
tincta, ob subiculum fere Thelephoroideum. Peritheciis maximls.
*1499. 354. S. ruRPuiiEci-TscA, L. v. S., ramis querneis incresclt passim Bethlehem, tomento crasso
purpureo-fusco latissime expanse, peritlieciis primum omnino tectis.
S. subiculo tomentoso racodioideo purpureo-fusco, longe lateque efFuso, primum perithecia omnino
tegente. Subinde obliteratur, peritheciis caespitosis, aut longitudin.aliter seriatis quibus obsitum.
Peritheciis ceterum maximis, (imo Sphaerix byssisedae longe majoribus) sparsis ac aggregatis, glo-
bosis, iindique nisi circa ostiola tomento tenero fusco-purpureo involutis. Ostiolis ati'is, conicis,
nudis, brevibus, interdum quasi lateralibus.

1500. 355. S. Ji/ssisct/fl, F. 281, Syn. Car. 168, vulgatissima saepe agmine ulnari in ramis praesertim
Salicinis et Bethl.

1501. 356. S. TBUNCATULA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 174, F. 282, et. in Pennsylv.

1502. 357. S. DIFFUSA, L. v. S., rarius occurrit, ad longitudinem uliiarem in cavitate Juglandis cinerea
adhuc stantis effusa, Bethl.

S. tomento subiculari longe lateque effuso fusco-brunneo passim compactiori et ibi infertili, non autem
crasso. Ex hoc erumpunt perithecia sparsa aut dense aggreg.ata, mediocra, atra, valde rugosa,
plerumqvie globosa aut aggregatione compressa primum convex.a, papillatim ostiolata juventute,
demum semi-collapsa et pertasa,
•1503. 358. S. iMposiTA, L. v. S., in dejcctis ramulis Bethl. occurrit infrcquenter.

S. subiculo parco longitudinaliter effuso, fuscescenti, imposita sunt peritliecia magna, vix immersa, ex
atro-fusca, rugulosa, glol>o,sa, ostiolo subcouico-papillato,sparsim seriata, interdum autem subaggre-
gata, imo subconfluentia. A priori differt indole, magnitudine peritheciorum, et subiculo parco.
1504. 359. S. suBicuLATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 175, F. 284, vulgata etiam in Pennsylvania. Subiculo
saepe obliterato.
•1505. 360. S. cuTicrLAHis, L. v. S., passim in cortice deniidato Bethl. affinis priori, sed tamen se-
qucntibus notis distincta.
S. simplex, subiculo insidens cuticulari splcndente-candido vix manifestim floccoso, longltudinahter
effuso angusto, non pulverulento. Peritlieciis subsparsis hemispliaericis atro-nitidis, papillatis.
Magnitudine prioris.
1506. 361. S. cinerea, F. 283, Syn. Car. 169, solummodo' Salem.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 21 1

150T. 363. S. xinuiijis, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 185, F. 2S5, pulchemmam speciem nunquam invenire
contigit ill Peniisylv.

1508. 363. S. coxFERTCLA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 18", F. 286, (conferta) raritei- etiam in Pcnnsylv.

1509. 364. S. trislis, F. 2Sr, Syn. Car. 212, vulg-aris et. Betlil.

•1510. 355. S. JIavescens, F. 288, /i var. ephnyces .alba,rarius in Ilymenlo Polypori resiipiiiati cujusdam
Bethl. Diffei't a Friesli colore albo tomenti et a S. panno peritheciis albis, non nigris.

•1511. 366. S. rhodomcla, F. 291, r.ara in Carolina et Pennsylv.

*1512. 367. S. CoLii^fsir, L. V. S., valde abnormis — in aversa pagina folU ignoti (an exotici) mllu ab
doctissimo Zacchaeo Collins communicata est.
S. tomento crasso densissime intertexto efficiente plagas latas effusas inter nervos paginae aversae
folii ignoti, e fusco-nigras, floccis suberectis. Subiculo huic floccoso, creberrime insident perithecia
globosa, nigra (S. nidulaiiti prosima) astoma, vel saltern indistincta ostiolata, sed demum globulo
spermatico irregulari, caseos continens, coronata.

Trib. 18. A''illosae.
*1513. 368. S. pE\icii.t.ATA, L. V. S., in ramulis teneris dejectis Ribis aureae Bethl. cultae — propius
accedens ad S. cliioneam, sed abnormiter formata.
S. sparsa, agmine tamen nnagno, et qtuisi in flesuosis seriebus sita, superficialiter sed firmitcr affi.Ka
basi in epidermide, rariter fasciculata et subconfluens. Peritheciis obovato-globosis, applanatis
undique villosissimis; viUis versus basin brevioribus fiisco-viridibus, versus apicem a medio densis,
longissimis, penicill.atim divergentibus, candidissimis; ostiola minata obtusa nigra pleriinique om-
nino investientibus. Intus peritheciis massa spermatica alba-)uliginea-f:irctis parietibus nigris
tenuibus. Interdum perithecia difFormia evadunt et pezizulam referunt albo-villosam.
1514. 369. S. ovina, F. 293, Syn. Car. 178, freq. et. in Pennsylv.
•1515. 3"0. S. mucida, F. 294, passim Salem et. Bethl. var. /3 rostellata, ostiolis longiusculis, peritheciis

oblongis, agmine denso occurrit in Rhoi typhina.
•1516. 371. S. mutubilis, F. 295, r.ara Bethl.

•1517. 372. S. aroiicoja, F. 296, Salem. Vlllo fugacissimo — et turn refert S. subiculatam nostram.
1518. 373. S. s/rlgosa, F. 298, Syn. Car. 180 et. Pennsylv. semper autem in Kalmia aut Rhodendr.
•1519. 374. S. tephrotricha, F. 299, Bethl. rara.

1520. 375. S. biformis, F. 300, Syn. Car. 147, etiam Bethl.

1521. o7&. S.lhtcodium, F. 301, Syn. Car. 183, vulgata et. Pennsylv.

1522. 377. S. hirsutu, F. 302, Syn. Car. 182, et. Pennsylv.

1523. 378. S. crinila,F. 303, Syn. Car. 179, distincta fills baslLaribus ligno irrepentibus. Et. Pennsylv.

1524. 379. S. pilusa, F. 304, Syn. Car. 181, passim et. Bethl.

1525. 380. S. hispida, F. 305, Syn. Car. 184, etiam Pennsylv.
'1526. 381. S. calva, F. 306, bene distincta ramulis, Bethl.

•1527. 382. S. cincinnata, F. 307, eximia et distinctissima species in fohls virentlbus Oxycocc. ma-
crocarpae Pocoiio.

•1528. 383. S. i'c™i;'cu/a/-(«, F. 308, rara sed bene distincta in frustulo pineo Camden. Vera Sphaeria

nee ad genus Linkii Exosporium pertinens.
1529. 384. S. exilis, F. 309, Syn. Car. 213, etiam Pennsylv.

•1530. 385. S. fLADospomosA, L. v. S., abnormis et in quibusdam spcciminibus monstrosa inter quos
alia, quae satis referunt S. depilaiam. In Polyporo vetusto rariter, sed turn magna copia. Bethl.
S. abnormis, maxima et minuta, sparsa, interdum confluens, undique pills virescentibus, exacto refer-
entibus CladosporUim fungorum, brevibus, densissimis, tecta. Passim obscrvantur perithecia
minuta ovato-globosa subostiolata, quasi depilata, i. e. pills tantum basilaribus et rarls. Ceteris et
plerisque autem maximis, globoso dlfformlbus, S. bombardum rcvocantibus, invicem conipressis
immo etiam bullosis, ostlolo Indistlncto obtusissimo. Saepe basi latiorl quasi insident et inde formam
induunt subconicam. Intus c.avitate maxima, parietibus crassis nigris. F.xtus pella cladosporiosa
arete indutae sunt hae majores sphaerulae. Juniores ostiola distinctiora habent, sed tanien tecta
pelle. An monstrositas S. depilatae?

•1531. 386. S. iNTossA, L. V. S, passim in paleis cortice orbatls, ex truncis Robiniae pseudacaciae fac-
tis, Bethl.

212 SYNOPSIS OF

S. gregaria, atra, e lig'no quasi erumpens, subhemisphaerica, aut cylindraceo-elevata, apice obtusa, in
ostiolum indistinctum abiens, rarius diffracta. Intus inanis. Statura minuta. Extus pilis brevlbus
rigidis, ut barbae mox tondendae, dense obsita, siniplicibus divergentibus nee ullo modo intricatis.

•1532. 387. S. mvoLUTA, L. V. S., affinis S. cliionaeae etetiam similitudinemhabet cum Myriococco.
In tpuncis vetustis, Bethl.
S. densissime aggregata, ligno laxiter affixa. Peritheciis laevibus, globosis, subpapillatis, interdum
subcori'Ugatis, nigrofuscis, nitentibus, omnino obvolutis villo albo denslssimo aetate detergib'di, apice
tantam paulisper denudato. Inanis.

*1533. 388. S. sETOsi, L. v. S., satis affinis S. hirsutae — passim in mucidis Sal. et Betbl.

S. peritheciis sparsis, majusculis, ovato-conicis, fuscis, confluentibus cum ostlolo indistincto, valde
tuberculosis, obsitis pilis fuscescentibus setosis, rigidis, longiusculis, ex quoque tuberculo protru-
sis, demum deciduis. Vix immersa ligno.

••1534. 389. S. EMERGENS, L. V. S., affinis S. Racodio, in cariosis lignis. Differt pi-aesertim summa
laxitate subiculi tomentosi, forma peritheciorum, et villo laxo, quo tecta sunt. Bethl.
S. sparsim emergens ex subiculo, tomentum laxum referente ex floccis, primum erectis aut ligno
laxissime irrepentibus, demum compactis, contextum. Peritheciis ovato-conicis, rugulosis, nigris
aut fuscis, confluentibus cum ostiolo, undique tectis pihs crebris longiusculis divergentibus fusces-
centibus, laxis non rigidis. Aetate provectiori, saepe hivenitur diff'ractis peritheciis et excussis, lin-
quentibus foveolas in subiculo.

•1535. 39U. S. Rattus, L. v. S., passim Bethl. in ligno denudato et in ramis.

S. gregaria, et passim etiam sparsa, peritheciis majusculis fragillimis tenerrimis, glabris, e globoso-
conicis. Ostiolo obtusiusculo nigro, demum nudo, primum cum ipso perithecio pellicula nigra
pilosissima tecto, pilis e fusco cinerascentibus longiusculis divergentibus; quasi pellem Ratti refer-
ente. Statu juvenili, perithecia immersa sunt, pilis tantum prorumpentibus, demum prorurapunt
et sublibera deveniunt. E longinquo aterrimo colore gaudent, sub lente fusco cinerascunt.

•153 6 391. S. CAESPITULANS, L. v. S., an hujus Tribus' pihs enim brevissimis, forsan tuberculis minu-
tis tecta. Rara in ramis Rubi Idaei, Bethl.
S . caespitulosim concrescens, aut tractu lineari-elongato fasciculata. Peritheciis minimis, ovato-diffiar-
mibus, acutim in ostiola abientibus, aterrimis, rugosis, et undique pilis minutis brevibus, crassis (an
tuberculis potius) obsitis. Substantia molli, saepe irregulariter coUapsa. Individua non caespitu-
losa occurrunt. Minima est hujus Tribus.

*1537. 392. S. TiniDiATBA, L. V. S., semper parasitica in variis Sphaeriis Connatis, Bethl. elegans ac
distincta species.
S. sparsim aut caespitulosim proveniens in aliis Sphaeriis exsoletis. Peritheciis minutis globosis aut
ovatis, carbonaceis, rugosis, obtusis, vix ostiolatis, basin versus nudis, nigris, in apice autem dense
tectis villo luteo-virescenti brevi. Aetate saepe diffracta et evacuata, saccule manifesto instructa
sese pracbent perithecia.

•1538. 393. S. sq,UAMULATA, L. v. S., abnormis sed distinctissima species, satis frequcns, Bethl. in-
super crustam nigram quae saepe in lignis cortice orbatis oritur; plus minus .sparsa aut connata.
S. sparsa, aut subconnatim concrescens. Peritheciis carbonaceis ovato-globosis aut difformibus,
majusculis, crustae nigrae interdum longe lateque effusae aequabili increscentibus, interdum abbre-
viatae et valde rugulosae; abientibus in ostiola distincta crassiuscula, demum pertusa; extus ceterum
rugulosis et dense tectis tegumcnto quodam ambiente inter villositatem ct substantiam squamidoso-
pulveraceam colore subsplendeute luteo fusco aut badio, demum nigrescente. Ostiohs nudis
nigris. Peritheciis primum farctis massa spermatica alba, demum evacuatis.

'1539. 394. S. MONSTRosA, L. v. S. in lignis castanels Bethl. forma, et magnitudine plane monstrosa,
quasi pustulas referens Sphaeriarum circumscriptarum.
S. gregaria, insidens crustae nigrae lignatili, majuscula ct interdum maxima etdeformata. Basi tumida
abiens in ostiolum crassum pyr.amidatum sulcatum. Intus primum nigj-ofarcta, demum evacuata;
ceterum substantia carbonacea. Extus pilis undique crebris fuscis subrigidis, densissimis una cum
ostiolo, obtecta. Similitudinem quandam habet cum certis varietatibus S. spinosae; passim etiam
occurril jibsque pilis et denudata. Primo juventute se ostendit solummodo ut aggregatio pilomm
Cladosporii.

.^ , NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. ; 213

.- , Trib. 19. Dencdatae. .•■'''■,

1540. 395. S. Peziza, F. 311, Syii. Car. 167, freq. et in Pennsylv.

1541. .S96. S. sanguined, F. 313, Syn. Car. 197, et. Betlil. in Sphaeriis.

*1542. 39". S. FiDRisEDA, JL. V. S., affinis priori sed minor, frequens in fibris corticalibus siibsolutis
Castaneae, Bethl.
S. minutissima, sparsa, sanguinea, pelUicida, e globoso-ovata, papillata, densis gregibus adliaerens
fibris corticalibus ramorum Castaneorum, epidermide orbatis, glaberrima, demum coUapsa. Vix
nudo oculo singula perithecia discernuntur. , . ■

1543. 398. S. episphaeria, F. 315, Syn. Car. 140, vulg.aris Pennsylv. . ; '

'1544. 399. S. o)-rfi«ato, F. 316, aetate nigra, Salem et Bethl. . ■ . . . -.

1545. 400. S. smote, F. 317, Syn. Car. 162, etiam Betlil. "' ■ '• ■

1546. 401. S.pomjformis, F. 318, Syn. Car. 161, etiam Bethl. vulg.

1547. 402. S. mammaeformis, F. 319, Syn. Car. 160, et. Bethl.

'1548. 403. S. stercorea, F. 320, Salem et Betlil. in stercore vulg'. ;

'*1549. 404. S./)/ei(;'os/omff, F. 321, Bethl. eleg.antula species.

*1550. 405. S. oWucen)!, F. 322, Bethl. rara sed distinctissima. ■•; ', ■ ~

* 1551. .406. S. re/!/Wcosn, F. 324, subinde coUaps.a, majuscula rara occurrlt, Bethl. • . •. . '

1551. 407. S. spermoides, F. 325, Syn. Car. 187, vulgaris, Bethl. , ••. ■

1553. 408. S. morlformis, F. 327, Syn. Car. 211, rara Pennsylv. , . ■'■■".'.■- ■. ' ■

1554. 409. S. pulvispyrius, F. 329, Syn. Car. 210, vulgaris etiam in Pennsylv. ^ " '.■■-.■ ■ ., ■'

1555. 410. S. puheracea, F. 330, Syn. Car. 200, passim, Bethl. .'■ ■■' '.•;.•'• . :',."', •
'1556. 411. S. ouoiWfa, F. 331, ad ligna exsiccata, Bethl. ' - " .

1557. 412. S. NOTHA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 235, abnormis F. 333, nondum mihi in Pennsylv. obvla.
*1558. 4W3. S. myriomrpa, F. 332, frequens Bethl. in lignis tcrrae dejectis.
*1559. 414. S. jiiiLEcnAXA, L. V. S., non rara ad ligna exsiccata cortice orbata Bethl. Plagis longis

latisque quasi effiguratis ligna occupans.
S. minutissima, plagis magiiis effusa, singulis peritheciis nudo oculo vixdistinguendis. Lente adhibita

vides perithecia innumera seriatim juxtaposita sed non confluentia, globosa, minutim punctato-ru-
- " . gosa, in perfectissimis abientia apice paulo attenuate m ostiola pertusa, globulo spermatico ascifero

magno coronata; demum intus evacuata. Juniore aetate perithecia fibris ligni siibtecta, certo modo

albescens, demum denudata aterrima.
"1560. 415. S. TBAssTEKSALis, L. v. S., passim in ramis junioribus putridis Liriodcndri, Salem. Fere

semper ti-ansversim et ramum quasi annulo cingens ubi epidermide orbatus est, lineis nigris e fibris

corticalibus erumpit.
S. Peritheciis minutissimis ovatis aggreg.atis, aterrimis, punctato-rugosis, manifestim ostiolatis papilla

brevi, forraantibuslineas nigras transversim ramulum cingentes; demum evacuatis, spermatico globulo

albo coronatis. Primum fibris corticalibus albescentibus subtecta, demum denudat. Priori affinis,

sed differt modo crescendi.
■'1561. 416. S. agghegata, L. v. S., in lignis cariosissimis mollibus plagis majusculis nigris, Bethlehem

rarior.
S. Peritheciis duplo majoribus quam in priori, densissime aggregatis nee tamen confluentibus, globoso-

applanatis, leviusculis, nigro-subfuscescentibus, et circum ostiola plerumque cinerascentibus. Ostiolo

brevi, cyhndrico-conico, demum deciduo — turn peritheciis pertusis.
"1562. 417. S. Htdhangeae, L. v. S., rara in epidermide ramorum Hydrangeae, etiam e libro cortlcall

sub epidermide prorumpens, Bethl.
S. sparsa, epidermide insidens, rotundato-applanata, nigra, demum collapsa, ostiolo papiUiforme etiam

turn persistente. In iisdem ramis observantur etiam specimina ex libro corticali prorumpentia (vix

alteram speciem sistentia) valde a prioribus abhorrentia, forma ostiolorum crassorum et tertiam

partem perithecii aequantium, ore fere platystoma per epidermidem prospicientia, ceterum tecta.
*1563. 418. S. xiGROBHtiNNEA, L. v. S., in palis Robiniae cortice orbatis, Bethl.

S. sparsa, nigrobrunnea, in maculis concoloribus sita. Peritheciis ovatis, rugosis, attenuatis in ostiola

indistlncta, majuscidis mixtis multo minoribus, demum saepe coUapsis. Primura fibris hgni subob-

tecta; demum denudata.
•1564. 419. S. iscossTAirs, L. V. S.,rariteroccurrit Bethl. sub epidermide Rhododendri maximi oriens,

demum denu'data. , - • • . ■ .

Vol. IV.— 3D ' ■ ' " ' '■ ' ' '■■..■ : ■. / '

214 •■ SYNOPSIS OF

S. major prioribus, gregatim e fibiis corticis interioris prorumpens, mii'e varians forma; demum con-

fluens. Peritheciis enim gaudet globosis, difformibus, cylindricis, et apice ventricosis, omnibus

nigris, rugosis, ostiolis plus minusve elevatis, cylindricis semper ore umbilicato. Junior epidermide

. , tecta, et turn sola ostiola protniduntur. Demum denudata, et saepe diffracta partem inferiorem

pezizulae ad instar rclinquens.
•1565. 420. S. suBFAscicuLATA, L. V. S., in ramis dejectis Vitis corruptissiniae, Bethl.

S. primum subtecta, demum omnino denudata, afRnis S. Bombardae, sed magis sparsa et quasi longi-
tudinaliter seriata. Perilheciis subfasciculatis nigris, vix mollibus, interdum omnino forma S. liom-
bardae, saepe autem minus elongatis, subrotundis ac obtuse papillatis, minoribus et inter se con-
fluentibus.
M566. 421. S. iNspissA, L. v. S., rarlus prope Lebanon Pennsylvaniae in lignis induratis.

S. densissime inspissa inter fibros ligni canescentis, pluvio solutes, et subelevatos, peritheciis subja-
centibus, demum denudatis. Peritheciis atris globosis rugosis, ostiolo papillari deciduo; aetate
subcoUapsis, minutissimis. Aut sese insuper aggregatis aut etiam subinde sparsis.
*1567. 422. S. bucnnea, L. v. S., rarlus ad ramos decorticatos varios, Bethl.

S. sparsa, peritheciis maximis, semi-immersis, glaben-imis brunneo-fuscis, depresso-globosis aut hemis-
phaericis, ostiolo acute nigro, basi subprulnosa. Diameter linearis.

Trib. 20. Pertusae.
1558. 423. S. lEcTTHEA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 155, F. 334. Rara in Pennsylvania, varietate minori, atra.
1569. 424. S. mohilis, F. 335, Syn. Car. 198, et passim Pennsylv.
*1570. 425. S. papillala, F. 337, inligno salicino Bethlehem.

1571. 426. S. PDTAMiNUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 165, F. 338, var. /S, in nucibus Juglaudinis freq. Penn-
sylvania.

1572. 427. S. PAPILLA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 15Q, F. 340, in Carolina et in Erie County, Pennsylvania.
obvia.

•1573. 428. S. Tnyco/j/ji'/a, F. 341, in subulis Hydni exoleti mihi rarius obvia Bethl.

*1574. 429. S. applanala, F. 343, frequens Bethlehem ad truncos orbatos Robiniae, evldenter rugosa. '..

1575. 430. S. mastoidea, F. 345, Syn. Car. 176, albicans, nondum obvia Pennsylv.

1576. 431. S. seminuda, F. 346, Syn. Car. 177, in Pennsylv. mihi in cortice crescens obvia.
*1577. 432. S. laterlcolta, F. 347, peritheciis sparsis, Bethl.

1578. 433. S. /ler/lusn, F. 348, Syn. Car. 202, vulgaris, et. Pennsylv.
*1579. 434. S. /a^jAnna, F. 349, in lignis vetustis, Bethl. ■■■'..'•.• ■

"1580. 43.T. S. &speg-j-eenH, F. 350, rara in cariosis lignis ibid. "'''■.'.:■

*1S81. 436. S. umbonata, F. 342, in putrido ligno Juglandis cinereae, Bethl.
•1582. 437. S. picastra, F. 344, saltern proxima Bethl.
•1583. 438. S. Surculi, F. 354, in ramis denudatis Sambuci, ibid.
1584. 439. S- porphyrostoma, F. 351 (Syn. Car. 204, rhodostoma perperam). An nova? convcnit
quidcm, sed loco omnino differt, limbo etiam non purpurascenti sed vivide cinnabarino, qu.asi stellato,
postquam papilla excutitur. Perithecia valde rugulosa sunt et apice applanata, et basi quasi crus-
tam habet in ligno effusam.
•1585. 440. S. vilis, F. 353, non raraBetlil.

•1586. 441. S. nucula, F. 352, liabitu quod.am triangulari, Bethl. passim.

•1587. 442. S. iNCLiNATA, L. V. S., passim in ramulis tenerrimis variorum Viburnorum Bethl. inventa,
u. c. V. dentati.
S. sparsira et aggrcgatim erumpens ex fibris libri corticalis epidermide orb.ati, primum immersa, demum
nudata. Peritheciis ovatis, globosis minutis, oblique inclinatis cum ostiolo, pro ratione majuscule,
demum deciduo. Turn peritheciis pertusis, ceterum atris, rugosis.
•1588. 443. S. APKRTA, I.. V. S., rarior in lignis caricsis Rhododendri, Bethl.

S. subcrustacea, nigra, aggregata. Peritheciis tamen sparsis, semi-immersis, majusculis, parum cylin-
drico-elcv.atis, apice truncatis, collapsis, papilla majuscula subindistincte formata, mox decidua,
turn ore majore orbiculatim pertusis, concentrice extus striatis, sed vix rugosis.
•1589. 444. S. GLANDitoLA, L. V. S , valde frequens in glandibus quercini.s, Bethl.

S. sparsa, .ac aggregata, non immersa, primum tamen tenerrima epidermide glundis tecta, demum

• . • NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. '.../.. 215

nuda. Pei-itheciis atris, minutis, globosis, Instructis ostiolo brevl confluente, et demura pertusis.
Differt a S. putaminum exilitate et peritheclis non conicis. Ceterum punctato-rugosa.
*1590. 445. S. PERicinpii, L. v. S., frequens utrinque in Pericarpiis Juglandium (Hickory) crassls,
praesertim in iiiterioi'i latere. Salem et Itethl.
S. sparsa, nigra, oblongo-ovata, primum immersa, demum nuda, abiens in ostiolum acutiusciilum
cum perithecio confluens. Denudata tamen innata pericarpio se ostendit. Peiitheciis laeviusculis,
evacuatis, plerumque pertusis orificio minutissimo.
•1591. 446. S. TiNGENs, L. v. S., in rimis corticalibus ramorum juniorum Sassafras, Betlil.

S. sparsa, conice rostrata, primum Immersa, demum insidens basi applanata. Peritheciis compresso-
conicis, rostratis ostiolo rudi obtuso crassiusculo subnitente, vlx rugosis. Circum singula perithecia
corticem nigro tingit.
•1592. 447. S. AtBoMAcuLANs, L. V. S., dlstinctissima in emortuis truncis Syringae ubi cortice orbati
sunt, Bethl. An hujus aut prioris tribus'
S. sparsa, in macula determinata exalbata sita, aterrima, ad basin plerumque materia virente pulveru-
lenta circumdata. Peritheciis aterrimis, hemisphaerico-difformibus, mediocribus, semi-immersis,
punctatis, acutim papillatis; sacpe ostiola observantur plura connata quasi ex duobus aut tribus
peritheciis confluentibus ut unum ostiolum assurgentia subrotundum et varie compressum — demum
pertnsum aut subrimose apertum.
'1593. 448. S. DiBEnittji, L. v. S., memorabllis species in ligno carioso sicco, Bethl.

S. sparsa, simplex, majuscula, bicorticata. Cortex exterior sphaeriam denudatam, hemisphaericara
aut conicam rugosam, nigrofuscam, ligno insidentem exhibet, ostiolo papillato primum prominente,
quo deciduo, pertusam. Sub hoc cortice externo apparet Sphaeria ligno immersa etiam nigro cor-
tical* et subinde coUapsa, collo elongato cum ostiolo externo communicans.
*1594. 449. S. cABTorHAGA, L. v. S., in nucibus putridis Jugland. albae et tomentos. Bethl.

S. gregaria, regularis, mediocrimaguitudine, plagas formans aterrimas subexpansas in nucibus. Peri-
tlieclis dlnudiatis ex hemisphaerico-subconicis, basi crusta nigra inter se connexis tcnui, papillatis,
demum pertusis.
'1595. 450. S. ELiiPTicA, L. V. S, in Viburno prope Mauch Chunk rarius reperta. ' •

S. majuscula, elllptica, elongata, sparsa, parum tantum elevata, applanata, subimmersa basi, nigra, poro
central! demum pertusa, primum coronata ostiolo papillaeformi, demum deciduo.
'1596. 451. S. DEFORMATA, L. V. S., cum priori in iisdem lignis dejectis rarius.

S. late sparsa, minuta, omnino denudatim protrusa, e forma cylindrica deformata, aterrima, superficie
subrugosa inaequabili, ostiolo indlstincto. Demum pertusa se ostendit.

Trib. 21. Plattstomae, •. ...'

1597. 452. S.^JiVeato, F. 358, Syn. Car. 138, etiam in Pennsylv. . "

■1598. 453. S. iruncala, F. 357, in ligno Rhododendri Bethl.

1599. 454. S. crcnata, F. 359, Syn. Car. 136, cristaia. Hue etiam pertinet var. spiraeae, vulgatissima
in ramis Spiraeae opuUfolia Bethl.

1600. 455. S. macrostoma, F. 361, Syn. Car. 137, dehiscens, frequens in Pennsylvania in mucidis
lignis.

•1601. 456. S. /iJera, F. 351, (8, vix mera varietas, Betlil.

1602. 457. S. co;npj-esM, F. 363, Syn. Car. 138, etPennsylv. , ' ; ; .

•1603. 458. S. an^sta/a, F. 362, passim Bethl. in lignis. .■ > ' ■ , .

•1604. 459. S. curto, F. 36,5, bene distincta in corruptissimis ramulis raoUibus Bethl. -i . . . '

1605. 460. S. di'minuens, F. 366, Syn. Car. 139, freq. Bethl. . ', .. '■

•1606. 461. S. ABBREViATA, L. V. S., ad quercinos raraidos, Bethl. ' ' . /

S. subaggregata, prorumpens cum fibris quibus primum ad ostiola usque tecta, demum denudata
Peritheciis globoso-conicis subnitidis, quanquam non glabris. Ostiolo cylindrico-dUatato com-
presso, satis elongato, ccntrali, aterrlmo, multo tenuiori quam perlthecium quod cinerascit aut
fuscescit.
•1607. 462. S. Taapsi, L. V. S., vulgaris in caulibus Verbasci Thapsl putrescentibus. Ob affinit.atem
summam hue referenda, Bethl.
S. sparsa, in macula nigra, locis caulis villositate orbatis. Primum ostiolo solo prorumpens, demum
omnino. Peritheciis globoso-conicis, non laevigatis, basi applanato ligno innatis aut subimmersis.

216 •: .. ' ■ SYNOPSIS OF

Ostiolo crasso conico compresso elevato, latitudine tamen perithecii duplo minore, demum deliis-

cente.
•1608. 463. S. VAKiABiiis, L. V. S.,similis priori, frequens in caulibus Pastinacae, bcc. Bethl.
S. fere semper tecta fibris caulis quas secum attoUit, ostiolo solummodo compresso difformi, confluente

cum perithecio valde variabili, prorumpente. Peritlieciis nempe ellipticis, applanatis, rugulosis,

pleriimque maculae nigrae insidentibus, ex gelatina spermatica sparsa peritheciorum ortae.
'1609. 464. S. suBnuGosA, L- v. S., rarisslme obvia Bethl. in putrido frustulo Catalpae ligni.

S. sparsa et gregaria, subimmersa ao prorumpens. Peritlieciis sphaericis aut elongatis, rima ostiolosa

longitudinal), dimidiam latitudinem perithecii adaequante coronatis, ad instar Hysterii deliiscente.

Tamen vera spliaeria albofarcta, demum evacuata, nigra, extus rainutim rugoso-punctata.
*1610. 465. S. nrsTEKioiBES, L. v. S., prorumpens ex cortice et ligno Kalmlae, Bethl.

S. gregaria et sparsa, peritheciis aggregatis hemisphaericis aut ellipticis, etiam conico-globosis, promi-

ncntibus, aterrimis, glaberrimis (pellem, sic dictam, anserinam quasi in ligno efficiens). Apice

perithecii truncato subconcavo, ostiolo arete clauso, per truncaturam in rimam elongata. Totius

catervae distinctissima.

Trib. 22. Ckratostomae.
1611. 466. S. sni-vERiNcoLi, L. y. S., Syn. Car. 143, perperam ad S. lagenariam relata, aqua omnino

abhoiTet. Rarissime in corrupta S. numularia Carol, obvia.
S. dense gregaria, molliuscula, erecta, nigrescenti-fusca. Peritheciis valde rugosis. Ostiolis mediocri-
bus rjgidis obliquis, paululum tantum longioribus peritheciis ovatis.
.' 1612. 467. S.^/Zi/era, F. 369, Syn. Car. 141 et 142, nam S. rostrata Syn. Car. eadem. \m\ fi drrjina
freq. et. Pennsylv.
•1613. 468. S. DuupivoBA, L. V. S., rarissime in corruptis drupis Juglandis cinereae. Bethl. inveni
speciem distinctissimam.
S. conferta, atra, tomento quodam byssoideo, anfortuito? subinvoluta, albo. Peritheciis majusculis
pro ratione, hemisphaericis, agmine denso provenientibus. Ostiolis longissimis, fuscobadiis, strictis.
1614. 469. S. strida, V. 572, Syn. Car. 144, vulgaris etiam Bethl.
•1615. 470. S. breviroslris, F. 374, in lignis cariosis, Bethlehem.
1616. 471. S. cirrhosa, V. 575, Syn. Car. 145, vulgaris et. Bethl.
*1617. 472. S. mucro«a/«, F. 376, rara mihi Salem Carol, obvia.
1618. 473. S. Spina, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 154, F. 377, in ramis fra-xineis nee alibi, sed etiam Pennsylv-
et ex Nova Anglia.
•1619. 474. S. rosteUaia, F. 379, in stipitibus Rosarum et Ruborum Bethlehem mihi obvia.
•1620. 475. S. ndcroscopica, F. 380, elegantula species non tam rara in lignis Bethl.
'1621. 476. S. iSTisTiTA, L. v. S., in lignis cariosis inventa, emergens ex tomento byssino crassiusculo,
badio-feiTugineo aut lutescente, quo omnino vestita. Ceterum S. rostratae valde affinis, equidera
eadem, si tomentum adventitium.
S. peritheciis glcbosis majuscuUs demum liberis, primum ligno et tomento immersis. Ostiolis magnis
longis, rigidis, sulcato-tubei'culosis, sursum incrassatis. Peritheciis cum ostiolis atris.
■'•16S2. 477. S. AssECLA, L. V. S., semper in consortio et circum pustulas variarum Spliaeriarum obval-
latarum sub epidermide Castaneae crescit.
S. minutissima, fusca. Peritheciis globosis; ostiolo triplo longiori inclinato, pro r.atione crassiusculo
tereti. Catervis 'maximis dense aggregatis interdum semiuncialibus circumdat pustulas aliarum
Spliaeriarum. Vis unquam circinnat, sed affinis est S. pusillae.

■■....•■ Trib. 23. Obtectae.

* Lignuliks.
* "1623. 478. S. Amsceni, F. 382, rara in lignis (fagineis') Bethl. differt tamen peritheciis aggTegatis
,• . omnino emersis.

1624. 479. S. TOBEBCCLosA, L. v. S.,Syn. Car. 164, F. 383, rarius et obvia in Pennsylvania Nazaretbis
in Robinia viscosa.
•1625. 480. S. astroidca, F. 384, in trunco Broussonetiae et alibi in vctustis lignis, Bethl. .
A *1626. 481. S. eutypa, F. 385, Bethlehem in Rh. typhina et Populo.

- <

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 217

1627. 483. S. opereulaia, T. 386, Syn. Car. 195, Salem et Bethl.
'1628. 483. S. crypta, F. 387? ad ligna vetusta. Bethl.
1629. 484. S. livida, F. 388, Syn. Car. 196, Bethl. in Rhoi.
•1630. 485. S./oerfnnj, F. 389, Salem et Bethl.

•1631. 486. S. arwmnff, F. 390, Bethlehem. Concrescentibus affinis.
"1632. 4S7. S. LAEVioATA, L. V. S., in lignis moUioribus, Bethl. Affinis S. eutypae.

S. cnist.im efficiens long'e Uteque effusam, contijjuara, laevigatam ad 6 uncias extensam, determinato
ambitu totum ramum ambientem, ni^escentem. Peritheciis sparsis, magnis, jjloboso-dcpressis,
ligno ime immersis, evacuatis: ostiolo vix in crusta prominente, tamen utpiiuctum quasi in siiperficie
conspicuum, collo manifesto cum perithecio connexo. An ad Concrescentes.
'1633. 488. S. ixuifDATORtTM, L. V. S., lig'nis flumine Delaware, Kaign's point, immersis, increscit.
S. gregaria, crusta longe lateque effusa rlmosa teeta, unde lignum quasi adustum se ostendit. Peri-
tlieciis sparsis latentibus sub crusta in ligno, globoso-depressis absque collo, sed ostiolis subpezizoi-
deo-umbilicatis per tuberculum crustaceum subelevatum prorumpentibus, primum applanato glo-
boso subclausis, demum apertis.
•1634. 489. S. Excussi, L. v. S., freq. in ramis junioribus Pyri mali, Bethl. affinis S. foedanti.

S. peritheciis magnis dense sparsis sub epidermide subsoluto libro immersis. Ostiolo punctiformi,
primum poro per epldermidem prorumpente, demum denudato. Tum perithecia in conspectum
veniunt magna ampullaeformia, rugosa, circumcirca sulcata, in ostiola crassa colliformia elon-
gata, poro latiusculo rotundo perforata. Aetate peritliecia faciUime e libro excussa, foveolos linquent
subrotundos bilineares.
•1635. 490. S. DENTjDAxs, L. V. S., sub epidermide nascens, demum sese denudans, Bethl.
S. sparsa ac aggregata, oblongo-globosa, depressa. Peritheciis immersis demum prominulls, intiis
ellipticis, cortice quodam interno cinerascenti vestitis, evacuatis, ceterum nigris. Ostiolis minimis
papillatis in apice depresso sitis, interdum Hysterioideis.
*1636. 491. S. RosAE, L. v. S., in teneris ramulis Rosarum, New Jersey.

S. sparsa, in crusta nigro-fusca sub epidermide longe lateque effusa, primum tecta, demum denvidata.
Peritheciis crustae subimmersis, hemisphaerice protrusis, oblongo-globosis, rugosis, atris, evacuatis.
Ostiolis primum per epidermidem vix prominentibus et nigrotingentibus, demum brevitcr conicis.
•1637. 492. S. AjiPELos, L. v. S., in valde corruptis ramentis Vitis Betlil. primum epidermide tiita.
S. seriatim distanter sparsa, minuta, circumscissa, subfusca, globoso-applanata. Ostiolo prominente
per rimas corticis.

* • Corticolae.
•1638. 493. S. oce/fafa, F. 391, rarius Bethl. sub cortice Pruni virg.

1639. 494. S. OBTECTA, L. v. S., F. 395, Syn. Car. 206, in ramis fruticum Carolina necdum in
Pennsylv.
•1640. 495. S. vibratilis, F. 396, sub cortice Pruni virginianae, Bethl.
•1641. 496. S. lanata, F. 397, sub cortice Betuli nigrae, ibid.
•1642. 497. S. paetula, F. 599, sub epidermide Sambuci, ibid.
•1643. 498. S.pupula, F. 401, sub epidermide Platani, Bethl.

1644. 499. S. circumcissa, F. 402, Syn. Car. 202, passim et Bethl.
•1645. 500. S. clandistina, F. 403, sub epidermide Sambuci, ibid.
•1646. 501. S.personata, F. 404, sub epidermide Liriodendri, ibid.

1647. 502. S. Tiliae, F. 405, Syn. Car. 205, vulgaris et Bethl.
•1648. 503. S. pruimsa, F. 406, Bethl. sub epidermide, Uhoid.

1649. 504. S. inquinans, F. 407, Syn. Car. 201, in Acere, &c. Bethl.
•1650. 505. S. mamillana, F. 409, ramis junioribus Celastri, ibid.
•1651. 506. S. clypmta, F. 410, vtilgata in Rosis et Rubis, Sal. et Bethl.

1652. 507. S. GossTPir, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 207, F. 412, non in Pennsylv.
•1653. 508. S. ditopa, F. 394, sub Liriod. epidermide, Bethl.

•1654. 509. S. corticis, F. 393, in ramis junioribus^Aceris Pennsylvanicae, Mauch Chunk.
•1655. 510. S. DisTiNcTA, L. V. S., sub epidermide Sambuci pubentis, Bethl.
S. sparsa, epidermide tenerrimo obtecta, majuscula, immersa libro albescent! interioris corticis. Peri-
theciis atris, orbicularibus, depressis, glabris, ore rotundo majore, persistentibus in cortice, epider-

Vol. IV.— 3 E

218 SYNOPSIS OF

misavulsae, cum ostioUs earn perforantlbus, non prominent Ibus, cylindrlcis brevibus, umbillcatis
apicc.

•1656. 511. S. onTACEO-ninxA, L. v. S., sub epidermide majorum ramorum Mori albae, Bethl.

S. sparsa, majuscula, ostiolis crassis, cylindrlcis, pertusis, persistentibus, epidermidem penetrantibus,
dejecta qua apparent perithecia magna, applanata, circumcirca olivaceo-hirta, librum corticis colore
olivaceo-nigro tingentia, subimmersa, gelatina alba farcta deln evacuata.

•1657. 512. S. ALBo-FAttcTA, L. V. S., in junioribus ramulls Sassafras, quos ionge lateque inquinat
colore atro. Bethl.
S. sparsa aut g'regaria, atro-inquinans. Peritlieciis tectis, cortice omnino immersis, minutissimis, albo-
farctis, solummodo sectione cultelli distinguendis, globosls, horizontaliter striatis, indistincte ostiolatis,
ostiolo prospiciente per rimulas corticis atro-lnquinati.

"1658. 513. S. TESEHA, L. V. S., in llbro fibroso Hibisci rosei Hortorum Betid, sub epidermide.

S. sparsa, nldulans in llbro sub epidermide. Peritlieciis minutis elllptico-oblongis et globosis, non
glabris, nigrofuscls, facilllme avulso llbro attoUuntur — scd manent frustulis subtecta. OstioUs minu-
tissimis, in conspicuum venientibus inter rimulas epldermidls, quasi ex disco. Interdum plura
ostiola ex uno perithecio prorumpere vldentur, ceterum globoso-papdlata et fere umbilicata.

•1659. 514. S. Daphnidis, L. v. S., sub epidermide craortui Daph. Mezerei horto, Bethl.
S. prlmum epidermide tecta, demum nuda, immersa llbro. Peritheclls globoso-depressis nigro-fuscis
tomentosis, demum orbatls, Immersis crustae floccosae nlgrotinctae. Intus nigro-farctis. OstioUs
primum papiUarlbus, demum rudibus, deformlbus, elevatls, praesertim in denudatis peritheciis aetate
rugosls. Nuda speclmlna majora praecedentlbus speciebus. Atrq-lnquinat.

■1660. 515. S. ruscEScENs, L. V. S., sub epidermide Castaneorum Salem et Bethl., non immersa, sed
parenchymate Ubri fusci insidens.
S. aggregata et sparsa, primum omnino epidermide tecta, sed hac dejecta, insidet llbro omnino libera,
saepe tamen cum epidermide attolUtur. Peritheciis minutis ovato conicls, rugosissimis, nlgris aut
fuscescentibus, albo-farctls, interdum coUapsls, confluentlbus cum ostioUs papillatls, prospiclenti-
bus ex epidermidis rlmls. Massa spermatica nigrescens, sed vis crustam efficlens circumfusa ob-
servatur.

*1661. 516. S. PALnoLATA, L. V. S., In elongatis i-amls non spinosis Rosae corymbosae, Bethl. aemulans
S. insititiam et Rosae.
S. subseriatim in rlmls epidermidis aggregata in caespitulis elUptlcis, interdum confluens. Primum
tecta cuticula interna epidermidis albescentis, demum subUbera, sed semper quasi palllo ab hac
clrcumvoluta. Peritheciis majusculls, pro ratlone, panels tantum in caespltulo, globoso-applanatis,
aterrlmis, punctato-rugosls, ostiolo manifesto papiUato.

•1662. 517. S. nuuisA, L. T. S., frequens occurrlt sub epidermide Rhois glabri Bethl. An sit Dldy-
mosporium ?
S. gregaria, Ionge lateque prorumpens ex epidermide ab ea arete clncta et satis prominula. Perithe-
ciis aterrlmis applanatls, rotundatls, papilla centrali ostiolatis, sporidlis creberrlmls profluentlbus.
Epidermide secedente, in interim pagina observatui' crusta contlgua corticalls nigra, et ex peritheciis
hemisphaerlcis, nlgris, glabris, interjacentibus quasi crebre pustulata.

*166j. 518. S. coNspEusA, L. v. S., sub epidermide truncl emortul Robinae viscosae Nazareth in horto
academlco.
S. gregatim quldem sed tamen spai'sa; primum sub epidermide tecta, demum decedente; ostlolls
tantum prorumpentibus quasi disco minuto concave. Epidermide dejecto, perithecia numerosa,
aterrima mediocra in conspectum veniunt, basi applanato-rotundata, et ostiolo dejecto, late pertusa-
inanla. Pcrfecta autem coronata sunt ostiolo sphaeriaeformi, adacquante dimidiam magnltudinem
perlthecii. Basis llbro subimmersa est, et totum peritheclum sporidlis creberrime conspersum aut
punctulatum effusis etlam in ambltu. Quodam modo simllls Sphaerlae sphaerocephalae nosti-ae.

Trlb. 24. OBxnnATAE.
1664. 519. S. ScLEnoTicM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 163, F. 416, nunquam mihl obvia in Pennsylvania.
Oslropa, F. S. Veg. p. 110.
*1665. 520. S. uberifwmis, F. 417, pulcherrima et dlstlncta in ramis putrldlsslmls Betulae, Bethl.

1666. 521. S. EiiuMi'ENS, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 209, F. 419, in ramis Smllacls Cai-oUnae et Pennsylv.
•1667. 522. S. Syringac, F. 421, passim in Syringa, Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 219

•1668. 523. S. Lonicerae, F. 4.23, in L. sempervirenti, ibid.

*1669. 524. S. feiiacella, F. 423, in ramis junioi-ibus ibid.

•1670. 525. S. opiluta, F. 425, in virgidtis betulignis, ibid.

•1671. 526. S. Fraxini, F. 426, etiam in Ulmo Betlil.

•1672- 527. S. Juglandis, F. 427, non rara in Juglandinis, ibid.

•1673. 528. S. pa/m(X, F. 428, locis suis i-arior, llethl.

»1674. 529. S. pyrina, F. 429, in Mulis frcqucns ibid.

•1675. 530. S. stivbilina, F. 431, passim in Conis. Perfectissima in strobilis laricinis, Betid.

•1676. 531. S. Verrucaria, F. 434, in cortice Betulino ib.

•1677. 532. S. Ri'BORTjji, L. V. S., vulg-aris in antiquis stipltlbus Ruborum, pruesci-tim Riibi strigosae
cultae Bethl.
S. sparsa aut gregaria, saepe scriata, sub epidermide mox dejecta. Peritbeciis ovato-globcsis aut
hemisphaericis, pauliilum immersis libro corticali cum fibris ccterum assurg'entibu3, atris, rugosis,
pro ratione majusculis, tuberculo magno, saepe dimidium pcrithecium adacquante, coronatis ostioli
ad instai', punctato-rugoso. Interdum hoc multo minus evadit. Peritliecia demum sacpissime dimi-
diata evacuata, quasi cupulatasuperstitia rem.ancnt.

•1678. 5j3. S. olitascen-s, L. v. S., rarissime Salem invirgultis ignotis.

S. fere omnino tecta epidermide efficiente maculam olivaceo-nigram, quacum peritliecia assurgunt
minuta hemisphaerica, globosa, albofarcta, demum evacuata. Ostiolo pertuso solummodo prospiciunt
ex macula, ceterura omnino tecta, nee uUibi libera.

•1679. 534. S. suBsiMPLEx, L. v. S., fi'eq. in junioribus ramis Rhdi glabr. frigore emortuis Bethl,
S. primum tenerrima epidermide alba tecta, per quam ostlola prospiciunt: mox orbata, in conspectum
veniunt perilhecia dense ag'gregata, cortici subimmersa, saepe confluentia (unde tantum su4sim-
ples dicitur) oblongo-hemisphaerica, depressa, rugosa, atra, papillata: papilla decidua, turn pertusa.

•1680. as. S. iMonpHULA, L. v. S., in juniorum ramorum Juglandis cortice, Bethl.

S. dense aggregata, imo passim caespitosa, sub epidermide in parenchymate corticali ac insuper cpi-
dermidem crescens. Peritheciis amorphis aut polymorphis subconfluentibus parum clcvatis, carbo-
naceis, atris, astomis aut indislincte ostiolatis; albo-f;U'Clis.

•1681. 536. S. CArsotAnuM, L. v. S., in variis capsvdis plantarum v. c. Convolvuli purpur. Beth!.
S. simplex, sparsa, applanato-hemisphaerica, minuta, papillata, papilla decidua; ad basin cincta tener-
rima cinerascente epidermide capsulae cui, statu juniori, innata aut immersa. Peritheciis atris, rugo-
sis, albo-farctis, statu madidiori et juniori iutumescentlbus et fuscescentibus.

•1682. 537. S. DnuPAHUM, L. V. S., an hujus Tribus ! sed species valde distincta non infrequens in
di'upis nucum Juglandis nigrae semiputridis, primum tecta epidermide drupae, demum hac squamu-
latim dejecta, fere denudata.
.S. arctim aggregata, nigra et crustaceo-confluens. Peritheciis creberrimis ovatis, rugosis, indistincte
ostiolatis, albo-farctis, demum evacuatis. Denudatis demum peritheciis squamulae corticis hinc
inde adhaerent.

•1683. 533. S. poMORCM, L. V. S., affinis priori non rara (et minus evoluta jam Salem observata) in
pomis exsiccatis per hiemem in arboribus praesertim Cydoniis, Bethl.
S. sparsa et aggregata, quasi Insidens crusta nigra sub epidermide tenerrima pomi, quae demum squa-
mulatim rupta decidua est; primum quasi stellatim fissa circum singija peritliecia. Peritheciis
ovatis, diftbrmibus, magis pi'ominulis quam in priori, rugosis, atris, albo-farctis, minutim papiUatis.

•1684. 539. S. LiGCSTni, L. v. S., in ramulis ligustrinis Bethlehem, Sphaeriam circinnantem revocat.
S. sparsa, crebris speciminibus, prorumpens tantum ex epidermide arctim cingente ostiolis, aut supe-
riori parte perithecii, satis elevata. Ostiolis majuscuhs globoso-conicis, atris, glabris. Peritheciis
deorsum per epidermidem penetrantibus sic ut in aversa pagina secedentis in conspectum veniunt ut
bullae majusculae nigrofuscae saepe collapsae, linquentibus foveolos hemisphaericos in hbro corti.
call. Intus nigrofarctis demum evacuatis.

•1685. 540. S. AzALEAE, L. v. S., non infrequens in truncis et ramis emortuis Azaleae nudiflorae,
Bethl.
S. per rimas flexuosas epidermidis, quasi seriatim erumpens, immersa libro corticali subjaccnte Peri-
theciis vix confluentibus, subdistantibus, minoribus, atris, rugosis cum ostiolo subpezizoideo-umbi-
licato confluentibus, parietibus internis crassis; evacuatis.

•1686. 541. S. coscojiiTANS, L. v. S., in petiolis majorum foUorum arborum, ubi per ictum Insectarum
in gallam ampliati sunt, Bethl.

220 SYNOPSIS OF

S sparsa, prorumpens, primum tecta, minuta, punctiformis fere aut subglobosa, astoma, intus evacu-

ata atra. Mox collapsa, formam pezizoideam induit.
*168r. 542- S. LiNEOLAXs, L. v. S., prorumpens in ramis salicinis, Bethl.

S. majuscula, gi-egarie prorumpens, arete cincta ab epidermide. Peritheciis pluribus saepe confluen-

tibus in lineolas irregulares, extus cetemm atris, scaberrimis, difformibus aut globoso-applanatis;

ostiolis indistinctis, spargentjbus sporidia atrofusca, quibus perithecia demum evacuata repleta sunt.

Juniori aetate subtecta epidermide elevata.
*1688. 543. S. OBTUSA, L. v. S., caules Rubi villosi gregibus vastis infestat, Bethlehem, antiquissimos.
S. primum epidermide tecta et eam elevans; demum denudata, sparsa, sed agmine denso occupans

caules. Ostiolis obtusis subelevatis. Peritheciis nigris obovatis nigosis et difformibus, minutis,

nudis aut epidermide basi cinctis. Juniori aetate fuscis subpellucidis, cinctis massa albida subpidve-

racea demum evanida. Peritheciis albofarctis.

Trib. 25. Subtectae.
1689. 544. S. SPHAEHOCEPHALA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 166, F. 436, solummodo in Carolina observata.
•1690. 545. S. sarmentorum, F. 438, in Menispermo et Celastro non rara Bethl.
*1691. 546. S. sulcata,^. 439, ramulls junioribus Blgnonlae, Bethl.
*1692. 54r. S. saepincola, F. 440, in rosls et rubis Bethl. freq.
•1693. 548. S. foveolaris, F. 443, in ramis fraxinels Bethl., differt aliquomoda ab friesiana — peritheciis

nempe majoribus ac minus confertis.
•1694. 549. S. Cacti, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 227, F. 445, Salem tantum.
•1695. 550. S. Taxi, F. 447, in Taxo canadensl, Easton.

1696. 551. S. atroviretis, F. 448, Syn. Car. 226, in Vlsco, Salem.
•1697. 552. S. Buxi, F. 448, /?, vulgaris Bethl. species dist.
•1698. 553. S. Ilicis, F. 449, Salem in foliis lllcis opacae.

•1699. 554. S. Cucurbitaceoruin, F. 452, in fructu C. lagenariae, Betlil. frequens.

•1700. 555. S. vAcciNicoLA, L. v. S., affinis S. saepincola in virgultis Vaccinionim Bethl. ^. an diversa
in Ceanotho.
S. sparsa, tecta, peritlieciis depresso-globosis, subrugosls, evacuatis aut gelatina fullginosa spermatica
repletis, prospicientlbus per rimas mlnutlssimas epidermidis, vix papillatis, atrls. Valde minuta et
subatro-inquinans.
•1701. 556. S. KAiMiAnuM, L. v. S., frcquentissima in foliis dejectis Kalmiae et Rhododendrl, cum
Bequenti valde affinis S. atrovirenti, Salem et Bethl.
S. sparsa, aterrima, immatura tamen turgens et fusca, rarlus propellans cirrhulum simplicem brevem
fuscum. Peritheciis hemisphaericis, innatis, evacuatis demum. Major S. atrovirenti.
•1702. 557. S. ANDnoMEDABDM, L. V. S., in foliis perennantlbus, sed corruptis Andromedae axillaris,
Salem.
S. sparsa, omnino tecta, innata, minutlssima, assurgens cum epidermide non discolorata; ostlolo minu-
tissimo solummodo prospiciente et propuUante cirrhulum simplicem candidum. Peritheciis nigris,
depresso-globosis, albo-farctis, parenchymate immersis.
•1703. 558. S. Samahae, L. v. S,, frequens in Samaris Fraxini acuminatae, Bethl.

S. sparsa, primum tecta tenerrima epidermide, quae turn stellatlm rupta, perithecia obtusa fere astoma
punctato-rugosa, nlgrofusca p.atefacit, repleta massa spermatica alba (siccitate subcornea) demum
evacuata. Juniora interdum cirrhulum emlttunt simplicem atrofuscum strictum; hac aetate peri-
thecia omnino immersa sunt.
•1704. 559. S. Jasmini, L. v. S., in suculis emortuis .Tasmini culti in bortis, Bethl.

S. sparsa, sed passim in quincunx approximata, minuta, fusca, apice albescente, ab epidermide tecta,
quacum assurgit. Peritheciis ceterum ellipticis aut subrotundis. Demum cum epidermide colKapsis,
disco coUapso subrugoso. Intus fuscescens, evacuata. Affinis videtur S. Panacis secundum de-
scriptionem.

Trib. 26. CArtiNcoLAE.
•1705. 560. S. pcllila, F. 455, in junioribus ramis Carduorum, Bethl.
*1706. 561. S. frichusloma, F. 457, in culmis secalinis Bethl.
•1707. 562. S. rdicina, F. 459, in culmis ccreallum, Bethl.
1708. 563. S. rubella, F. 461, Syn. Car. 157, « et g, etiam Pennsylv.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 221

•ir09. 56-i. S. acuminata, F. 463, in caulibus plantarum Rcthl.
•1710. 565. S. curvirostris, Fi 464, in caulibus umbellatarum, ib.
1711. 566. S. acuta, F. 465, Syn. Car. 152, vulgaris et. Pennsylv.

171^. 567. S. lingam, F. 466, Syn. Car. 191, valde protea in varils caulibus et Pennsylv. Interdum in
macula nigra epidermidis insidet, turn S. rudis, nostra olim.
•1713. 568. S. complanata, V. 468, (Syn. Car.) Salem et Bethl.
"1714. 569. S. coniformls, F. 469, s.aepe seriatim in caulibus, ibid.
'1715. 570. S. stiffulta, F. 470, rarius Betlil. forma ascoriim distincta.
1716. 571. S. doliolum, F. 471, Syn. Car. 192, et. Pennsylv. vulgaris.
'1717. 572. S. ffiu/mm, F. ,73, Uetlil. passim.
•1718. 573. S. cu/m!7ra^a, F. 475, in culmis Tritici, Betlil.
1719. 574. S. kerbarum, F. 477, Syn. Car. 193, ubique in caulibus.
17:0. 575. S. patella, F. 478, Syn. Car. 189, vulg. in Pastinaca, Bethl.
*1721. 576. S. pcnicitlus, F. 467, in s.irmentis Huniuli prope flumen Leliigh. omnino sarmenta exaspe-

rans; Pilis peniciUatis demum dcjectis.
•1722. 577. S. Pisi, F. 472, frequens Betlil. ad caules Pisi, &c.
'1723. 578. S. .irundinis, F. 474, ad culmos Zizaniae, Pliilad.
•1724. 579. S. scirpicola, F. 476, rarius in S. atrovirente, Betlil.
'1725. 580. S. Plinthis, F. 479, in tenuioribus caulibus et culmis ibid.

"1726. 581. S. Veubascicol-v, L. v. S., affinis S. ^Ja/c/foe, vulgatissima in caulibus atque in capsulis
Verbasci Bethl.
S. primum tecta, aggregata ac sparsa; initio hemispliaerica rugoso.punct.ata, nigra: demum regulariter
collapsa, applanata. Ostiolo centrali latiori fere liysteriiforme. Saepe latet sub lana caulis deter-
gibili; minor est S. patella. In capsulis evolutior ac varie collapsa.
'1727. 582. S. ntgreUa, F. 480, frequens in variis caulibus macula nigra insidens, Bethl.
'1728. 583. S- poliota, F. 481, passim ad caules Bethl.

*1729. 584. S. galbana, F. 482, praesertim obvia in caidibus Chenopodiorum et Amaranthorum, Bethl.
*1730. 585. S. disseminata, F. 484, passim ad caules. Spccimina nostra paulo m.ijora quam Friesii.
'1731. 586. S. TECTA, L. v. S., in caulibus plantarum majorum, Bethl.

S. tecta, nee unquam liberata, longe lateque sp.arsa in caule ibidem obscurius colorato. Peritlieciis
depressis elUpticis, papilla globosa decidua coronatis, intus albo-farctis. Epidcrmide caulis circum-
circa cinerascente.
*1732. 587. S. MALTicotA, L. v. S., in libro caulium Malvae Alceae epidermide orbato Bethl. obvia.
S. minuta, subseriata, ex libro prorumpens, demum libera, forma variante; in perfectisslmis conica aut
etiam globos.i, obtusa et Jeformis, ostiolo confluente pcrithecio. Peritheciis albo-farctis, demum
evacuatis, extus obsitis pilis griseo-nigris, divergentibus; interdum denudatis.
*1733. 588. S. LACTucAiiu:»r, L. v. S., passim in caulibus Lactucarum et Soncliorum, Bethl.

S. omnino tecta, macula fibriUosa clnerea (Uothideae) passim a peritheciis subjacentibus, globoso-
depressis, albo-farctis, elevata. Ostiolis atris globosis, umbiUcatis prominulis. Longitudine unciali,
macula non absimihs S. nebidosae caulem ambit — superficie Lamen inaequabili.
*1734. 589. S. TExnissiMA, L. v. S., in cauhbus Polygonati latifolii, Bethl.

S. tecta, sparsa, atronitens: peritheciis astomis atro-fuscovirentibus, tenuissimis, statu vegeto hemis-
phaericis mox coUapsis, per epidermidem conspicuis sed vix denudatis.
*1735. 590. S. McniTA, L. v. S., rara in caulibus Verbasci, Bethlehem.

S. solitaria, sparsa, nuda, in ligno caulis Verbasci omnino referens sphaeriam e grege Villosarum.
Peritlieciis hemisphaericis, demum pezizoideo-colbpsis, astomis, undique setis rigidls, nigris, sparsis,
longitudine peritlieciorum obsitis, ceterum peritheciis glabris.
*1736. 591. S. NATicnLAHis, L. v. S., rara in caulibus mihi solummodo Salem obvia.

S. macula nigra praedita, sed interdum etiam in caule sparsa, forma quadam elliptica naviforme elongata,
utrinque obtuse contracta, non glabra, indistincte papillata, demum irregulariter collapsa. Primum
cum macula sub epidermide latens, demum semisoluta aut laxissime tantum affixa; substantia carbo-
nacea-pulveracea.
•1737. 592. S. OBTUsATA, L. v. S., in variis stipitibus Bethl. reperta.

S. primum tecta, demum omnino libera, snarsa, majuscula, atra, parcnchymate stipitis circumcirca

Vol. IV.— 3 F

222 SYNOPSIS OF

lutescenti et quasi maculam cfficiente. Peritheciis variis, omnibus autem apice obtusatis; e cjlindrico-
g-Iobosis aut rotundatis, satis elevatis, demum subcollapsis, glabris. Ostiolo hysteriiforme tranversali.
■1"38. 593. S. PLATYPUS, L. V. S., elegantula propior S. acutae, solummodo reperta in caulibus Ane-
monis virginianae, Bethl.
S. sparsa, aterrima, minuta; junior tecta, sed plerumque nuda obvia. Insidet basi applanata rotundata,
mai'ginesiccitate subinflexa; a caule faciliter soluta, interdum ambitu sublobato; in liac basi assurgit
perithecium conico-globosum, quasi punctatum a spoi-idiis profluentibus ex ostiolo globoso-papillato;
ceterum glabrum et fere nitidum.
*1739. 594. S. PoLToojii sAGiTTATi, L. V. S., magna copia occupat (sed rarius) caules emortuos Poly-
goni sagittati, Bethlehem coiTuptissimos.
S. sparsa, sed copiose tegens caules, atra, demum omnlno libera, primum tecta, applanato-globosa,
rugosissima. Ostiolo e cylindrica forma payillato fuscescenti. Interdum observatur basis subefVusa
ut in priori.
*1740. 595. S. Urassicae, L. v. S., rara in caulibus induratis Brassicae in cellis, Bethl.

S. sparsa erumpens inter fibros caulis, majuscula exacte globosaaut hemisphaerica, nigra aut subfus-
cescens, astoma, demum rupta, ita ut inferior pars pcritliecii, irregulariter lacerata et evacuata su-
perstcs manet in caule. Peritheciis ceterum estus glabris nisi punctatis a sporldils profluentibus.
'ITil. 596. S. Caknauis, L. v. S., sub epidermide Cannabis interdum seri.ata, Salem.

S. sparsa aut seriatim disposita, demum prorumpens ex tenerrima epidermide, minutissima, applanato-
globosa, rugosa; ostiolo minuto, quasi vulvaeformi, indistincto. Tota sphaeria Hicillime decedit cum
epidermide .
'1742. 597. S. Lactescestitim, L. v. S., ad inferlorem partem caulium Asclepiadis syriaci, Bethl.
S. denslssime aggregata, majuscula, primum sub epidermide tecta, in fibris corticalibus, quibuscum
faciliter decedit sita, demum liberata. Peritheciis nigris rugosis subconfluentibus, subconicis et
irregularibus, demum subcollapsis, semper autem globulo spermatico candido coronatis. Plagas
pedales occupat in caule.
*1743. 598. S. Asclepiadis, L. v. S., frequens in superiori parte caulium Asclep. syriaci, ibid.

S. sparsa, tecta, sed per epidermidem atronitens conspicua oblongo-applanata, parum tantum elevata,
passim conflucns, extus corrugata, astoma, intus nigro-farcta. Quanquam semper desunt setulae
Exosporii, vereor nisi ad hoc genus pertineat. Ceterum valde notabilis species.
*1744. 599. S. Datduae, L. v. S., in capsulis et stipitibus Uaturae Salem ac Bethl.

S. primum tecta, minuta, sub epidermide latens sparsa, vix unquam onmino denudata. Forma peritlie-
ciorum applanata. Ceterum peritheciis rugulosis subcollapsis, papillatim ostiolatis — colore nigro-
fusco. Occurrit etiam in aculeis Capsulae.
^1745. 600. S. scAPiNcoLA, L. v. S., vulgatissima in scapis Yuccae filamentosae cultae, Bethl.

S. minutissima, orbiculata, vix tecta, sed ut puncta densissime sparsa cpidermidi tenerrima insidens,
nigra, applanata, subcollapsa, rugulosa, puncto ccntrali quasi papillata vix perceptibili. Haec
sphaeria per totum scapum glabratum sparsa, eleganter eum punctulat.
*1746. 601. S. AMPLiATA, L. V. S., an ad Concrescentes' in caulibus Umbellatarum plerumque ex
macula indeterminata nigra, S-ilem.
S. tecta, macula nempe subcortical! late effusa. Peritheciis compressis in ipsa substantia caulis nidu-
lantibvis ubi observantur foveoli, post peritliecium destructum. Ostiolo crasso, subprominulo, cylln-
drico, pertuso apice ampliato.
•1747. 602. S. iiCBicuNUA, L. v. S., in caulibus Solani et Chenopodii, Salem et Bethl,
S. macula rubicunda aequabili vix determinata, tecta. Peritheciis minutis, nigris, papillaris (papiUis
seriatim prominentibus) inter epidermidem et librum nidulantibus epidermide rubro-colorato . Affi-
nis S. rubcllae.
* 1748. 603. S. LiLACiNA, L. v. S., in caulibus Asclepiadis syriaci, Bethl. S. rubicundae similis.

S. tecta, macula indeterminata semper lilacina. Peritheciis late sp.arsis nidulantibus sub macula, mi-
uutissimis atris, p.assim subprominentibus.
*1749. 604. S. Taoetic.ola, L. v. S., in caulibus Tagetum in hortis cultis, Bethlehem.

S. tecta, demum sublibera, sparsa in m.acula epidermidis cinerascenti. Peritheciis minutis, saepe
2 — 3 conflueutibus subseriatis, epidermidem valde elevantibus, albo-farctis. Ostiolis c cylindrico-
globoais, valde prominentibus.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. ' 223

•1750. 605. S. ZizAXiAE, L. v. S., frequens in ciilmis foUisque Zizaniae, Philadelpliia.

S. sparsa, siniplicissima, rutjulosa, minuta, atra, globosa, immersa, sed in pagina infcriori protrusa.
Ostiolo globoso autem punctiformiter imprcsso, prominenle in pagina superiore, quasi sphaeru-
luni mentiente. Pars inlcrior protrusa aut bullosa hemisphacrica, pro ratione niajuscula, interduni
collapsa.
*1751. 606. S. Zi-vsiAE, L. V. S., in petiolis ct pedunculis Zinniac inuUifiorae Bcthl. cultac.

S. erumpens, simplex, sparsa, fibriUulis radiantibus indistinclis circumdata, ovata, nigra, rugosa, minuta,
demum ore perforate, interduni collapsa.
•1752. 607. S. F.vnLSA, L. v. S., rarius in sarmentis et caullbus herbarum scandentium Betid, obvia.
S. sparsa, semillnearis, primum omnlno tecta fibris, quibuscuni faciUime evulsa, cum tantum laxiter
insidet. Peritheciis depressis exbasl latiuscula subconice elevatis abientibus in ostiolum minutum
perforatum. Cum fibris avulsa, subtus saepe collapsa.
*1753. 60S. S. MELorLACA, L. v. S., passim Bethl. in majoribus caulibus.

S.gregaria, epidermide tenui primum tecta, demum denudata, in crusta nigra aut subfuscescente
subimmcrsa, quacum satis assurgit et demum penetrat. Tum in conspectum veniunt perithecia
crebra diflormiter globosa sublibera, astoma, riigosa, nigra, evacuata. Interdum centre impresso
subostiolata.
*1754. 609. S. MTnnms, L. v. S., in tenerrimis ramulis Myrrhis canadensis, Betbl.

S. Maculae fuligineo-cinereae tenerae subdeterminatim efiusae, uncialis, angustae nee ambientes quibus
insident peritbecia sparsa, minuta, e globoso-conica, atrofusca, substantia tenerrima, glabra, subcol-
labentia, cum ostiolo conflaentia, primum ex parenchymate prorumpcntia demum superficialia punc-
tiformia. Similitudo ([uaedam cum S. ncbulosa.
*1755. 610. S. ECHiNopHiLA, L. V. S., in spinis Involucrorum Castancorum freq. Bethl.

S. sparsa, prorumpens, demum nuda, crassitiem spinae excedens; humectata subfusca; sicca, nigra,
glabra, fere globosa, ostiolata papilla manifesta acutiuscula.
*1756. 611. S. suLciGE>rA, L. v. S., in antiquisslmis culmis Zizaniae, Pliilad.

S. seriatim sparsa in sulcis culmorum, minutissima, primum epidermide tenerrima tecta, nigrotincta,
subimmersa, subrotunda, applanata, papillata; papilla obtusiuscula decidua.
*1757. 612. S. Pastisacae, L. v. S., in caulibus denudatis epidermide Pastinacae, Bethl.

S. sparsa quidem sed cffiguratlm approximatls peritheciis, cilrofuscis, primum epidermide tectis, de-
mum denudatis subrotundo-obovatis aut difformibus, interdum navicularibus, minutis, rugoso-punctatis,
papillatis, demum irregulariter coUapsis.

Trib. 27. FoLiicoLAE.
*1758. 613. S. harbata, F. 486, in foliis tiliaceis, Betlil.

1759. 614. S. Sabkaceniae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 77, F. 492, etiam in Sarracenia, Hope, New Jersey.
•1760. 615. S./acc/rfa, F. 493, Bethlehem in Paeonia.

1761. 616. S. tubaeformis, F. 494, Syn. Car. 148, et. Bethl.
*1762. 617. S. mekmostyla, F. 495, frequens in Tihae fol. ibid.

1763. 618. S. Gnomon, F. 497, Syn. Car. 149, et. Bethl.

1764. 619. S. setacea, F. 500, Syn. Car. 150, in folio betuhno ibid.

1765. 620. S. Sola7ii, F. 501, Syn. Car. 151, et Bethl.

1766. 621. S. PETioLOKUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 153, F. 502, etiam in Pennsylvania occurrit in petiolis
foliorum.

1767. 622. S. rvBAMiDALis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 156, F. 505, in Malo.

1768. 623. S. PoTENTiLiAE, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 208, F. 506, in foliis exsoletis Potentillae canadensis
et simplicis etiam frequens in Pennsylv.

•1769- 624. S. FiiAGAniAE, L. v. S., frequens vcre ad folia exsoleta Fragariarum in hortis, Bethl.

S. sparsa et gregaria, primum folio innata et provenlens in macula grisea buUata paginae superioris.
Peritheciis demum emersis, globoso-elongatis, nigris, subrugosis, interdum ostiolo brevi, interdum
longissimo cylindrico, immo acuminato, et etiam apice cl.ivato-incrassato, denique in fibrillulas so-
luto — ceterum deciduo.
*1770. 625. S. Pruina, L. v. S., rara in aversa pagina folii Vitis aestivalis, Betlil.

S. sparsa, minutissima, primum immersa, demum emergens, aterrima, globosa, elongata in ostiolum
subsetaceum, atnim, deciduum. Extus pruina alba cum folio tecta.

224 SYNOPSIS OF

'1771. 626. S. sentina, F. 503, non rara in Vltis folio, Bethl.

1772. 627. S. artocreas, F. 516, Syn. Car. 190, praesertlm in fol. Castaneis freq. Bethl.

*1773. 628. S. carpinea, F. 518, in foUis carplneis Betlil.

•1774. 629. S. aquilina, F. 515, vulgaris Bethl. in Pteride.

1775. 630. S. myriadea, F. 519, Syn. Car. dendroides, 221, vulgatisslma in foliis quercinis, Bethl. et
Salem.

•1776. 631. S. recutita, F. 520, in foliis Cavicum majorum Bethl.

1777. 632. S. maculacformh, F. 521, Syn. Car. 219, ubique vulgaris.

1778. 633. S.pundiformiSjF. 522, Syn. Car. 223, ubique in foliis.
•1779. 634. S. cruciferarum, F. 525, in silirjlis Cheir,inthi, Bethl.
•1780. 635. S. subradianSfF. 524, in foliis Polygonati, Bethl.

•1781. 636. S. Angelicae lucidae, L. v. S., affinis S. Aegopodii in languescentibus foliis .\ngelicae
lucidae, Bethl.
S. sparsa, peritheciis innatis, prominulis, fuscis, astomis collapsis, occupans paginam aversam fohi lan-
guesceutis in macula subcrustacea lutescenti late effusa.
•1782. 637. S. PEniGTNicoLA, L. v. S., passim in perigynio Caricuni, praesertimC. santhophysae mon-
ticolae. Pocono. Affinis S. recutilae.
S. sparsa, minutissima, astoma, nigra, erumpens, subconico-compressiuscula. Peritheciis demum
evacuatls; saepe distanter seriatim erumpentibus.
•1783. 638. S. CopTis, L. v. S., affinis S. leptideae, &c. frequens obvia in foliis emarcidis Coptis
trifoli.itae in Pocono monte.
S. sparsa, epidermide innata, convesa, depressa, atra, rugosa, coUabcscendo.umbiUcata, nunquara
denudata. Minor S . leptidea.
•1784. 639. S. coLLApsA, L. v. S., rarissima in foliis Pyri Mali, Bethlehem.

S. sparsa, majuscula, aterrima, orblculata, coUapsa, oninino superficialis. Ostiolo papillato-punctiforme
non manifestim pertuso in coUapsae sphacriae centro. Ceterum perithecium hemisphaericum,
glabrum — exacte coUapsum, refert Scutellam Lichenis aut pezizulam.
•1785. 640. S. APEiiTiuscuiA, L. v. S., rara ab amicissimo Dr Torrcy ex New York in aversa pagina
folil Ulmi fulvae — altera pagina onusta Z^oM/rfeu Ulmi.
S. sparsa, fusco-nigra, minuta, proveniens ex p.arenchymate buUato, prlmum innata; ore maximo demum
aperto, et intus evacuata. Pezizulam refert minutissimam.
•1786. 641. S. Mom albae, L. v. S., frequens in foliis emortuis M. albae Bethl.,affinis S. maculaeformi.
S. hypophylla, aggregata in m.acula parva rotunda inaequali. Peritheciis majusculis valde prominulis,
rugosis, deformibus, ore coronato globulo albo spermatico, demum deciduo — et turn subaperto.
•1787. 642. S. FitAxicoLA, L. v. S., in aversa pagina folii Fraxini etiam affinis S. maculacfor., Bethl.
frequens.
S. hypophylla; peritheciis subinnatis, astomis, nigrls, demum fissis orificio longitudinaliter, diftormi-
bus, p,aucis tantum conjunctis maculam atram efficicntibus minorem. M.aculis quasi confliientibus
inter se.
•1788. 643. S. CONVEXULA, L. v. S., S. pundiformi proxima, frequens in Juglandinis foliis Bethl.
S. sparsa per totum folium, innata, minuta, subrugosa superficie, tamen nitida, atra, astoma, valde
convexo-elevata non coUabescens.
•1789. 644. S. OHBicuLA, L. v. S., vulgatissima in foliis quercinis pracscrlim Q. albae Bethl. Affinis S.
myriadeae; sed forma maculae pcrdistincta.
S. in maculis exacte orbiculalls, margine quasi linca nigra limitatis, ob aggregationem pcritheciorum
ill m.argine peritliecia numerosa aggregata sunt. Maculis '- uncialibus di.ametro, clnerasceiitibus.
Peritheciis minutissimis, innatis, nigris, prominentibus pilis longis sparsis obsitis, demum deciduis,
concoloribus.
*1790. 645. S. EKFifinnATA, L. V. S., etiam affinis S. myri.adeae — sed bene distincta. Frequens obvia
in pagina aversa foliorum Fraxini acuminati Bethl. ncc in uUa .altera specie Fraxini.
S. maculis longe latequc effusis, nigro-cincrascentibus, ambitu determin.atim effigurato, et ob frequen-
tiam perillieciorum in margine quasi nigrocincto: saepe totum folium in pagina aversa occupans.
I'eritheciis innumeris minutis accumul-atis in his maculis, astomis, subinnatis, convexulis, nigris valde
inviccm approximatis, et crusta cinerascenti (ex parenchymate folii') ([u.asi inter se connexis.
•1791. 646. S. ALBocnusTATA, L. v. S., in aversa pagina folii Platani Betlilehem, rarior.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 225

S. Crustae pqlveraceae albae cinerascentl indeterminatim vagae eft'iisac insident. Pei'ithecia sparsa
nigra, passim inter se in crusta quasi effiguratim aggregata, nee tamcn connexa, intus evacuuta, pri-
mum convexa subrugosa, demiim collapsa.
*1792. 64". S. Coiixi, L. V. S.,rara in Pocono in aversa pagina folii Corni floridae.

S. maculas effovmans maximas, orbiculatas ambitu, indetermlnatas — atTuiis S. ejjiguratac. His densim
aggregatae sunt caespites trium aut quatiior peritlieeiorum punctiibrniium absque ulla crusta, inter
se distantes sed frequentes in eadem macula. Peritheciis ipsis .astomis innatis, evacuatis extus
punctatis.
1793. 648. S. PoLTGON.vTi, L. v. S., aflinis S. suhradidiiti , Betid.
S. sparsa, pcritlieciis innatis, utrinqne prominentibus hemispbaericis, astomis, .atris, albofarctis — seil
omnino expertibus fibriilularum S. subradiantis.
*1794. 649. S. HEnBicoLA, L. v. S., in foliis plantarum variarum lierb.acearum, Betbl.

S . latens sub crusta Candida longe lateque eftusa subhimantioidea. Peritheciis sparsis, nigris, ostiolatis,
demum denudatis, crusta permanentc lamen circa ostiola. Ostiolis conicis, longitudine peritlieeiorum,
atris, saepe deciduis; tuni perithecia globosa pcrtusa apparent.
•1795. 650. S. ciNEnAscExs, L. v. S., passim in foliis putrescentibus Aselepiiidis syriaci valde feracis
fungillis, Rethl.
S. mac\dls masimis irregulariter et Indeterminatim in utraque pagina efFusis, colorem cinerascenteni
in aversa, nigrum in superiori servantibus, aggregata sunt perithecia innumera, minutissima, atra,
innata, snl)acuminata, astoma aut demum pertusa, sparsa aut inter se eflfigur.atim juncta.
*1796. 651. S. ISCAN-ESCEX9, L. V. S., in aversa pagina foliorum Tiliae Bethl.
S. maculis incanescentibus, latis, effiisis, indetermlnatis, quasi prulnatis, insident perithecia puncti-
forniia subglobosa, minutissima, nigra, dennim evacuata, saepc quasi truncata, aut colLapsa.
*1797. 652. S. srnBULLANS, L. v. S., in superiori pagina Pyri Mali folii Bethl. r.ara.

S. maculas efficiens nigrescentes bulloso-elevatas, orbiculares, quibus innata sunt peritliecia numerosa
minuta, ostiolis papiUatis solummodo prominentibus.
*1798. 653. S. A>fnno3iEDAE, L. v. S., in perennantibus foliis A. axillaris, Salem passim pag. aversa.
S. minuta, innata, sparsa interdum siib.aggrcgata, crusta cinerea cincta, atra, convexo-globosa, demum
quasi circumscissa, parte superiori decedente. Intus evacuata, et sacculo manifesto praedita.
*I799. 654. S. NicnEDo, L. v. S., in aversa pagina foUi Rhois glabri frequentissima Bethl. Affinis S.
maculariformi.
S. hyphopbylla, vix innata; ag'gregata aut peritheciis acumulatis, majuseulis pro rationc, atris rugosis,
papiUatis gaudens. Ostiolis papillaeformibus subapertis. Passim solitaria. Ubi aggregata sunt
perithecia, saepe crusta pulveracea cineraseente, orta ex parenchymate, aspersa.
•1300. 655. S. STApnTLEAE, L. V. S., vulgatissima obvia in capsulis Staphyleae trifoliatae Bethlehem.
Affinis S. punctiformi.
S. sparsa, minuta, innata, rarius aggegata, forma irregulari, applanata, nigra, astoma. Intus evacuata,
et sacculo manifesto praedita.
*1801. 656. S. cocciNEO-jiAccLATA, L. V. S., in foliis gramineis — ambiens inter banc sectionem et tri-
biini sphaeriarum seriatarum, Bethl.
S. macula coccinea indelerminata centre elevatiori. In hac prorumpunt perithecia nigra seriatim aut
sine ordine. astoma, oblongata, evacuata. Non absimilis S. nibellae.
•1802. 657. S. SoLiDAGixi'M, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 225, species distinctissima frequens etiam in Penn-
sylv.ania in v.ariis Solidaginlbus. Cur a Friesio omissa, nescio. Affinis est quodammodo S. Potentillae.
Saepe occurrit in consortio Uredinis. Perithecia saepe evadunt majora et subtruncata interdum
etiam subostiolata.
•1803. 658. S. ExciPDtAN-s, L. V. S., in folio ignoto semivivo dcjeeto in horto Nazareth.

S. subaggi-egata et sparsa in aversa pagina, superficialis nee innata, globosa ant deformis, minuta,
aterrima sed furfure quodam cinereo pruinoso extus tecta, ime concava, collapsa, fundo denudata,
ostiolo papiUato. Excipulam refert — forte est?
•1804. 659. S. Tii:iiiNAss, L. v. S., hypophyllain foliis quercinis. Affinis est S. m^Worfcae folium quasi
maculis cinereo-nigris tigrin.ans.
S. maculis rotundis et subirregularibus ' uncialibus cinereo. nigris, centre nigrioribus ob copian\
peritheciornm minutissimorum, apparent perithecia tnberculaeformia astomae nigrae.
•1805. 660. S. PuELLos, L. v. S., in foliis Quercus Phellos horto Bartrami, Philadelphia.

Vol. IV.— 3 G

226 SYNOPSIS OF

9. Peritheciis paucis sparsim in macula griseo-fusca aggregatis, pagina aversa innatls, prominulis, sub-
globosis minutis, nigris, pertusis. In pagina superiori, macula, subimpressa fusco-nigra.
*1806. 661. S. PLANTAGixicoLA, L. V. S., frequens in exsoletis foliis prioris anni P. lanceolatae in teiTa
expansis, Bethl.
S. minuta, punctlformis, aterrima, in pagina utraque innata, subconice elevata, astoma, crebre sed
in-egulariter sparsa, nitens, intus evacuate sed difficiliter secta.
•1807. 6.62. S. siLiauosAHUOT, L. V. S., in siliquis inde deformatis Arabis cujusdam a Dr Torrey ac-
ceptis, subvigentibus.
S. immaturam siUquam aequc ac folium degenerans. Peritheciis numerosis innatis, sparsis, lutescenti-
bus conicis. Sphaeronema omnino referentibus, globulo sperraatico candido, demum pulverulento
coronatis. Fungillum ulterius observandum abuormem forsan ad Sphaeronemata referendum.
'1808. 663. S. Magxoliae, L. v. S., affinis S. myriadeae; pagina aversa Magnoliae glaucae foliis prope
Kaign's Point, Pliilad.
S. orbiculatim et effiguratim aggi-egata, demum ita confluens ut totum folium occupat. Peritheciis
tectis, punctiformibus, applanatis, astomis, cum epiderraide assurgentibus, demum coUapsis, nigris,
sed disco albescente. Paginam superiorem folii buUatam reddit.
•1809. 664. S. sTiLBosronAxs, L. v. S., in aversa pagina folii Quercini Bethl. rara.

S. peritlieciis sparsis, sed t.amen effiguratim aggregatis, innatis, sine macula, astomis, applanatis, uii-
dique punctatis, et inde Stilbosporam referentibus, ccterum subrotundis aterrimis, minutis.

Depazeae.
•1810. 665. S. D. huxicula, F. 3, Bethl. in fol. Buxi.
•1811. 666. S. D. P^yro/ae, F. 4, vulgaris ibid, in Pyrola.
*1812. 667. S. D. Kalmicola, L. V. S., vulgaris, Bethl.

S. maculis candidis orbicul.atis, margine intumescente cinctis, et folia circumcirca nigricantibus. Pe-
ritheciis convexis .atris concentricis innatis.
•1813. 668. S. B.frondicola, F. 8, in folio Sassafr-as, Bethl.
*1814. 669. S. D. castanaecola, F. 10, freq. Bethl.
1815. 670. S. D. carpinicola, F. 9, Syn. Car. 287, Sal. et Bethl.
•1816. 671. S. D. cornkola, F. 11, in C. florida, BetlU.
1817. 672. S. D. Dianihi, F. 15, Syn. Car. 222, et. Bethl. freq.
•1818. 673. S. U. cruenta, F. 17, freq. Bethl. in Polygonato.
•1819. 674. S. D. rihicola, F. 14, in foliis R. nigri, Bethl.
•1820. 675. S. D. ^esoi/ice/a, F. 12, in foliis AescuU ibid.

•1821. 676. S. D. stemmatea, F. 2, in foliis Ilicis opacae horti Bartrami, Philadelphia.
•1822. 677. S. D. TOLiriFEnAE, L. v. S., in dejectis foliis semiviridibus, Liriod. Bethl.

S. macidis latis, nlgro-fuscis, indetermlnatis; peritheciis hypopliyllis tuberculaeformibus fusco-nigris
sparsis.
•1823. 678. S. D. DnromiLA, L. v. S. in foliis querneis, Nazareth.

S. macula m.agna, orbiculatim effigurata, in ambitu cinerea. Peritheciis innatis sparsis globoso-eleva-
tis, centro impresso.
'1824. 679. S. D. Catalpicola, L. v. S., in pagina superior! dejcctomm foliorum Catalpae.
S. maculis buU.atis, griseis, fusco-limitatis. PcriLheciis innatis minutissimis, punctiformibus, nigfris,
densim sparsis.
'1825. 680. S. D. Smiiacicola, L. v. S., in foliis Smilacis rotundifoliae Bethl.
S. macula subquadrata impressa, rufofusca aut nigra. Peritheciis subconicis, nigris sparsis, innatis in
ambitu.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 227

SuBORDo II. DICIIAENI.

Obserratio. In hoc et in quarto suborcUni Sphaeriaceanim ultimum in quoque g-enus, ut ad novam
Friesii dispositionem Sphaeriarum pcrtlnens, ncmpe genus Gihhcra in hoc, genus Ascopora in quarto
subordine, jam in nostrogenere Sj)hutria subsumptum, hie praetermissum. Terlius subordo autem " iStri-
a:uliiwrum" omnino tropicus, et nulla species apud nos occurrit, plures autem ex Surinamo niilii com-
municatae sunt.

Genus 56. Dichaexa. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. lOS.

•1826. 1. B. macularis, (Opegrapha macularis Auctorum) frequens in ramis vivis arborum Salem et
Pennsylv.
182". 2. D. SMiLAciifA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Xylom. F. p. 270, Rhytism. Frequens Salem et Bethl.
in ramis emoriendis et emorttus Smilacis rotundifolii. Vis difFert a Rhytismate citato — et certlsslme
melius hue.

•1828. 3. D. cAEspiTosA, L. v. S., in cortice fagineo ex Nova Anglia misit Torrey.

D. Peritheciis erumpentibus per velum innatum caespitosim aut plerumque quaternatim, rotundato-
subcompressis, fuligineo-nigresccntibus, demum pulvcrulento-f;iciscentibus, apice interdum irregu-
lariter porrecto, aut rima abbreviata dehiscentibus. Epidermide subcinerascente cincta, perithe-
ciis elevatis aggregationc quadam in plagas majores nigras.

Genus 57. Ostropa. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. 109.

*1829. 1. O. spHAEnioiDEs, L. v. S., in frustulo ligni sicci Nova Anglia misit Torrey.

O. Peritheciis sparsis aut aggregatis scd non confluentibus, majusculis, eUiptice rotundatis, cum ligno
adscendentibus, subcompressis, atris, subrugosis, rima centraU abbreviata transversim apertis — fere
orificio Sphaeriae Pertusae simili.

•1830. 2. O. nuGULOsA, L. v. S., in trunco jaccntl ingentl Juglandls cinereae teiTac incumbenti, locis
cariosis cortice denudatis et hinc albesccntibus, Eric County, Pennsylvania, prope Conneaut Creek.
O. cohortes peritheciorum longe effusae, numerosae ct longitudinaliter confluentes. Peritheciis sin-
gulis vix distinctis, carbonaceis, extus aterrimis, intus fuscescentibus, striato-rimosis, innatis ligno
cinerascente in tuberculum clevato, demum subdehiscentibus. Superficie applanata sunt perithecia
et plerumque rugulosa.

•1831. 3. O. HTSTKRioiDEs, L. V. S., rara in lignis quercinis vetustate albesccntibus, BetM.

O. peritheciis saepe longitudinaliter confluentibus, forma navicularlbus, striatis, nigris, passim etiam
deformibus. Rima transversali, labiis obtusiusculis. Libera insidet ligno, sed evidenter prorupta
ex libro carioso; versus basin manifestim contracta, ita ut interdum substipitata evadit more Lophii
Ascis diffluentibus.

•1832. 4. O. cisEBAScEss, L. v. S., in ligno denudato Liriodendri Bethl. tenuissime cinerascente sed
vix crusta induta.
O. peritheciis sparsis, frequentibus, minutis, tuberculatim elevatis cum ligno, nigrofuscis, longitudi-
naliter rima notatls aut fissis, ceterum ellipticis, innatis. primum velo tectis. liima ostiolosa sub-
elevata.

Subordo III. STRIGULINI. Deest.

228 SYNOPSIS OF

SuBOKDoIV. DOTHIDINI.

Genus 5S. Vermiculakii^. Fries. Syst. Veget. p. 111. Exosporium, Link. Spec.
Plant, torn, vi., p. ii., pagina 120.

Mihl videtur melius huc> quam inter Gymnomycetes Linki'i locandum genus. Setaequibiis semper
gaudet, pro Sporidia habet Link., vix jui-e. Sporidiorum .ab indole omnino abliorrent, nee uUibi invenio
sporidia tam constanter .affixa, eqmdem saepissime provenientia ante evolutionem fungi ipsius (Sporido-
chii, Link.). Difficillime quldem ob mlniitiam ascis in perithecio observantur — tamen in plurimis spe-
ciebus mihi contigit eos distinguere. Tum, ut habet Friesius, annulati et vermlcul.ati sunt. An duae
primae species ad hoc genus pertineant, an genus proprium — nomine Exosporium designandum et loco
Linkii inter Gymnomycetes locandum efficient — adhuc incertus sum. Tamen mihi probabile videtur,
de numero specicrum, tim a me aucto, forsan disputandum. Sed accuratiori observatori differentia satis
memorabilis videbitur in plurimis — loco natural! obseiT-atis. Sialioaliter placeat, nil objiciendum liabeo,
nisi quod persuasus sum species optimas vi.x posse stabiliri, sine ampliori descriptione formarum varian-
tium in natura obviarum.

•1833. 1. v. Tiliae, Link. p. 121, no. 1, an Exosporium Gymnomycetum in ligno Pini Bethlehem var.
insignis.
1834. 2. V. clai'uli irera, Link. n. 2, Syn. Car. Conoplea, in truncis salicinis non infreq. Carol. An
etiam ad genus propositum Exosporium.
*183S. 3. V. hypodermia. Link. n. 3, in caule Umbellat. Bethl,
■1836. 4. V. hispidula, Lk. 4, rara Bethl. in foliis gvamineis.
1837. 5. v. Dcmatium, Lk. 5, Syn. Car. Sph. dematium vulgatissima.
•1838. 6. y.miniila, Lk. 6, F. Sph. dematium /3 460, in albumine caulium Bethlehem minutissima

species.
•1839. 7. V. trichella, Lk. 7, F. Sph. 203, in foliis Polygonati, Bethl.
•1840. 8. V. dilricham, Lk. 8, F. Sph. 49, in foliis querneis, Bethl.

*1841. 9. V. maculans, Lk. 10, praesertim in petiolis Araliae spinosae et in caulibus. Betid.
'1842. 10. V. TUEcicoLA, L. V. S., rarissima species Salem inventa in thecis exsoletis Dicr.ani scopariae.
V. peritheciis minutis diffbrmibus, interdum longitudinaliter confluentibus, subnitentibus, innatis,
aterrimis. Setis longiusculis aterrimis, dcmum densis, sed longitudine inaequali, longioribus diver-
gentibus Peritheciis apice concaviusculis. Minor V. hispidulae cui affinis.
*1843. 11. V. suBr.TFiGuniT.i, L. v. S., frequens in variis caulibus Bethl., mire varians.

v. primum tecta sub tonera epidermide et more Sphaeriarum cum ea assurgens; perithecium majus-
culum, quanquam punctiforme, sparsum. Demum denudata, multo major evadit. Peritheciis
quodammodo in pLigls effignr.itis, colore aterrimo insignibus collectls, subeleratis, apice applanatis,
numerosis, interdum late confluentibus. Setis inaequ.alibus, .aterrimis, acquantlbus altitudine peri-
thecium, rectis, praesertim in apice conspicuis. Plagae occurrunt biunciales, semiunciam l.atae,
distinctae in ambitu fdis basilaribusdothidinis radi.intibus.
:c scapincola frequens in scapis Yucc.ae fdamentosae hinc quasi reticulars. Fere semper simplex et

sphacriomorpha.
0 dianlhicola yu]gAt\sii\nn \n caulibus Uianthi chinensis et aliorum, distincta colore aterrimo et mag-

nitudine insigni peritheciorum.
y Hctianthi versus r.adicem in caulibus maximis Helianthi annul — varietat. gigantea.
'1844. 12. V. LinACEonuM, L. v. S., frequens Bethleliem in caidibus Ilemeroc.allis, Allii et aliorum
Liliaceorum.
V. peritlieciis plerumque sparsis, primum tectis, innatis, atrosplendentibus, subrotvmdis aut ellipticis
rarius conrtuentibus. Centre elevato, coronato setis long-is, filiformibus undiquc divergentibus.
Ceterum perithecium nudum. Fibrillis basilaribus radiantibus in caule more Dothidearum ut in
priori. His interdum fuscescentibus.
•1845. 13. V. Ipojiaeahum, L. v. S., frequens in caulibus I. coccineae, purpureae, kc. Bethl.

V. peritheciis sparsis, globosis, majusculis, nigris, absque nitore, ex epidermide erumpentibus, demum

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 229

disco tnincato. Setis in apice truncate, densis, subcinerascentibus, altitudinem perithecii aequan-
tibus,
*1846. 14. v. ACUMijfATA, L. V. S., in folils aut scapls Iridis virgiiiicae Betl\lehcm freq.
v. perltheciis sparsis, epidermide tectis, utrinque acumlnatis, ellipticis, centre elevato, nigronitentibus.
Setis paucis longis, subrectis, in apice sitis, inaequalibus nigris. Rarius confluunt.
•1847. 15. V. PoiTGosATi, L. V. S., passim in corriiptissimis caulibus Polygonati, Uetlil.

V. peritheciis e globoso-conicis, manifestim truncatis, nig^'is, vis nitentibus, sparsis, innatis, demum sub-
liberia. Setis in truncatura sparsis, ercctis, rigidis, filiformibus.
*1848. 16. V. PoLTGosi viHGiNici, L. V. S., rarius obvia in caulibus Polygoni virg-inici, Bctlil. sed ubi
adest copiosissima.
V. peritlieciis sparsis, innatis, nigrosplendentibus vis confluentlbus, utrinque arete acuminatis, centre
ex basi latiusculo, valde elevato-conico. Setis brevibus in apice collectis.
*1849. 17. V. ANGusTATA, L. V. S., in tenerrimisramulis Catalpae frigore emortuis, Hctbl.

V. peritlieciis aggregatis in maculas nigras, angustato-elongatis, confluentibus, epidermide omnino
tectis. Setis solummedo per rimulas cpidermidis prorumpentibus, longiusculis nigris rectis, demum
divergentibus.
*1850. 18. V. EFFUSA, L. V. S., rarius ,ad stipltes corruptissimos Ruborum Bctiil.

v. peritheciis primum omnino tectis, sparsis, globoso-applanatis; demum confluentibus, epidermide
orbatis, nigris, et in m.aculas late effusis. Setis longis divergentibus, non valde nigris, confusls in
macula, i. e. undique provenientibus.
•1851. 19. V. SiLPHir, L. v. S., frequens in caulibus Silphii culti in horto Nazareth.
V. peritheciis oblongis, subrotundisve, obtusis, valde applanatis; confluentibus, aggrcgatis in macula
expallente, nigris, tectis. Setis frequentibus, brevibus, atris, prorumpentibus ex epidermide. .
*1S52. 20. V. Balsamitae, L. v. S., rarius in caulibus I. Balsaraitae, Betlil. maculas formans.

V. peritheciis innatis rotundatis, parum elevatis, truncato-.applanatis, aterrimis; interdum difl^ormibus.
Setis breviusculis concoloribus, plerumque sitis quasi in margine truncaturae nee .alibi.
•1853. 21. V. PETioLonuM, L. v. S., frequens in dejectis petiolis Aesculorum et Catalpae, Bcthl.
V. peritheciis sparsis, tectis, aterrimis, parum elev.atis, difTormibus aut globoso-conicis, frequentissimis,
interdum elongatis, angustatis. Setis lengissimis divergentibus.
•1854. 22. V. puNCTANs, L. v. S., rarius in foliis Andropogi avenacei, Bethl.

V. peritheciis sp.arsis, innatis, nunquam confluentibus; in pagina superiori folii pezizoideis; setis in
inferiori pagina conspicuis, brevibus, sparsis, atris, densis, in perithecio punctiformi, rotundo-appla-
nato aut orbiculato.
•1855. 23. V. BEscDATA, L. V. S., in culmis et foliis Poarum, &c. Bethl.

V. peritheciis sparsis, atris, maximis pro ratiene culmi teneri, punctiformibus, rotundatis, innatis sed
demum erumpentibus, satis elev.atis, subtruncatis rugosis. Setis brevibus, deciduis (quod singulare).
Tum sphaeriam refert.
•1856. 24. V. EPIPSTLLA, L. V. S , rarius in aversa pagina foliorum putridorum, Betid.

v. peritheciis basi innatis, aut substantia folii immersis, demum erumpentibus, sparsis, juvenilibus
subcenicis, provectiori aetate, rotundato-applanatis, minutis, aterrimis. Setis subrigidis aut flac-
cidis concoloribus creberrime in tote perithecii sitis. Crusta quadam albescente ex folio orta cir-
cumdata.
•1857. 25. V. Gehahdiae, L. t. S., in exsoletis stipitibus Gerardiae quercifoliae, Bethl.

V. aterriraa, irregularis. Peritheciis primum globoso-diffbrmibus, parum elevatis, demum longitudi-
naliter efiusis. Setis inaequalibus undique divergentibus, interdum longissimis, rigidis; pulvere
quasi adspersis.
•1858. 26. V. albomacclata, L. v. S., affinis Sphaeriae Depazeae ribicolae in variis foliis dejectis v. c.
Llriodendri, Populi, &c. Bethl.
V. macuUs epiphyllis lacteis, latis (v. c. in foliis Liriodendri ubi margine fusco cinctae sunt maculae)
aut minoribus (in foliis Populi) suborbiculatis, quibus insident pcrithecia, sparsa, conico-globosa
aterrima, setis tecta longiusculis; ceterum minutissima oculo nude vix distinguenda, subinnata.
•1859. 27. V. Staphileae, L. v. S., gregatim in epidermide tenerorum ramorum Staphyleae.

V. peritheciis quasi applanatis subpezizoideis ex epidermide subcorrug,ata prorumpentibus. Setis
aterrimis flexuosis longis. Perithecia acervata sunt quasi subefliguratira.
•I860. 28. V. Arctii, L. v. S., rarius in cauUbusArctii Lappae, Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 3 H

230 SYNOPSIS OF

V. sparsa ac aggregata, epidermide innata. Peritheciis polymorphis atris, semper applanatis. Setis
deiisissime longis, immixtis brevibus, undique divergentibus.
"1861. 29. V. FiLicis'A, L. V. S., ad caudices Osmundae et Onocleae exoletas, Bethl.

V. peritheciis aggregatis frequenter in macula rubescenti aut expallenti, applanatis, ovalibus, tectis,
nigris, prorumpentibus centro elevato. Setis brevibus aut longiusculis, fusco-nigris, subsparsis in
apice applanato. Saepissime inveniuntur perithecia setis omnino orbata.
'1862. 30. V. Intolcchi, L. v. S., passim in interiori Involucri Aesculi cultae, Bethl.
V- distinctior ceteris. Minima, atra, plerumque globosa et valde elevata, basi constricta. Peritheciis
undique obsitis setis, breviusculis in ambltu, confluentibus, innatis interiori epidermidi. Kefert
Sphaeriam viUosam, sed Ascis Vermiculariae et intus quasi similaris.
*IS63. 31. V. OVATA, L. V. S., in caulibus plantarum ignotarum Horti, Nazareth.

V. peritheciis aggregatis, aterrimis, primum erumpentibus, demum superficialibus, majusculis, ovatis,
applanato-truncatis. Setis filifbrmibus crebris divergentibus — et in disco subpczizoidco truncaturae
frequentibus. Refert primo obtutu pezizulam nigram.
'1864. 32. v. scAKDENTiuM, L. V. S., in caulibus scandentibus v. c. Galii aparinis, Bethl.

v. peritheciis minutissimis atronitidls prorumpentibus plerumque longitudinaliter compressis, tamen
utrinque attenuatis aut acuminatls, juniori actate nudis, in ambitu saepe fuscescentibus. Demum
setis parcis flUformibus divergentibus in cacumine tanturn sitis coronata.
*1865. 33. V. TncscATi, L. v. S., in caulibus, sarmentls ac leguralnibus Phaseolorum horti frequens
Bethl.
A', peritheciis lineara vix excedentibus, nigris (in leguminibus majoribus), adnatis, confertis, hemis-
phaericis, horizontaliter truncatis in majoribus; in minoribus irregulariter conico-truncatis, rugulosis.
Setis filiformibus praescrtim truncaturam occupantibus, divergentibus, longioribus, brevioribus im-
mixtis. Saepe setae caducae sunt, ita ut perithecium orbatur.

Genus 59. Dothidea.

Trib. 1. Desodatae.
1865. 1. D. Zeae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. n. 234, Sphaeria, frequens in Carolina nee in Pennsylvania obvia
circum nodos caulis Zeae. Omnino hujus loci. Caule distinguenda a Cladosporio herbaceo indurate
frequenter occurrens iisdem locis.
•1867. 2. D. moriformls, F. S. M. p. 549, n. 1, rara in ramulis Mori albae, Bethh

*1868. 3. D. Encoeihim, L. v. S., passim obvia in junioribus ramls Gleditsiae Bethl. libro corticali
insidens, sed per epidermidem prorumpens, revoluto-fissam. Refert Pezizam Encoelium.
D. Peritlieciis caespitoslm confluentibus in caespitulum subrotundum, ex epidermide erumpentibus.
Caespitem sphaeriarum, centro quasi undulatim depresso, sed nulhmodo aperto, refert — extus peri-
theciis granulatis et furfure fuligineo-fusco, subdetergibili densim tectis, parietibus internis corneis
nigro nitentibus. Massa ascigera subcellulosa ceracea, lutcscente, primum jiellucida, demum sub-
pulverulento-fatiscente, intus repleta. Diameter caespitis lineam excedit, et multae sparsac sunt
per epidermidem.

Trib. 2. EnuMPESTEs.
*1869. 4. D. atra, F. p. 550, n. 4, rai-issima sed una vice in cortice Hiblsci rosae sinensis Easton magna
copia.

1870. 5. D. ribesia, F. 5, Syn. Car. 22, Sphaeria; vulgaris et Pennsylv.

1871. 6. D. Sambuci, F. 6, Syn. Car. 23, Sph. vulgatissima et Pennsylv.
•1872. 7. D. Mezerei, F. 7, in trunco eniortuo Daphnidis, Bethl.

1873. 8. T>. sphaeruidts, F. 11, Syn. Cat. Sckrotium, 319, frequens Salem et Bethl. in ramis Popuh
itallcac.
•1874. 9. D. nADicALis, L. v. S., in defossis r.adicibus arborum Bethl. affinis prioii.

D. trumpcns, simplex sed fasciculatim proveniens, epidermide cincta. Peritheciis subrotundis et
difVorniibus atris punctato-rugosissimis, apice plicato depressis. Intus albo-farctis, cellula unica
conspicua. Demum, ut videtur, perithecia subaperta, massam albidam subgrumoso-cerace.am
ostendunt intemam. Diametro lineari.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 231

*1875. 10. D. cApnEOLATAE, L. V. S., crumpens ex corruptis ramulis ISignoniue capreolatae, Salem.
D. atra, erumpens, subrotunJa aut difFormis, epitlcrmide stcllatim cincta, saepe confluens. Super-
ficie externa primum mai-ginata depressa, demum granulata rugosa. Intiis e fuligineo-nigra, cel-
' lulls periphaericis minutis albo-farctis. Substantia moUiuscula major D. Uibesiae affini.
•1876. 11. D. UoniN-iAE, L. v. S., in juuioribus r.amis Robiniae, Bethl. non rara.

D. erumpens caespitulis minutis subrotundis convexis, undulatim confluentibus, aterrimis. E sphae-
rulis 3 — 4 majusculis, rugulosis, globoso-depressis, passim siibostiolatis constare videtur caespitulus.
Intus concolor, cellulis minimis albo-farctis. Multo minor priori.
•187". 12. D. RuuisA, L. V. S., frequens in puti-idis ramis junioribus lihois radicantis Salem et Bethl.
D. minuta, erumpens ex epidermide fissa, valde cum fungo elevata; primum punctiformis, demum
caespitulum elongatum, saepe confluentem, atrum, rugoso-punctatum efficiens. Intus concolor.
•1878. 13. D. ViBcnNi dkntati, L. v. S,, rara obvia in ramis V. dentati Bethl. distinctisslma.

D. minuta, erumpens, nigra, rugosa; saeplssime aggregata in caespitulis ov.atis, epidermide arctim
cinctis et longitudinaliter conjunctis, vix tamen confluentibus: interdum simplex Spbaeriam difior-
mcm globoso-turbinatani, brevl pseudo ostiolo praeditam mentiens. Intus farcta massa alboceracea
cellulosa.

Trib.3et4. Xtloma.

* Poly stigma .

1879. 14. D. lyphina, F. 13, Syn. Car. Sphaeria, 65, et in Pennsylvania plcrumque in Muhlenbergia
erecta.

1880. 15. D. ™ira, F. 14, Syn. Car. pag. 28 in Nota. Etiam in Pennsylv. semper sterilis obvia.

1881. 16. D. onmcuiATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Xylonui, 21, F. 16, in Diospyro — vix Pennsylv.
1882- 17. D. Vlini, F. 18, foliis ulmeis ex New York, Halsey.

1883. IS. D. Rhoia, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 274, Xyl. F. 19, Salem et Bethleliem in foliis R. glabri et co-
pallini.
•1884. 19. D. Br.MF.LiAE, L. v. S., in foliis Bumeliae oblonglfoliae acceptis a celeberrimo Nuttall ex
regione Arkansa. Affinis D. rubrae.
D. epiphylla in foliis vegetis, orbiculata, magna, ov.ata et subdeformata, in utraque pagina conspicua,
in superiori eieganter lateritio. rubra subnitens et vernicosa, cellulis paucis sparsis, subelevatis,
minutlm pseudo ostlolatis. In pagina inferiori lateritio-pallida, absque nitore, cellulis orblculatim
protrusis. Semiunciam longitudine et latitudine interdum excedens.

** Stlgmeae.
1885. 20. D. llEtiorsiDis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Sphaeria, 69, F. 23, species distinctisslma, Bethlehemis
abundantior in caullbus Helianthi divaricati et multlflori; etiam in foliis. Varletatem inslgnem majo-
rem, caulem non ambientem sed ex caule prorumpentem, peritheclis rugosls, ex Nova Anglla misit
CI. Torrey in caule Asteris.
•1886. 21. D. MissouniENsis, L. v. S., vulgatisslma in nucibus vetustis venditioni cxpositis in foro sub
nomine " Pecan Nuts" (Juglandis olivaeformis) ex New Orleans — nempe in nucibus ipsis.
D. effbrmans maculas effiguratas, e fusco nigronitentes plerumque longitudinaliter productas, interdum
tamen latius effusas, confluentes, praesertim in cacumine nucis. Constant ex innumeris ininutissi-
mis tuberculis, densissime aggregatis, compresso-difformibus, vix inter se confluentibus, pulverem
pyrium forma revocantibus, sed multoties minores. Internam structuram, ob minutiem videre
mihi non contigit. Valde distinctus fungus, oculos alllciens.

1887. 22. D. astehomorpha, L. v. S., Sj-n. Car. Sph. 289, F. 25, solummodo in Carolina mihi obvia.

1888. 23. D. GRAMMA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Sph. 233, in Stylosanthe, Salem.

1889. 24. D. Brachtstemonis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Sph. 73, F. 27, in foliis Pycnanthemi (Brachystem)
Salem.

1890. 25. D. EXASPEBAXs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Sph. 220, et Betlil.
•1891. 26. D. stipata, F. 30, in caullbus Angelicae triquln. Betlil.

•1892. 27. D. cuLMicoLA, L. v. S , ad culmos et vaginas Andropogi avenaceae, Bethl.

D. effusa, laxe aggi'egata in maculas latiores, constans ex tuberculis minutis passim confluentibus
etiamque sp.arsis, angulatls, difformibus, atronitentibus, minimis, prorumpentibus, intus concoloribus.

232 SYNOPSIS OF

•1893. 28. D. EFPnsA,L. v. S., in epidermide secedente caulium Helianthi annul, Bethl.

D. longe lateque effusa in maculis determinatis nigris, constantibus es innumcris minutis peritheciis,
elevatis, difformibus nigi-is, ag-gregatis, epldermidi innatis confluentibus; sed in ambitu quasi sim-
plicia et in subiculo flbrillosa sita sese ostendunt, transitum ad sequentem familiam efficlentia.

•1894. 29. D. Glyci^czos, L. v. S., secundum descriptionem affinis D. geograpliicae; e'.eg-antissima,
frequens in foliis subvigentibus Glycineos monoicae Bethl.
D. in utraque pagina, sed evolutlor in aversa efficit maculas nigras effiguratas, rotundas, e longinquo
gi'isecentes, semiunciales. Lente perscrutata ex innumeris pentlieciis aten'imis ex epidermide folii
prorumpentibus constat, arete sequentibus venas folii, reticulatim confluentibus in lineolis inter-
rupts, aemulantibus mappam geographicam, rugosis, astomis, oblongo djftormibus, intus albofarctis.

*1895. 30. D. rniGORis, L. v. S., in junioribus ramulis Viburni frigore enecatls, Uethl.

D. latissime effusa in junioribus glabris ramis, quasi crusta nigra investiens. Lentc admota perithecia
multa minut.-!. nigra, subtecta, subelevata, punctiformia, apice subumbilicata dlstinguenda sunt, intus
albo-farcta ct connesa crusta quadam nigra glabrescente.

*1896. 31. D. FRUCTiGEyA, L. v. S., in pomis putridissimis in campo dejectis prope Camden.

D. in maculis ^ — I uncialibus subcrustaceis, in corrugata epijcrmtdi pomoruni putridorum, .aggrega-
tae sunt cellulac aut perithecia majuscula, atra, difformia, rugosa, subcornea, primum nioUiuscula
nee tamen tremelloidea, magnitudine dimidiae seminis papaveris, inter se confluentia, interdum
apice dehiscentia poro aut rima quadam, et totam crustam occupantia. Fungum memorabilem tan-
tummodo loco citato nee alibi observavi in pomis.

'1897. 32. D. cuALYBEA, L. V. S., frequens obvia in ligno denudato caesarum Kulmiarum subexsiccato
Bethl. Etiam passim sub corticc junior.
D. efformans maculam elcgantem, primum orbicularem aut effiguratam, semiunciali diametro, colore
chalybeo. Demum confluunt maculae et ad 4 — 6 unci.as extensae sunt. Macula videtur demum ex
fibrillulls crassiusculis indistinctis constare, margine aut ambitu subdivergentibus. Cellulis frequen-
tibus proniinulis, minutis, difformibus nigris, sp.arsis et interdum confluentibus.

•1898. 33. D. DENiouAss, L. V. S., cum priori, sed plerumque in ligno Kalmiae antlquiorl Bethlehem
obvia.
D. longe lateque effusa praesertlm longltudinaliter, determinatlm effigurata, confluens, exhibens
crustam tenuem nigrescentem, cellulis elevatis obsltum, nigris, inordinatis, subrotundo-difformibus,
applanatis, intus farctis massa fuscescenti, sul)ccracea. In ambitu crusta subplicata, rugosa. Oc-
currunt pustvilae cellulares majores (lineam long.ae) quasi pezizulam applanatam nigram, disco aperto
subfatiscente, mentientes.

**' Msleroma.
'1899. 34. D. Litjni Bohboniae, L. v. S., in fohisLauri Borboniae ex Georgia missa ab Leconteamico.
D. macula ininuta orbiculari, in ambitu manifestius sed etiam omnino ex fibrillulis radiantibus, conflata,
ateiTima, laxius imposiLa pagina superiori folii. Cellulis majusculis centralibus concoloribus, pezi-
zoideis, concavis impositls fibrillulis-
'1900. 35. D. vemicosa, F. n 32, rara S.alem et Bethl. caulibus.
•1901. 35. D. PENiciiLATA, L. v. S., non infrequens in Scapis AUiorura, &c. Bethl.

D. macula effusa, atronitens e fibrillulis tencrrimis vix distinctis, quasi peniciUatim sub epidermide,
praesertim longltudinaliter expansis; subindc fuscescentlbus. Cellulis subtectis majusculis, sub-
conice elevatis nitentibus. Interdum occurrunt majores slmplices extra maculam.
1902. 37. D. Himaniia, F. 33, Syn. Car. Sph. 216, et Pennsylv. vulgaris.
•1903. 38. D. J-e<iCu/ate, F. 34, in foUis Irldis, Bethl.
•1904. 39. D. gcographica, F. 35, in foliis querneis. New York et Bethl.
•1905. 40. D. Jlstcroma, F. 36, in caule Polygonati, BetM.
•1906. 41. D. Xanthii, F. 43, Carolina in foliis Xanthii.

1907. 12. I). DiosrTBi, Syn. Car. Xylom. 272, F. 39, Carolina.
•1908. 43. D. Solidaginis, F. 45, frequens in foliis Solid.aginum v.ariorum, Bethl.

•1909. 44. U. roMiGENA, L.v. S., frequens in maturis Pomis dlctis "Newton Pippins" Pennsylv. Vide
alteram Paginam.
D. pomigena maculis orblculatis laxls, e fibrillulis tenerrimis nigris retlculato-radiantibus, plerumque
sterilibus. Cellulis in centro aggregatis, applanatis, majusculis. Maculis vix unquam J unciahbus.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 233

"1910. 45. D. Gestianai;, L. v. S., subuffinis D. stelluri. llara sed distinctissima in foliis emarcidis
Gentianae ochroleucae, Nazareth.
D. m.aciilis irreiyularlter effusis, ad lon^itudlnem semi-uncialem nigris aut subolivascentibus fere con-
tinuis; fibi'illulis tenuissimis parenchymate innatis. Cellulis sparsis frequentissimis, subconice-elevatis
atronitentibus, demum pertusis.
'1911. 46. D. DELicATCLA, L. V. S., in culmis graminiim cercaliuni, &c. ISethleliem.

D. maculis tenerrimis fibrUlosis clegaiiter ex ccntro radiantibus, fibrillulis anastomosantibus. .lu-
niores espertes cellulariim olivaceo-ni^escentes; seniores cellulis centralibiis ag'grejjatis iiigris
minutissimis.
•1912. 47. D. nAMosAjL. v. S., rai-ior in caulibus pracscrtim Cbenopodii, Betid.

D. maculis oblongis nigris e fibrillulis ramosis, radiantibus solummodo longitudinaliter, primum sub-
tectis. Cellulis confertis scriatis dcnium ruptis. Maculae ut in priori minores, 2 — 3 lincas non
excedunt.
•1913. 48. D. cntrsTACEA, L. v. S., frequens c.aules Phytolacc.ae longe lateque incrustans vernali tem-
pore, crusta vcrnicosa nigra, Salem et Bethl. E longinquo oculos alliciens.
D. maculis maximis, pedalibus saepe. piceis nitentibus late expansis, crustaceo-crassis, siccitate trans-
versim ruptis, et in frustulis secedentibus. Ambitu in junioribus fibrillulae latiores anastomosantes
manifestantur, demum quasi daedaleoso-porosae, poris aut cellulis inipressis. Passim occurrunt
ostiola sparsa globoso-applan.ata — forsan etiam hae cellulae siuit. Quodammodo affinis IJ. stellari.
Saepissime maculae tam sunt continuae, ut fibrillulae non distinct.ac sunt; turn caulis quasi pice illita.
*1914. 49. D. ELEGANs, L. V. S., etiam vulg'atissima in caulibus Phytolaccae tencrrinia epidermidi
innata et cum ea decedens, Salem et Pennsylvania.
D. maculis semiuncialibus, olivaceo-virescentibus, demum nigrescentibus conflatis ex fibrillulis ramosis
undique divergentibus anastomosantibus: semper figura maculae elliptico-acuminata. M.aculae
saepe confluunt. Cellulis minutis frequentibus, sparsis, atronitentibus, saepe circumcirca extra
macuLam vagantibus. Nomen triviale adscriptum cum proxima specie solummodo comparandum —
nam Dothidcae plures ceterum elegantiores. Phytolacca feracissima est planta specierum.
•1915. 50. D. iNELEGANs, L. V. S., frequens cum priori in caulibus PhytoLaccae et Salem et licthl.
D. maculis minutis, nigris, non nitentibus, crebris, conflucntibus, orbiculatim elongatis e fibrillulis
ramosis, crassiusculis distinctis e centro radiantibus. Cellulis raris centralibus, subacutis. subele-
vatis, minutis. Saepe occurrunt fibrillulae radiantes divaricato-ramosae omnino steriles. Congeries
macularum magnum spatium occupat in caule.
•1916. 51. D. PuTTOLAccAE, L. V. S., cum ceteris frequens in caulibus Phytolaccae, Bethl.

D. longisbime efiusis pseudoniaculis, non fibriUosis sed solummodo aggregatione cellularum aut peri-
theciorum formatis, primum incoloratis subtectis, demum cellulis densius provumpentibus nigrescen-
tibus. Cellulis minutis nigris, subelevatis nitentibus difformibus nigris; primum tectis, demum
epidermide triangulariter rupta, prospicientibus. In ambitu cellulae simpllces creberrime sparsae.
•1917. 52. U. HiBiscicoLA, L. v. S., in caulibus Hibisci militaris, &c. Bethl. cultis.

D. maculis orbiculatis, minutis et magnis confluentibus, epidermide tectis, hinc cinerascentibus, e
fibrillulis tenemmis cinereo-nigris radiantibus. Cellulis minutis nigris elevato-prorumpentibus. In
majoribus m.aculis fibrillulae vix distinctae, in minoribus orbiculatis cvidcntius radiantes centro cel-
luligero aut sterili. Minores sparsae circum majores.
•1918. 53. D. ontTAss, L. v. S., in caulibus, sed multo elegantior in capsulis Asclepiadis incarnatae,
Bethl.
D. macvdis magnis angustioribus atronitentibus (minoribus sparsis circumcirca linearibus) contiatis e
fibrillulis, solummodo in ambitu distinctis. In his macvdis cr.assiusculis, cellulae aut peritliecia
frequentia, primum immersa, demum prorumpentia subseriatim locata sunt, satis elevata, in super-
ficie rugoso-rivulosa, elliptice-ovata. In acumine capsularum praecipue occurrunt. In cauhbns
magis effusae oblongae subtectae evadunt m.aculae, ac cinerascunt. Interdum biunciales.
*1919. 54. D. CiiEsoroDir, L. v. S,, in maximis caulibus Chenopodiorum, Bethl.

D. maculis mediocribus, contextis e fibrllluhs radiantibus, nigrofuscis, crassiusculis, vix ramosis, centra-
liter elevatis — onustis peritheciis aut cellulis majusculis tectis, globoso-depressis.ostiolatis. Maculae
saepe confluunt.
"1920. 55. U.coNEEnrA, L. v. S., in caulibus quibusdam ignotis, Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 3 I

234 SYNOPSIS OF

D. macula atra, conflata e multis minoi-ibus confertis, irregulariter confluentibus, late effusa. Cenlro
apparent cellulae aut perithecia atra, elevala, albo-farcta longitudinaliter confluentia.
•1921. 56. D. NiGKEscENs, L. V. S., in caulibus Zeae rarlor. Affinis D. Himantiae, Bethl.

D. maculis e fibrillulis irregulariter radiantibus, nigris, crassiusculis, interriiptis non nitentibus, minori-
bus, passim confluentibus. Peritlieciis minutis subelevatis nigris centi'alibus demum pezizoideis.
Caules exasperant.
*1921. 57. D. BispERSA, L. V. S., in ignotis caulibus, Betlil.

D. maciilas quidem longe effusas efformans nee tamen contiguas sed ex multis interruptim dispersis
minoribus atris conHata.s ; Kbrillulis hinc inde transversim expansis. Peritheciis aut cellulis appla-
natis longitudinaliter fissis. Frequenter occurrunt simplicia minutissima macula aut vix uUa insi-
dentia sparsa.
*1922. 58. D. SiLPHii, L. v. S., in ditissimis caulibus Silphii culti Nazareth in horto.

U. maculis minoribus, utrinque acuminatis, fibrillulis nigro-fuscis simplicibus radiantibus nee anastomo-
santibus. Cellulis crebris aggregatis, truncatis, subpezizoideis; prlmum epidermide cinerascente
quacum elevatae sunt, tectis, demum nudis. In tectis apparent pseudostiola.
"1923. 59. D. Cepae, L. V. S., rara sed distinctissima in exterloribus integumentis bulborum Cepac
exoletorum, ex Philadelphia.
D. maculis ex olivaceo, picco-nigris orbiculatis, confluentibus, e fibrillulis crassis dendrltice ramosis
radiantibus, anastomosantibus sese superimpositis. Cellulis globoso-elevatis centralibus raris nigris.
*1924. 60. D. DioscoRiKAE, L. v. S., in Capsulis Dioscoraeae glaucae frequeiis, Uethl.

D. maculis fibrillosis omnino tectis, fibrillulis parenchymate innatis tenerrimis irregulariter radiantibus,
grlseo-olivaceis, demum nigris. Cellulis sparsis frequentibus, nigris, acutis et truncatLs. Saepe
singulae sphaeriaeformes circumcirca maculam sparsae. Maculis orbiculatis minutis.
"1925. 61. D. Panici, L. v. S., in foliis Panici ciliati et aliorum, Salem et Betid.

D. maculis griseis tenulssimls linearibus, longitudinaliter et paralleliter confluentibus intra nervosi
fibrillulis vix dlstinguendis. Cellulis minutissimis subseriatim dlspositls in aversa paglna. Vix
Sphaeria? Maculae minutae sed multae in folio.
"1926. 62. D. Impatientis, L. v. S., ad nodos caulium Imp.atlentis fulvae, Salem et Bethl.

U. maculis piceis eff'usis nigerrimis tenuibus, subtectls, ov.ato-acumlnatls, latis, in ambitu effiguratis;
Cellulis minutissimis tuberculaeformibus, crebris, albo-farctls. Plerumque steriUs. FibriUulae vix
distinguendae etiam ope lentis,
'1927. 63. D. AscLEpiADis, L. v. S., frequens in caulibus emortuls Asclep. syriacae, Bethl.

D. epidermide tenuissima tecta, longe lateque effusa, pscudomaculam eiibrmans, c.x multis minoribus
maculis confluentibus conflatam. Hae minutae macul.ae ex fibrillulis radiantibus sed tam dense
contextis ut singulae non distinguentur circumdant perithecia nigronitentia, elevata, tuberculaeformia
celluloso.ovata, unicum in quaque — inter se tameu dense aggrcgatae sunt. Totum agmen saepe 6
unciale.
•1928. 64. D. ciNEiiAscENs, L. v. S., cum priori, etiam longisslme effusa, Bethl.

D. semper tecta, maculis indeterminatim undique efl'usis, contlguis, cinerascentibus per epidermidem,
ex qua erumpunt perithecia aut cellulae ostiolomorphae, atrae applanatae, minutissima. Epider-
mide remota, distincter apparet maculam constare ex multis minoribus, in ipso libro caulis e fibrillu-
lis fusco-grlseis ramosis e centro radiantibus formatam.
•1929. 65. D. LiNEOLA, L. v. S., frequens occurrit in scapis Llliacearum, Hemerocallis, Bethlehem et
Salem.
D. maculis minutis linearibus elongatls tectis, e fibrillulis ramoso-divaricatis, e centro radiantibus elevato-
cincrascentlbus. Cellulis aut peritheciis prorunipentibus applan.atis, nigerrimis, intus albo-farctis.
Singula perithecia sparsa frequenter obvia extra maculam.
•1930. 66. U. scAPiNcoLA, L. v. S., versus basin scaporum Yuccae filamcntosae, Betlil. cult.

D. macula tecta epidermide tenui et inde clnerascens. Peritheciis irregularlbus, atronitentibiis, hemi-
sphaericis et demum subpezizoldeis, circumcirca sp.arsis. Epidermide detrita, maculae 1 — A unciales
se ostendunt ex fibrillulis atris subinterruptis indistinctis contextae, plerumque elliptlco-acuminatae.
*1931. 67. 1). Phlogis, L. v. S., frequens in caulibus Phlogls undulatae cultae, Bethl.
U. maculis nigro-fuscis angustioribus, indislincte determlnatls, quasi linearibus, non tectis, ex aggregatis
minutissimis cellulis, fibriUularum expertibus, formatis.
•1932. 68. U. PoLYooNATi, L. V. S., in variis speciebus Polygonatorum, caulibus insidcns, Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 235

D. vix maculans, sed omnino coiistans ex multis ag-grcijatis cellulis majusculis atronitentibus, ellipticis,
epiderniide tectis sed centre hystei'iiforme siibelcvato pronimpente.
•1933. 69. D. N0DIC0L4, L. v. S., circum nodos in pctiolis Araliae spinosae, Bethl.

D. omnino expers fibrillamm; niacuUs miiinribiis linearibiis — elongatis aut ovatis, utrinque acuminatis,
ex cellulis corrug'atis, semper tectis, elevatis, atronitentibus, irregulariter globoso-applanatis, intus
albo-farctis, conformatis.
•1934. 70. D. ELLipTicA, L. V. S., r.arius occurrit in caulibus CoUinsoniae, Betbl.

D. maculis indeterminatim circum caulem eftusis, confluentibus, nigrescentibus, tectis epidermide.
Cellulis minutis nigris tuberculacformibus. Figura maculae subclliptica. Saepe pcrithecia alius
fiingi commixta invcniuntur.
*1935. 71. D. Ambrosiae, L. V. S., vulgaris in caulibus Ambrosiarum, Bctbl.

D. maculis coufusis indeterminatis, nigrescenti-fuscis, tectis; fibriUulis rarioribus indistinctis solummodo
in junioribus distinguendis. Cellulis aggregatis oblongis, truncato-applanatis, rima inipressa lon-
gitudinaliter notatis.
•1936. 7J. 1). viTicoLA, L. V. S , frequens in junioribus ramulis Vitis, frigore enecatis, Betid.

D. tecta, maculis minoribus confluentibus, nigro-fuscis subvernicosis. Fibrillidis crassis, ramoso-fur-
catis, radiantibus, plerumque indistinctis. Cellulis elevatis apice applanatis, diffbrmibus.
•1937. 73. D. Hyssopi, L. v. S., p.assim ad caules Hyssopi ncpetoidis, Bethl.

D. tecta, maculis indeterminatim aut effiguratlm expansis, e fusco nlgris, minoribus. FibriUulis
transversim radiantibus, tenuissimis, ut in prioribus libro innatis vix distinguendis plerumque.
Cellulis numerosis sparsis nigro-nitidis, tuberculaeformibus, minutis, interdum subscriatis, albo-
farctis, tectis.
*1938. 74. D. JuGLAHDicoLA, L. V. S., rarius in foliis putridis Juglandis albae, Betid.

D. macula minuta orbiculata, aterrima, semilineari. Cellulis crebris concentrice in macula aggregatis,
minutissimis globoso-punctiformibus, demum pezizoideis.
•1939. 75. D. Sassafras, L. v. S., species distinctisslma — passim obvia in foliis dejectis putrescenti-
bus (etiam subvigentibus, non evoluta) Lauri Sassafras — et quidem ubi est, in fere omnibus foliis
arboris occurrit.
D. maculis latis effusis, fusco-badiis, elegantissime dendritice radiantibus, diametro plusquam unciali,
juniore aetate ex latiorlbus fibriUulis folio quodanimodo iUitis constare videtur, confluentibus versus
centrum et crustam subcontijuiam eflicientibus. Dotliideae stellar! non dissimilis, Optirae evoluta
autem macula faciem alienam induit. Fibrullae dictae radiantes solutae apparent in cellularum
congeriem, quaeque cellula nigra suljerumpcns ex epidermide, primum elevato-convexa, demum
pezizoidea, fibrillis vcris minutissimis innato-radiantibus circumdata. Maculae dendritica saepe con-
fluunt. Semper in pagina superiori folii.
•1G40. 76. D. suBcuTicuLABis, L. V. S., in pagina superiori foliorum Viburni aut Corni horto cult.
Betbl.
D. maculas sparsas, orbiculatim effiguratas, diametro J unciali, cinerascentes efliciens, centre nigro,
conte.xtas ex fibriUulis dendritico-radiantibus, ramosis sub tenerrima epidermide foUi, liinc subtumida
et cinerascente irrepentibus. Cellulis in centro indistincter .aggregatis.
*1941. 77 ■ D. KosAE, Ij. v. S., in fuliis semivirentibus Rosae cuUae in liortis Philad.

D. maculas orbiculatim etfiguratas sistit, \ unciali diametro, saepe confluentes, in pagina superiori,
fuligineonigrofuscis, contextas e fibriUulis crassiusculis furcato-ramosis radiantibus, centro onustis
cellulis majusculis applanatis, statu madidiori, subpezizoideis, primum albo-farctis.

*••• Uniformes.
•1942. 78. D. Anemones, F. 46, rara obvia in Anemone quinquefolia, Bethl.

•1943. 79. U. Polentillae, F. 48, valde afiinis priori et in nostris non seriato-confluens. In Potcntilla
canadensi obvia Betbl.
1944. 80. D. ulneu, F. 51, Syn. Car. Xyl. alnea 286, Bethl.
•1945. 81. U. MAccLANs, L. V. S., in foliis querneis Bethl. et ex New York.

D. epiphylla subimpressa, sistens maculas minutas orbiculatas, ex pluribusminoribus aggregatis, appla-
natis vix confluentibus, tectis, atris, superfice corrugatis et punctatis, concentrice sitis, conformatis.
An minores sunt cellulae?
•1946. 8i?. U. Castaneae, L. v. S., in foliis vivis Castanearum Bethl. et New York.

236 SYNOPSIS OF

D. epiphylla, minuta, subsparsa, ati-a, effusa, superficie corrugata, cellulis aggregatis imperfecte
evolutis.
1947". 83. D. FoTHEHGiLLAE, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Xyloma 277, maculis minoribus et majoribus fuscis,
Salem.
•1948. 84. D. LAUHicoLA, L. v. S., vulgaris in foliis Lauri aestivalis, Bethl.

D. epiphylla, maculis tenuibus, superfcialibus confluentibus, nigris, crassioribusorbiculatlsmi.xtis.
•1949. 85. D. FiLiccM, L. v. S., in stipitibus variorum Filicum, Bethl. An Lepostroma'

D. maculis minutis elevatis, oblongis, acuminatis rainutissimis, cellulis longltudinaliterrimosis in macu-
lis aggregatis, nigi'o-fuscis, lineatim elongatis.
■'1950. 86. D. PoLTGALAE, L. v. S., in foliis Polygalae pubescentis ex Florida acceptis in Herbario
obvia.
D. distinctissima in foliis vigentibus, macula fumosa e fills in parenchymate repentibus. Cellulis
sparsis subrotundis manifestis, nigi'is demum apertis, subalbofarctis, cum epidermide elevatis, am-
phigenis.

»*»»» Edostroma.

1951. 87. D. E. LinioDENDni, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 290, Carol, et Pennsylv.

1952. 88. D. E. Toxici, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 278, et Pennsylv. Rh. rad.

1953. 89. n. E. AFFLATA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 273, X. in foliis Cimicifugae.

1954. 90. D. E. Annonae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 275, X. in foliis Porceliae, Car.

•1955. 91. D. E. PETioiAHis, L.v. S., satisfrequens in petiolis dejectis.Iuglandium et aliorumfolioriim,
Bethl. An Rhytisma'
D. E. picea, iUita, maculis ci'assis Lite circumcirca effusis, ovato determlnatis, margine interdum sub-
liberato et elevato — saepe uncialibus — affinis Rhytismate Urticae, sed semper sterilis mihi obvia.

Ordo II. PHACIDIACEI.
Tribiis 1. Patellarei.

Genus GO. Patellaria.

1956. 1. P. atrata, F. II. p. 160, frequens Carol, et Pennsylv., Syn. Car. 1248, Peziza.
•1957. 2. P. lUfformis, F. p. 151, Peziza: ad truncum Salicis antiquum versus radicem, Bethl.
*1958. 3. P. Verbasci, L. v. S., passim ad antiquissimas caulcs Verbasci, Bethl.
P. coriacea, sicca, scutellam Lichenis referens, gregaria et sparsa, adpressa, semper applanata, juniore
parum contracta. Miirgine subplicata. Disco parum elevato pulveraceo, pulvere adglutinato nee
detergibili. Diametro 1 — 2 lineari saepe angulata. Aterrima.
*1959. 4. P. Nir.no-ciNNABAniN-4, L. v. S., pulcherrima, majuscula, non rara occurrens in variis ramvdis
putrescentibus, v. c. Crataegi, Calycanthi etc. Etiam ex Surinamo teneo, Bethl.
P. Uiametro varians 1 — 6 lineari. Cupulis sessilibus aut brevissime stipitatis, extus olivaceo-nigris,
coi'iaceis, margine tumido, eleganter plicato; siccitate arete inflexo et clauso, fere Hysterium refer-
ente, et discum omnino obtegente. Madefactis cupulis, orbiculatim expandunturdiscum latiusculum
planum 2 — 3 lincarem ostendentes, pulvere cinnabarino, strato crasso, semper obtectum, margine
tamen inflexo. Interdum etiam statu sicciore aperta obvia. Sparsim et fasciculatim crescit. Facil-
lime ex ramulo excutitur.
'I960. 5. P. RiioronENnni, L. v. S., afliinis P. atratae sed colore diflfert, Bethlehem in ramulis lihodo-
dendri.
P. cupulis sparsis difformibus, fusco-atris,applanatoadpressis, marginatis, margine crenato — aut denta-
tim prominulo. Disco nigro pulverulento. Subgelatinosa. Diametro semilineari.

1961.

1.

1962.

2.

1963.

3,

1964.

4

1965.

5.

1966.

6.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 237

Genus 61. Tympanis.

T. alnea, F. 174, n. 2, Bethl. in Alno; non est meravarietas T. t'rangiilae.
T. FRixisi, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Fez. 1262, F. n. 3, et Uethl.
T. PLicATO-cnESATi, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Fez. 1257, F. n. 4, Carol.
. T. eonspersa, F. 6, frequens Salem et Bethl. in Fyro.
T. TiTicoLA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Fez. 1265, frequens et Bethl. in Viti — F. n. 8.
T. cixehascens, L. v. S., in putridissimo ramo ignoto horti Easton; ibidem freq.
T. sessills, majuscula, gregaria, prorumpens ex epidermide elevata, cupulas cingente. Cupulis ro-
tundisaut difformibus, lobatisque et subconfluentibus. Disco marginato, impresso, aut umbonato et
etiam tuberculoso. Yelo cinereo, primum clause, demum evanido: tunc omnino nigra, pulvere
semlnali tecta.
•1967. 7. T. fascicclata, L. v. S., ex epidermide ramorum fruticis ignoti erumpens, Bethl.

T. subsessilis, minor, fasciculatim erumpens, epidermide cincta. Cupulis fusco-nigris, varic tortis
difformibus, marginibus inflexis subplicatis, disco excav.ato. Junior claiisa, subsphaeriaeformis.
*1968. 8. T. SEKIATA, L. V. S., in ligno decorticato longis seriebus provenit rara Bethl.

T. stipitata, concrescens longis seriebus. Frimum refert Sphaeriam pyi-iformem nigram majusculam
rugosam in orem prolongatam. Tum aemulat Fezizam ore contracto, stipite crasso cylindrico,
marginibus tumidulis atrovirentibus, disco velato, velo pulverulento albescenti-viridi, ipso .atrovi-
rente. Ultimo statu valde dilatatur, disco tuberculato, margine viridi pulverulento, lobato, undulato.
Altitudine lineam vix excedit.
•1969. 9. T. TUHBiNATA, L. V. S., in ramulis exsoletis Diervillae, Bethl. obvia.

T. substipitata, primum erumpens ex epidermide capitulo globoso, sparsim sita, et quasi tuberculis
echinata fusco-nigra. Demum refert Peziz.am turbinato-obconicam, marginibus tumidulis, fere clau-
sis, disco poriforme, tandem .apertiusculo. Extus striata. Altitudine lineae.

Tribus 2. Dermei.

Genus 62. Dermea.

1970. 1. D. CKATEnitJM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1175, Tab. 1, Fries. Feziza, p. 74, vulgaris et maxima
etiam Fennsylvania primo vere; semper ad ramos aut truncos in terra jacentes. Tomento basilari
saepe insuper teiTam expanse. Specimina dense caespitosa pedalia et 6 uncias alta interdum mihl
obvia. .Tuniori statu saepe extus eleganter badio-furfuracea.
•1971. 2. D. /asn«(/ans, F. p. 75, in FjTo malo Bethl.
•1972. 3. D. popuLSEA, L. v. S., omnino differt a priori. Bethl. rara in Fopulo italica.

D. sessilis, caespitosa, coriaceo-membranacea, minor, ovata aut oblonga, fere semper clausa, extus
cinerea furfuracea, intus nigra. Singulae cupulae sphaeriaeformes clausae sunt quasi p\dvinatim —
rarissimc apertae obviae. Semilineam vix excedunt altitudine.
'1973. 4. D. Ctdoniae, L. v. S., rara in emortuis ramis Cydoniae, Bethl.
D. sparsa, simplex, sessilis, applanato-adpressa, difformis aut subrotundo-undulata; extus furfure albido
crasso pulverulento tecta, marginibus tumidis, arete inflexis; disco fusco-badio, aut subcinnamomeo.
Di.ametro 2 — 3 linearis.
•1974. 5. D. Cerasi, F. p. 179, n. 3, Cenang. frequens et S.alem et Pennsylv. in ramis Cerasorum.
•1975. 6. D. Spihaeae, L. v. S., in ramis Spiraeae opulifoliae rarior, Bethl.

D. subsimplex, aut 2 — 3 in caespitulo. Cupulis siccis conniventibus: m.adidis ap ertissimis, extus
brunneo-fuscis furfuraceo-strigosis; disco badio. Minor; nunquam duaslineas excedensdiametro.
'1976. 7. V.Jissa, F. p. 75, Feziza, rara in ramis ignotis Nazareth obvia.
1977. 8. "D. furfuracea, F. p. 75, Peziz. Syn. Car. 1254, in ramis Coryleis Salem et Bethlehem.

Vol. IV.— 3 K

1980.
•1981.

238 SYNOPSIS OF

Genus 63. Cenangium.

1. SclerodaTis.
■1973. 1. C. RiBis, F. p. 1-9, n. 1, rara Bethl. in Ribi.

19-9. 2. C. cLiTATCM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1176, F. n. 2, soliimmodo in Carolina.
C.prunasfri, F. n. 4, Syn. Car. 1259, vulgare Bethl.

C. rigidum, var. F. n. 4. Certissime species distincta nostra vulgatissima in ramis persiccis
.Salem et Bethlehem, cum prior praesertim Bethlehem in ramis crassis Pyri Mali obvia.
1982. 5. C. Riiois, L. v. S., non infrequens in Rhois glabrae ramis Salem et Bethl. Affinis C. Aucu-
pariae et cum hac confusa, Syn. Carol, n. 1127.
C. caespitosum, albido-pulverulentum, sphaeriaeforme, demura apertum; caespitulis minutis, fere
semper circumdatis pulvere ex cortice orto.
•1983. 6. C. laminare, i". n. 6, in ramis Betulae carpinifoliae Bethl. rarius.

1984. 7. C. Andbomedae, L. v. S,, Syn. Car. 1261, F. 8, frequens in Carolina.

1985. 8. C. TBiANGuiABE, L. V. S. , Syn. Cai-. 1255, F. 9, vulgaris etiam in Pennsylvania in ramis
quercinis.

•1986. 9. C. PALMATUM, L. V. S., tractu longitudinali prorumpens ex cortice Rhododendri maxinii,

Bethl.
C. caespitosum, caespitilnis pugilliformibus declinatis. Peritlieciis seu Cupulis nigris subcylindricis,

quasi ex tuberculo caespitosim orientibus, variis sibi ipsis impo-sitis, apice primum in pseudostiolum

abientibus, demum apertiusculis, et quasi poro hemisphaerico concavo minuto excavalis. Intus

pulveraceis. 1 — 2 linearum altitudine.
*1987. 10. C. cojitPREssDM, L. V. S., ex ramis Betulae carpinifoliae (lentae) propullans, Bethl.

C. transversim erumpens, caespitosum vakle elevatum et ramum quasi aculeans. Cupulis semper

inflato-compressis, apice valde varieformatis, nigris, furfure cinereo adspersis, apice demum apertiiis-

cuhs. 2 lineae saepe altis. Furfure externo detergibili — tum fungus nigro-pulverulentus evadit.

Etiam ex Nova Anglia communicavit CI. Torrey.
'1988. 11. C. EnspHAEiiiA, L. V. S., aliquomodo analogum Ilydno aut K,adulae aterrimae. Vulgaris

in Sphaeria stigmati et S. llmaeformis, praesertim non evolutis — Epiderm'idem valde elevat et ad

dejectionem praep.arat.
C. diftorme, subcylindrico-ventricosum; extus tuberculosum, inaequabile, apice truncato-impresso

aut irregulariter aperto; nigro-fuscum, intus subgrumosum. Plerumque observatur in lignis igni

destinatis.
•1989. 12. C. Staphyleae, L. v. S., passim occurrit in junioribus ramis Staphyleae, Bethl.

C. sparsim subepidermide, sed gregarium, primum tectum et epidei'midem quasi nigricans, minutum,

sphaeriaeforme. Uemum prorumpens, nigrum, apice aperto irregulari; disco indistincte pulverulento.
*1990. 13. C. coNFCsuM, L. v. S., frequens in cortice ramorum Quercus albae in terra jacente Salem

et Bethl.
C. sparsum ac confluens, ramos aut juniorcs truncos pedaliter obtegens. Sub cpidermide observatur

crusta quadam effusa fusco-nigra, punctulatim subpubens, obsita peritheciis prorumpentibus, irregu-

laribus, difl'oi-mibus, sphaeriomorphis, conspurcatis extrorsum sporidiis quasi profluentibus. Cete-

rum perithecia saepe globosa sunt et demum apice aperto, ore aut pezizoldeo aut sphaeroideo, aut

irregulari.
"1991. 14. C. spHAEHiAEMonpiiuM, L. v. S., in ramis emollitis Quercus albae Bethl.

C. gregarium, rarius confluens, epidermido innatum aut prorumpens, interdum quasi fasciculatum,

plerumque autem forma obovata turbinata, fusconigrum, rugosum, punctatum, non stipit.atum.

Disco rarius subaperto. Intus ferrugineum — cliametro A lineari. Ramum agmine vasto, longe

luteque difluso occupat.

2. TrihUdium.
'1992. IS. C. caUdlformt, F. p. 183, n. 11, Salem et Bethl.
'1993. 16. C pilliyum, F. n. 13, in frustulo pineo, Salem.

1994. 17. C. ViiiunNi, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1264, etiam Pennsylv.

1995. 18. (\ TiiuQiDUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1265, Peziza quernea in excrescentiis ramorum Quercus,
Sal. et licthl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 239

*M96. 19. C. arciicum, F. 17, spccimina nostra debemiis clarissinio D. Kunzio Lipsiensl infoliis .\ndro-

medae tetragonae ex Sinu Laurentio.
*1997. 20. C. TcMOKDM, L. v. S., in cxcrescentiis ranioi'iini passim, Betlil.

C. prorumpens, primum tectum, demum epidcrmlde stcllatim fisso cinctiim; sparsum nee caespitosum,
rotundatum, convexum, nigrum, extus squaniulosuni, primum omnino cluusum, demum apcrtum
rimis, aut irregulariter rupto ore.
"1998. 21. C. CnATAZGi, L. v. S., passim oceurrit in ramulis Crataegi, ISetld.

C. sparsum, sessile, repando-efl'usum, subtremelloso-corneum, atrum aut atro-fuscura, primum globo-
sum, demum apertum, nigro-pulveraceum, pulvere compacto; disco semper inipresso.
*1999. :2. C. AEiiuoiNosoM, L. v. S., in ligno udo dccorticato aut sub cortice IScthl.

C. crustae quaedam atro acruginosae lignum obtegenti et tingenti insidens cacspitosim aut in lineis
flexuosis aggregatum; cupulis minutis applanatis, margine undulato plicato tuljerculoso; disco appla-
nato pulverulento. Unicolor atro-aeruginosum; vix semilinea alta.
'2000. 23. C. FiBiiisEDA, L. V. S., in lignis denudatis siccis, tibris insidet, primum subtectum. Bethle-
hem praesertim in Castaneis sepium.
C. minutissimum, fasciculatum et sparsum, etiam passim confluens. Siccum nigerrimum cupulis
varie formatis, sed semper conniventibus; extus papillis nigris tam dense obsitum ut fere Exosporium
Tiliae refert. Madefactum, discus pallido-rufus, atro-pulverulentus se exhibet.
*2001. 24. C. APERTCM, L. V. S., in ramulis emortuis Hydrangeae Bethl. et S.alem.

C. sparsum, simplex, cupulis 1 — 2 linearibus, primum clausis, pulvinato-rotundis, extus nigro-ferrugi-
nosis pulverulentis, demum late apei-tis, marginibus irregulariter Inflexis, saepe ruptis. Disco pal-
lido. Affinis est C. ferruginoso.
*2002. 25. C. EosAE, L. v. S., prorumpens rarlus ex cortice Rosae cor)Tnbosae, Bethl.

C. caespitosum, prorumpens, cupulis dense aggregatis, cornels, nigronitentibus, margine tuberculoso,
disco piano aperto. Cupulis diUca'mibus, Atline C Viburni.
*2003. 26. C. popuLixux, L. v. S., sparsim erumpens ex Populi italicae cortice, Bethl.

C. sparsum; 1 — 2 lin. latum, elevatum cum cpidermlde a qua cinctum primum clausum, nigrum ;
demum apertum, margine effuso, disco cinereo pulverulento. Clausum fuseescit. Faciliter ellabit.
*2004. 27. C. Castaneae, L v. S., I'amulis junioribus Castaneae rarius insidet, Bethl.

C. simplex, prorumpens, cpidermide cinctum et pulvere quodam spurio ex cortice insidens. Sessile
subrepando-undulatum, m.arginibus tumidulis, centre discoideo irregulariter depresso, rugoso, sub-
pulverulento. Demum ruptum et intus grumosum, fuscum. Extus nigrofuscum. Diametrolineam
non excedit.
*2005. 28. C. eatiscens, L. v. S., in cortice Syringae et evolutius in Moro alba, Bethl.

C. minutum (majus tamen in Syringa) fasciculatum, prorumpens sessile; cupulis globosis primum
clausis, interdum difformibus, pulvere copioso tectis, demum omnino fatiscentibus. Pulvere deterso
apparent cupulae applanatae atronitentes, demum irregulariter apertae.
*2006. 29. C. NiGKOECscUiM, L. v. S., ingenti copia occupat dejectos ramos ignotos, Bethl.

C. sparsum aut subcaespitosum, gregarium, globosum aut turbinatum, liberum quasi in epidermide,
ad 2 lineas latum, undique tuberculosum, et quasi fusco barbatum pube brevi rigii.lo. Disco vix
aperto, sed dehiscens in rimis varie tortis. An hujus generis. Fungus distinctissimus.
'2007. 30. C. pinastri,F. p. 184, n. 12, in ramis Pini Strobi, Bethl.
*2008. 31. C. MOLLicsccLCM, L. V. S., eximia species, in Betula carpinifolia Maucb Chunk.

C. pezizoideum, aggregatum ac sparsum, saepe invicem adpressum et inde angulatum. Statu madido
molliusculum 1 — 3 lineas latum, nigro oliv.aceum marginatum. Sicco statu corneo-ceraceum.
Sessile, basi tamen contracta. Cupulam refert marginatam subrepandam lobatam, extus olivaceam,
disco convexo rugoso, punctate, nigro. Intus substantia eleganter flavo-ferrug'lnca.

3. Cliihris.

2009. 32. C. fcrruginosum, F. n. 18, Syn. Car. 12o0, Peziza abietis solummodo in Carolina mihi
obvium.

2010. 33. C. Cephalanthi, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 125(5, F. 21, frequens locis suis etiam Pennsylv.

2011. 34. C. quercinum, F. 24, Syn. Car. Hysterium, 248, et. frequens in Pennsylvania.
'2012. 35. C. acutum, F. 23, in Sambuco rarius, Bethl.

'2013. 36. C. pirisijM, L. v. S , longe lateque obtegens frustula eorticis P\ri coronariae, Nazareth.

240 SYNOPSIS OF

C. cupulis grecfari'is aut sparsis atrofuscis, nitentibus, plerumque transversim aut varie sitis, semper
basin versus in stipitem contractis, more Lophii, siccitate conniventibas, sed etiam late hiascentibus,
hysteriiformibus, marginibus inflexis, discum planum atro-pulverulentum exhibentibus. Interdum
scutellam Lichenls refcrens, rotundato-apertum.
*2014. 37. C. ENTEnoxANTHUM, L. V. S., parvulum sed distinctissimum in ligno Pomorum, Bethl.

C. longUudinaliter seriatum aut irregulariter prorumpens, sessile, hysteriiforme, subrotundum aut
ovatum, plerumque claasum aut rima longitudinaliter apertum. Extus olivaceo rugosum nigrum.
Intus colore luteo-virente pulverulentum praesertim sub disco subaperto. Crusta quadam ligno
commixto nigra, ex qua prorumpit.

Tribus 3. Cliostomei.

Genus 64. Glonium.

2015. 1. G. stettatum, F. 595, Syn. Car. 258, cum Icone frequens, etiam obvium in Pennsylv.
'2016. 2. G. AccuMCLATUM, L. V. S., affine priori, sed vix mera varietas, cum constanter forma sua
obvium, Uetlil.
G. subiculo byssino parco in ambitu, fibrillulis crassiusculis. Ad basin diametro gaudet unciali, unde
irregulariter assurgit in formam subpyramidato-truncatam valde inaequalem et rugosam, ortam ex
peritheciis accumulatis, sese invicem superincumbentibus, ramoso-radiantibus, radiis interruptis;
intus albo-farctis. Altitudine semiunciali. Colore omnino prioris.

Genus 65. Lophium.

'2017'. 1. L. NAviccLAnE, L. V. S., in ligno ignoto Betlilehem, milii obvium.

L. non pedicellatum, sed basi contractum, elongatum, ov.atum, subflexuosum, forma naviculari valde
simile. Hysterio, praesertim statu juniori, antequam omnino emersum, quia turn utrinque acumi-
natum et rima omnino Hysterli praeditum. Provectiorl aetate compressum evadit, et extus longi-
tudinaliter striatum concham referens, fusccscens, ceterum nigrum et utrinque obtusatum. An
merum Hysterium?
•2018. 2- L. Sassafras, L. v. S., passim occurrit in cortice Lauri Sassafras nee alibi in Pennsylv.

L. majusculum, sparsum, afRne mytilino, sed multo majus et obtusius. Subpedicellatum, sursum
turgido-dilatatum, rugosum striatum, absque ullo splendore nigrum. Rima clausa; nucleo albido;
interdum bifariam aperta.

Genus 66. Actidium.

•2019. 1. A. cABiciNUM, L. V. S., ad culmos et folia majorum Carlcum, Bethlehem rarius.
A. peritheciis applanatis, nigris, stellatim irregulariter r.adiantibus, lobis oblongis, obtusls, rugosis, pri-
mum epidermide tectis, demum denudatis. Actinothysium occurrit in iisdem foliis.

Genus 67. Cliostomitm.

•2020. 1. C. comtgatum, F. p. 565, Rhytisma et Syn. Car. 1249, Pcziza Hysterium; etiam in lignis
exsiccatis seplum Bethlehem.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 241

Tribus 4. Phacidiei,
Genus 6S. Rhytisma.

'2021. 1. 1!. Jindromedac, F. 5, ex Nova Anglia et Labrador in foliis Andromedae polifoliae.
2022. 2. R. DECOLORAXS, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Xyloma, 265, V. 6, frequens et Pcnnsylvaiuae in foliis

Andromedae paniciilatae-
202o. 3. R. Vaccinii, L. v. S., Sjti. Car. 265, /3, non est mera varictas sed satis distlncta. Frc-

quentissimiim in foliis Vaccinii frondosi, rarius in aliis nisi etiam V. virgati.

2024. 4. R. Piusi, L. v. S , Syn. Car. 268, F. 9, nondum in Pennsylv.

2025. 5. R. Iliciscola, L. v.S., Syn. Car. 269, F. 10, nee Pennsylv.

•2026. 6. R. Ilicis can-apexsis, L. v. S., frequens in foliis Ilicis canadensis monte Pocono.

R. hypopliyllum miilto minus priori, angulato-orbiculatum, valdc elevatum, atrmii sed absque nitore
et supcrficle punctata, centro saepius Imprcssum, folio subinnatum, cinctum marginc pallido in
folio. Interdinn lobatum ambitu. Diametro 1 — 2 lineari, et plerunique tantidem altum.
20;7. 7. R. TELATux, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 270, F. 11, solummodo in Carolina obvium.
•202S. 8. R. saliclnum, F. 12, rarius in foliis Salicum, bethl.

2029. 9. R. /io4/;i('(7C (F'ungum etiam e.x Bohemia teneo europaeum).

Nunqnam in foliis Robiniae pseudo-acaciae inveni, sed passim in foliis Rohiniae viscosae in Ilorto Na-
zaretli. Fruetificans r.arum, sed macula nigra sterilis vulgata.

2030. 10. R. acerrimum, F. 14, Syn. Car. 266, etiam frequens in Pennsylv. in folii A. nibri.

*2031. 11. R. pundatum, F. 15, (non Xyloma punctatum, Syn. Car. 267 — quod ad R. Vaccinii) rarius

in A. saccharini foliis Salem et IJethl.
"2032. 12. R AcEnis eriocarpai;, L. v. S., in juniorum arborum foliis Aceris eriocarpae in Horto
Bartramii, Pliiladelphia.
R. innatum, magnum, atronitens, orbiculato-lobatum, Iuteo-margin.atum, demum in plicis ramoso-un-
dulatis radiantibus dehiscens. Vis mera varietas R. acerini.'
2033. 13. R. AsTEHis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 271, p.asslm in foliis variorum Asterum Carolinae et Penn-
sylvaniae. Species quam distincta.
R. innatum e.xacte orbiculatum, margine latiusculo exalbescente, ambitu lobato, amphigenum, atrum
sed expers nitoris, teni\isculum, punctulatum: diametro bilineari, primum velo tcnuissimo cinereo
tectum demum evancscente. Deliiscens non mibi obvium. In planta ubi occurrit plerunique fre-
quenter infcstat folia.
'2034. 14. R. SoLiDAGiNis, L. v. S., vulgatissimum in foliis vigentibus Solidagiriis lanceolatae nee alibi
Bethl.
R. innatum, aterrimuni, absque ullo velo aut nitore, orbiculatum aut ovatum, margine luteo in folio; in
pagina superiori convexum, in inferior! concavum; diametro 1 — 6 linearum. Saepe plura confluunt
— sed apertum non vidi.
'2035. 15. R. BiFRONs, L. v. S., rarum in folio SoUdaginis sempervirentis, mibi ex New York commu-
nicatae a clarissimo D. Torrey.
R. innatum, amphigenum, orbiculatum, grcgarium aut subconfluens, convexum in ambabus paginis et
satis crassum, margine in folio exalbescente. Sursum indutum cortice aut velo crassiore fusco-
grisea exteriori, demum frustulis soluto, cortice interiori atra, intus carbonaceum. Diametro trili-
neari. Interdum perforatum invenltur, an casu ' — ceterum inapertum.
N. B. Tres species anteccdentes memorabiles inter se affines sunt.
•2036. 16. R. Sassafras, L. v. S., rarius in foliis Sassafras Carolinae, affinis R. decoloranti.
R. innatum, minus, epiphyllum, orbiculatum, 1 lineare, pagina inferiori, glauco-subvelatuin, aequabile;
in superiori nigro-nitens, flexuoso-plicatum, plicis demum rimose hiantibus.
•2037. 17. R. ViTis, L v. S., rarius in foliis putridis (nee in vigentibus observatum) Vitis aestivalis
Carolinae ac Pennsylv.
R. innatum, mlnutum (1 — 2 lineari diametro) orbiculatum — aut subquadratum, atrum; pagina superiori

Vol. IV.— 3 L

242 SYNOPSIS OF

demum dehiscens plicis flesuosis irreg'ularibus; pagina ini'erlori subcinerascens, aiitcum folio pmino-
suni; aequabile sed tamen punctulatum.
*2038. 18. R. Jdolandis, L. v. S., olim Nobis Sphaeria placentula, passim in follls eniortuis equidem
corruptissimis Juglandis tomentosae et albae, Betlil.
R. minutum punctiforme, quasi placentulam orbiculatam referens, applanatam, in aversa pagina folii;
nigram, plicis radiantibus flexuosis, demum dehiscentibus, Multis aggregatis plerumque sed non
inter se confluentibus.
*2039. 19. R. Magn-gliae, L. V. S., in foliis dejectis adhuc viridibus Magnoliae glaucae prope Phila-
delphia.
R. paginae superiori folii insidens, maculis subefRguratis, \ uncialibus nigro-fuscis, anibitu orbiculato
minus obscuro. Demum frustulatim dehiscens. Cortice tenulssimo. Folium in ambitu plerumque
exarido. Pagina aversa glaucescit fungus.
*2040. 20. R. Cacti, L. v. S., in foliis Cacti opuntiae passim: Salem. Plerumque corruptis.

R. innato-subtectum, demum erumpcns, atronitens, varium, difforme, satis elevatum, superficie irre-
gulariter flexuoso-plicata, plicis dehiscentibus, Pluribus aggregatis confluentibus.
*2041. 21. K. SEiiiALE, L. V. S., rarissime obvium, in vetusto Scopo ex ligno Hickory, Bethl.

R. seriatim confluens, lineolis atronitentibus ex numerosis aggregatis peritheciis, varie formatis et
flexuosis, rimis demum dehiscentibus. Peritheciis minutls.

2042. 22. R. coNriuENs, L. v. S., Syn Car. 260, F. 19, et Pennsylv. frequens in caulibus, praesertim
Eupatorii maculatae, &.c.

2043. 23. R. S.iiiLAcis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 259, P. 18, frequens etiam in Smilacibus Pennsylv. An
idem cum Dichaena smilacina?

*2044. 24. R. ELETATCM, L. V. S., affinis R. confluenti in caulibus anUrticae, Bethl.

R. minus, confluens, multo magis elevatum quam No. 22, atronitens, irregulariter demum ruptum.
Colore atro. Copia magna quasi aggregatum in macuLas indeterminatim effusis.

•2045. 25. R. SiLPHii, L. v. S., in caulibus Silpbii culti in Horto, Nazareth frequens.
R. innatum, efficiens maculas minores ellipticas iuit ovatas, utrinque acuminatas, etiam interdum orbi-
cularcs, atronitentes, confl.atas ex peritheciis efRguratim confluentibus, in ambitu simplicibus ; super-
ficie aequabili, primum striata, demum tuberculosa, hinc inde rimose dehiscente.

*2046. 26. R. ADoicTiNATUM, L. V. S , aut R maximum., F. 3. Species valde memorabilis, de qua diu
dubiosus fui, an hujus generis aut Phlehia. Semper in ramis Salicum indigenarum v. c. S. lacidae^
marghiatae et tulium in ripis crescentium, saepe plures connectens, et inter se conglutinans. .luxta
Lehigh demum omnibus statubus inventum magna copia — certus factus sum Rliytisina ante oculos
habere et non multum abest ut persuasum sim esse U. maximum Fries.
R. irregulariter effusum, nigrofuscum, induratum, rimosum, plicis transversis rugosis. Arctissime
ramis adhaerens, crassiusculam membranam, coriaceo-viscosam exhibens. Maj'ginibus siccitate
sohitis involutis, ceterimi innatum et a ligno non separabile. Intus albido.

Genus 69. Phacidium.

• Erumpentia.
*204". 1. P. ahieum, F. p. 573, n. 4, in ramis Alni, Bethl.
•2048. 2. P. lucerum, F. 12, in foliis Pini inopis, Philad.
•2049. 3. P. ahielinum, F. 13, in foliis Pini Strobi, Nazareth.
2050. 4. P. mu/Zu'u/w, F. 14, in foliis Ilicis op.acae. Salem. Erumpens, ovato-subrotundiim, dianjetro
1 linearl, simplex sparsum, atronitens, valde convexo-elevatum, in lacinias 4 — 5 niptuni, disco fus-
cescente.
•2051. 5. P. RiioDODEiTDni, L. t. S., in pagina superiori Rhod. maximi foliorum, Bethl.
P. in macula lata expansa albescente innatum, peritheciis nigrofuscescentibus, m.ajoribus, bilinearibus
aut ultra, sparsis, obtuso-oblongis, subflexuosis, demum in lacinias tres, irregulariter ruptis. Disco
fuscescenle subpulverulento.
•2052. 6. P. EXAsi'EiiAss, L. V. S., frequentissimum in ulraque pagina foUorum emortuorum Kalmiae
latifoUac, Bethl. et Salem.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI, 243

P. erumpens, demum libere folio insidens, minutum, sparsum, sed tamen tarn copiose ut folium tactu
exaspcrat, stibrotundiim, applanatum, truncatiim, aterrinium absque nitore, undique punctulato-aspe-
nim. Denuim in paucus lacinias ruptum: disco indistincto.
•2053. 7. P. coiiTicALF., L. V. S., affine P. alneo, sed muUo majus i unciale et ultra nee rliomboideum —
in ramis exsiccatis Khododendri, Bethl.
P. erumpens, atnim, rugosum, elliptico-ovatum marginatum, maximum, plano-depressum, epidermide
lacerato cinctum. Uemum irregulariter in lacinias fissum, stralo discoideo fuscescenti — in exsoletis
subfatiscente.
•2054. 8. P. cAULixcoLA, L. v. S., in variis caulibus majoribus v. c. Eupatorii, Bethl.

P. erumpens aut potius subinnatum, exacte orbiculare, depresso-planum, atronitens, sparsum, multis
tamen gregariis. Diametro semiUneari. Superficie primum plicata, demum in lacinias paucas de-
hiscente.
*205S. 9. P. CAPSOLAHE, L. V. S, frequens in Capsulis emortuis Verbasci Thaps. Uelhl.

P. primum innatum, hemisphaericum, punctiforme, fuscum, subpellucidum, minutissimum, demum
adnatum, atrum, orbiculare, depressum, corrugatum, in plures lacinias ruptum.
•2056. 10. P. GtANBicoLA, L. V. S., rarius obvium in glandibus quercinis, Bethl.

P. erumpens, atronitens, minutum, sparsum, ovato-obtusum, centrofere ut Hysteriumassurgens, sed in
plures lacinias dehiscens, disco dilute fuscescente, 5 lin. diametro.

•• 2^yloma.
205". 11. P. coronutum, F. 16, Syn. Car. 281, et in Pennsylv.
*20oS. 12. P. dcntatum, Y. 17, in foliis quercinis, Bethl.

"2059. 13. P. FRAXiNEDM, L. V. S., in foliis F. acuminatae rarum, sed copiose ag-gregatum Bethl.
P. innatum, m.ajus priori, absque macula in pag'ina aversa, greg'atim sparsum, subrotundum aut diffbrme,
atrum absque nitore, convexo-appUmatum; superficie plicato-rugosa, demum irregulariter fissain
lacinias. An ad P. fimbriatum? Sistens puncta nigra conspicua in epidermide cinerascente folii.
*2060. 14. P. Plataxi, L. v. S., frequens in aversa pagina folii Platani Occident. Bethl.

P. innatum, minutissimum, creberrime sparsum, atronitens, punctiforme, sed pro ratione valdeelevatum,
ovale aut difforme. Superficie primum notato plicis tribus elevatis, demum fissa in lacinias tres.
Disco pallido.
•2051. 15. P. auEnciNUM, L. v. S., in aversa pagina foliorum Querclnorum rarum, Bethl.

P. minutum, nudo oculo punctiforme nigrum aut fuligineum. Lente admota omnino difforme, varie
lobatum, subelevatum, applanatum, absque nitore, demum dehiscens laciniis irregularibus.

Genus 70. Hysterium.

• Denudata.
2062. 1. H. pulicare, F. p. 579, n. 1, Syn. Car. 237, vulgatissimum in corticibus et lignis Carolinae et
Pennsylv. Varietates insignes occurrunt.
a anguitalum non rarum.
ji lenticulure in Querco, Bethl.
y juglandls, Syn. Car. 242, frequens et Pennsylv.
i laeve vulgatum Pennsylv.

H. elongutuin, F. 3, rarius, Salem et Bethl.

H. graphicum, F. 4, in cortice Sassafras, Bethl.

H. TouTiLE, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 250, F. 5, etiam Bethl.

H. varium, F. 7, rarissime in Querco, Bethl.

H. Castaneae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 247, F. 8, passim praesertim in frustulis ligni caesi etiam

H. acuminatum, F. 9, ad ligna vetusta Sassafras, Bethl.
H. iuieare, F. 10, passim et Pennsylv. Syn. Car. 240.
H. uggregatum, F. 11, in denudatis lignis, Bethl.
I. H. elllpikum, F. 12, rarius ad cortices Sal. et Bethl.
11. H. vcLVATOM, L. V. S.,ex New York accepi lignis denudatis ramorum.

•2063.

2.

•2064.

3.

2055.

4.

•2066.

5.

2067.

6.

Bethl.

•206S.

7.

2069.

8.

•2070.

9.

•2071.

10

•2072.

11

244 SYNOPSIS OF

H. raajuscuhim, sparsum.ovato-ellipticum, atrum, suberumpens, vulvaeforme vix striatum. Labiis acu-
tis subinflexis ; disco lineat. Maximam affinitatem habet cum H. piilicari; at diffcrt mag-nitudine,
locatione, nempe rariter sparsum in ligno, circumcirca cinerascente.
'20~j. 12. H. Stringae, L. v. S., in truncis putrescentibus Syringae, Bethl.

H. primtim libro subimmersum, sparsum; demum denudatum aggregatum et .saepe crusta nigra cir-
cumdatum, ovato-ellipticum, acuminatum aut obtusum, aut varium, atrum, rugosum, apice subtrun-
catum. Labiis acutiusculis non striatis. Disco lineolata.
*20r4. 13. H. pnAELONcnji, L. v. S., passim in ligno carioso Carolinae ac Pennsylv.

H. longissimum, rectum aut paululum tantum flexuosum inter fissuras fibrarum, longitudinaliter et
paralleliter serlatum. Labiis inflexis modice dehiscentibus. Provenit jjregatim et appressim lineis
parallelis. Singulum perithecium angustum ad sex lineas longum.
*2075. 14. H. BETULir.NUM, L. V. S., frequcns in cortice antiquo frustulato Betulae, Salem et Betbl.
H. varie flexuosum et contortum, compresso-teres, nigrum. Peritheciis in subiculo quodam crustuoso-
floccoso, majusculis, situ mire variantibus. Labiis tumidiUis, obtusis, substriatis.
*2076. 15. H. cisERAScExj, L. v. S., rarius in putriilissimis ligiiis Juglandis cinereae, Bethl.

H. g^egarium, elong.ato-flexuosum, aterrimum, subnitens, quanqu.am superficie punctulata. Ligno
cinerascente circumdatum, hinc cinerascens. Peritheciis dense aggregatis elongatis, labiis tenuibus,
saepe frustulatim ruptis valde dehiscentibus.
'2077- 16. H. TERES, L. v. S.,rarissime in vetustis lignis Rhododendri, Carolina et Pennsylv.

H. cnistae quaedam aeruginoso-fuligineae insidens. Peritlieciis teretibus, longitudine lineam exceden-
tibus, elevatis, subflexuosis, utrinque abbreviatim acutis, nigris, glabris nee nitentibus. Labiis
subinflexis apertis.
*2078. 17. H. iNsiDEXs, L. v. S., rarius in lignis induratis soUimmodo Salem obvium.

H. insidens crustae longe effusae nigrae. Peritheciis hrevibus, sparsis, crassis, oblongo-ovatis, sub-
truncatis, plerumque versus basin in pseudostipitem contractis, utrinque obtusis, nigris. Labiis
hiantibus inflexis.
*2079. 18. II. rtigulosuin, L. v. S., in frustulis dejectis ligni salicini, Bethl.

H. peritheciis minoribus rotundis aut difTormibus, nigris, plerumque convcxis, extus valde rugulosis in
maculam aggregatis, aut sparsis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, rinia centrali, interdum abbreviata et
manitestim labiata.
•2080. 19. H. NucicoLA, L. v. S., in nucibus putrldissimis Juglandis amarae, Bethl.

H. crustae nigricanti insidens. Peritheciis ex ovato-hcmisphaericis valde convexis, rinia subimpressa,
acuta clausa, cetcrum glabris, ex fusco-nigris, acervatim sitis ex omni positione, transversa, parallela
et mixta. Crusta videtur orta ex ascis profluentibus.

•• Erumpenlia.

2081. 20. H. nuFEscExs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 252, F. n. 13, Vulg.atissimum in discis caesorum arborum,
et in cavitatibus udis succo repletis, praesertim Quercuum et Castanearum, interdum ad ulnarem
longitudinem elTusum, et Pennsylv.

2082. 21. H. datinum, (crispum) F. 10, Syn. Car. 253, et. Pennsylv.

2083. 22. H. FLEXUOSUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 249, F. 18, et. Pennsylv.
'2084. 23. H. Fraxini, F. 19, rarius in ramis fraxineis, Bethl.

•2085. 24. II. conigenum, F. 20, rarius in Conis Pinorum, ibid.

•2086. 25. H. RFMiNcoiA, L. v. S., affine H. Ledi, in rimis corticalibus virgultorum emortuorum Dier-
villae — valde distinctum, Bethl.
H. erumpens, in rimis situm, vix unquam omnino denudatum, angustum, lineare, confluens lineatim
longis seriebus. Peritheciis medio dilatatis, labiis tumicUdis apertis; aetate irregulariter ruptis, sub-
flexuosis, utrinque acuminatis, nigris, disco pallente. .luniiiribus peritheciis saepe sphaeriaeformibus.
•2087. 26. II. Moni, L. v. S., passim lignis cariosis Mori incrcscit Hetld.
H. erumpens, atrum, ovato-acuminatuni, convexum. Peritheciis aggregatis, labiis tenuibus. Disco
cinerascenti.
*2088. 27. II. Vaccinii, L. v. S., in ramis exsoletis Vaccinii frondosi, Bethl.

H. erumpens, magnum, elongatum, ov.atum, fusco-atrum, multo majus H. Ledi, cui affine. L.abiis
tenuibus, disco rufescente. Cortice cinctum erumpit.
"2089. 28. II. AzALEAE, L. v. S., etiam priori et H. rimincolae affine. In cortice Azaleae nudiflorae,
Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 245

H. primum epidermide fere tectum, inde intumescente, quucum assurg'it, rima apcrta, satis magnum,
seriatim ac paralleliter confluens, peritheciis 1 — 2 liiieas imo interdum semiunciam longitudine
aequantibus. Ex cortice tumido formantur pseudolabia obtcgentia vera tenuia aperta, subrufes-
centia nigra, discum latiusculum monstrantia, lore nunquam denudata, nisi fungo destructo. Epi-
dermide demum dejecta, peritheciorum rudera ex ipso ligno erumpeiitioi-um, flexuosorum, margine
tumido — in conspectum veniunt.

*2090. 29. H. Androjiedai:, L. v. S., passim in cortice juniorum ramorum emortuorum Andromedae
axillaris, Salem Carolinae.
H. erumpens, primum epidermide tectum, nigro-circumscriptum, epidermide cum pcrilliecio elevata,
subpellucente, demum nigra. Peritheciis nigris ovatis, subrotundis et orbiculatis, sparsis aut con-
fluentibus. Labiis liiantibus, disco nigro. Sohimmodo sub epidermide aut in ilia occurrit, nunquam
in ligno ipso. Interdum diftbrme.

*i!091. 30. H. Kalmiae, L. v. S., in lignis subcai'iosis Kalmiac erumpens ex fibris subsolutis ac ab his
tectum, Salem.

■ H. fibris immersum, demum longitudinaliter erumpens; Peritheciis longissimis, linearibus, rectis utrin-
que acuminatis, confluentibus, aterrimis. Labiis tenuibus, subturgidis, hiantibus, rima latiuscula.

•2092. 31. H. Rhois, L. v. S., rarius in ligno carioso Rhois typhinae, Bethl.

H. sparsum, breve, ovatum autsubrotundum, convexo-globosuni, nigrum, non nitens, glabrum. Labiis
distantibus, rima latiuscula aperta. Inter fibras lignl subimmersum, minutum, puncta nigra nudo
oculo tantum repraesentans.

*2U93. 32. H. Veebasci, L. v. S., frequens in exoletis caulibus V. Thapsi, Belhl.

H. regulare, erumpens, sparsum, nullimodo confluens aterrimum, abbrevi.ato-oblongum,utrinque acu-
minatum extus rugoso-punctatum. Labiis satis distantibus. Disco nigro.

*2094. 33. H. ABBHEViATiiM, L. V. S., in ligno antiquissimo Rhododendri, Bethl.

H. erumpens ex fibris subsolutis cinerascentibus, punctiforme et abbreviatum. Perithecio semilineari,
subacuminato glabro, arete clauso, valde elevato, nigrescente, spargcnte ascos frequentes.

*2095. 34. H. riBniTECTUM, L. v. S., in lignis antiquissimis salicinis, Bethl.

H. erumpens, gregarium, plagas unciales inter fibres semisolutos occupans. Peritheciis semilinearibus,
atris, late ovatis, utrinque abrupte acuminatis, plerumque apice applanatiusculis, lateribus convexis;
rima lata marginata, primum clausa.

••» Subtecta.
2096. 35. H. Smilacis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 241, F. 21, et. Pennsylv.
*2097. 36. H. Grisecji, L. v. S., vulgatissimum sub epidermide ramorum juniorum Smilacium frigore
enecatorum, Bethl.
H. primum omnino tectum epidermide, per quam subtranslucentem perspicitur et inde colorem griseum
induit, quanquam Perithecia matura nigro-nitent. Ceterum perithecia sunt ovata orbiculata aut
varia, minuta, multa aggregata, semper obtusa. Demum rima longitudinaliter dehiscente, disco
nigrofusco.
*2098. 37. H. Sambuci, F. n. 24, frequens in S.canadensi, Bethl.

2099. 38. H. Rubi, F. 25, Syn. Car. 246, et. Pennsylv. frequens.

2100. 39. H. Pinastri, F. 26, Syn. Car. 256, frequens et Pennsylv.

*2101. 40. H. coNFLUExs, L. v. S., in stipitibus Ruborum Bethl. non rarum; satis affine H. Rubi sed
forma et indole diversum.
H. subinnato-tectum, sp.arsum in macula expallente epidermidis. Peritheciis polymorphis, ovatis, sub-
rotundis, aut difformibus, saepe confluentibus, situ variantibus, nigris, majoribus minoribus inter-
mixtis, ultimis plerumque orbiculatis. Labiis medio assurgentibus, rima acutim apertis, utrinque
quasi sulcatis sub rima. Absque nitore.
2102. 41. H. LiBBiNcoLA, L. V. S., in exsoletis caulibus Asclepiadis syriacae, epidermide orbatis,
Bethl.
H. subtecto innatum ipso libro caidis, minutum sparsum, nigrum, subrugosum, j lineae longum con-
vexum oblongo-ovatum, utrinque obtusum. Demum rima satis hians. Merum punctum ofll"ertnudo
oculo, in fibris elevatiusculis situm aut potius illis innatum.

Vol. IV.— 3 M

246 SYNOPSIS OF

**** Xyloma.
•210j. 42. 11. commune, F. 33, in stipltibus, Bethl.
3104. 43. H. PLASTARUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 255, F. 34, etiam in Pennsylv. in exsoletis Montropis.
'2105. 44. H. tumidum, F. 40 /3 trigonum, in foliis Quercinis, Bethl.

*2106. 45. H.EXPALLEXS, L. V. S., affine H. communi — in stipitibus Syngenesiae plantarum majorum
(Astei-um, &c.), Bethl.
H. maculis pallide rufescentibvis aut exalbescentibus late eft'usis in caulibus, innatum. Peritheciis
sparsis, majoribus, atris ovatis, margine aut ambitu quasi Leptostromatoideo, centro elevato, rima
lineari centrali aperto. His majoribus intermixta minora fusca punctiformia.
•2107. 46. H. iyphinum, F. 36, frequens in Typha, Bethl.
*2108. 4r. II. gramineum, F. 39, in foliis graminuni ibid.
2109. 48. H. fuliicohim, F. 43, Syn. Car. Xyloma hysterioides, 283. Solummodo obvium infol. A.
axillaris, Salem.
*2110. 49. II. pundiforme, F, 45, in nervis follorum Quercinorum. Saepe in consortio sequentis,

Bethl.
*2111. 50. H. peiiolarc, F. 47, frequens in petiolis, Bethl.
♦2112. 51. H. Sainarae, F. 48, frequens in Samaris fraxineis, Bethl.
*2113. 52. H. OsMUNDAE, L. v. S., in stipitibus Osmundae spectabilis, Salem et Bethl.

H. minutum, lineare, elongatum, ati'um, interdum confluens, erumpens, elevatum, lablis valde hianti-
bus, utrinque acuminatum; refert lineolas nigras subpunctiformes.
•2114. 53. H. Ptebidis, L. v. S., rarissime in stipitibus Pteridis aquilinae, Bethl.

H. multo majus praecedenti, et ad priorem sectionem spectans; primum nigrofuscum, demum nigrum.
Peritheciis ovatis, acuminatis, applanatis, substriatis, sparsis, interdum hnearibus, sed saepe latius-
culis. Rima longitudinaliter aperta.
•2115. 54. H. PoLTGONATi, L. V. S., an Latrella? caules Polygonati latifolii, longe lateque occupans.
H. sparsiim aut confluens, eleganter nigro-punctans caules. Peritheciis atronitentibus, oblongo-ovatis,
obtusis. Uima centraU elevata: demum hiante.
2116. 55. H. RuoDODENDni, L. v. S., affinis H. tumido, in foliis Uhododendri Bethl. Vereor nisi idem
cum Phacidio Rhododendri '
H. in macula expallente effigurata orbiculata situm; majusculum, bilineare, sparsum saepe transver-
sim, valde elevatum, ovale, tumidulum, ex sordide viridi-nigrum. Interdum trifariam dehiscens,
labiis semper quasi undulatis.

Genus 71. Excipula.

•2117. 1. K. turgida, F.p. 190, n. 25, ad ramos rara, Bethl.
•2118. 2. E. Rubi, F. n. 96, frequens Bethl. in Rubis.
•2119. 3 E. Strohi, F. n. 28, in conis Pini Strobi, Bethl.
2120. 4. E. LiLioncM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Xyloma, 261, F. p. 597, et. Bethl.
•2121- 5. E. EPiDEHMiDis, L. V. S. rarior in epidermide sccedenti Spir-aeae opulifoliae, Bethl.

E. innato-erumpens, demum libera. Cupulis minutis sparsis, extus nigris, rugosis, margine sublace-
rato, orbiculato-subrotundo. Disco subapcrto, luteo-pallido. Minuta.
•2122. 6. E. RuMicixcoLi, L. v. S., in emortuis caulibus R. verticillati, Bethl.

E. epidermide plerumque tecta, imposita fibriUuhs radiantibus, oblonga, utrinque acuminata, nigra.
Centro ore elevato aperto rotundo aut orbiculato.
•2123. 7. E. jiAjuscuiA, L. v. S., in caulibus dejectis CoUinsoniae, aflinis priori, Bethl.

E. epidermide tecta, insidens fibriUuUs indistinctis repentlbus vix radiantibus, 2 lineas longa, nvato-
acuminata, confluens, nigra. In centro depressa, demum ore rotundo aperta.
•2124. 8. E. GLANDicoLA, L. v. S., rarior occurrit ad basin glandium putrescentium. Betid.
E. nuda, superficialiter adnata, orbiculata, aggregata et interdum confluens. Peritheciis singulis
applanatis in ambitu manifestim marginatis, atronitentibus plicatis. Ore centrali subelevato pezi-
zoideo-aperto rotundo.
•2125. 9. E. viTicoLA, L. v. S., rarior in foUis Vitis aestivalis, p.<>gina aversa, Bethl.
K. minutissima, punctiformis, sparsa, aten-ima, demum fere omnino aperta, disco candido.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 247

•3126. 10. E. uLMieoLA, L. v. S., i-arior in t'oliis dojcctis Ulmi fulvae, Bethl.

E. in pag-ina supeviorl efiicit maculas iiidctcrminatas late expansas, in ambitii subeffiguratas, cineras-
centcs, fusco-marginatus, marg-ine fusco lato. His copiose immersa sunt pcrithecia, excipuloidea,
punctiformia, nigra, centro depresso et quasi cinorascente. An Sphaeria Uepazea'
'2127. 11. E. NiTiDULA, L. V. S., in ligno Liriodendri tulipii'crac aetate cinerascenti dcnud.ato, Uetlil.
E. sparsa, minuta, superficialis. Cupulls aut peritlieciis subglobosis, nigris, glabriusculis, extus nitidu-
lis. Disco concavo exalbido non turgido.

Ordo III. CYTISPOREI.

Genus 72. Zythia. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. 118.

2128. 1. Z. suiu/o/ff, F. (Sphaeronema 1), Syn. Car. Sphaeria, 232, in fungis agaricoideis et Bethl.
passim.
•2129. 2. Z. rufa, F. (Sphaeronema 2), elegantissima in ligno Lauri aestivalis emortuo dm-o, liethl.
*2130. 3. Z. cojiPKEsSA, L. v. S., in Polyporo frondoso rara sed optime distincta a Z. subulata cui
affinis, liethl.
Z. sparsa et gregaria. Peritheciis parabolice-conicis subcompressis, spadiceis, subdiaphanis. Globulo
sperniatico candido, demum peniclUatim tecto ascis evolutis. Magnitudine Z. subulatae.

Genus 73. Sphaeronema.

•2131. 1. S. aciculare, F. n. 3, Salem et Bethl. rarum.

2132. 2. S. acrospermum, F. 4, Syn. Car. 228, nondum in Pennsylv.
•2133. 3. S. ventricosum, F. 5, in cortice Castaneo liethl. et Salem.
•213-1. 4. S. cladoniscus , F. 6, in Rhododendro, Bethl.
•2135. 5. S. affine, F. 7 b, vix mera varietas proximi, Bethl.

2136. 6. S. cylindricum, F. 7 a, Syn. Car. 229, in ramulis et Bethl.

•2137. 7. S. paruboliciim, F. 8, in libro corticis Castan. Bethl.

2138. 8. S. conicum, F. 9, Syn. Car. 231, nondum Pennsylv.

•2139. 9. S. pyriforme, F. 10, sub cortice Pyri, Bethl. in libro.

2140. 10. S. hemisphaerkum, F. 13, Syn. Car. 230, et. Bethl.

•2141. 11. S. RaoBODEXDiii, L. v. S., in ligno deorbato Rhododendri, Bethl.

S. peritheciis sparsis, coinplanatls, subinnatis, ovatis striatis, nigris. Globulo albo deciduo, turn quasi
perforata apparent perithccia, ceterum minuta.
•2142. 12. S. Catalpae, L. v. S., in aversa pagina decedentis Corticis Catalpae ex libro pullulans,
Bethl.
S. peritheciis subcylindricis, gracilibus, basi bulboso-incrassato, nigris. Globulo spermatico deciduo
albo, relinquente foveolum excavatum album in ore perithecii.
*2143. 13. S. CAutiNcoiA, L. v. S.

S. peritheciis aggregatis, subdiffbrmibus aut Sphaeriaemorphis, nigris, rugosis, subcompressis — corona-
tis globulo nigro. Intus albofarctis. Prorumpens ex cauUbus vetustis ignotis, Bethl.

Genus 74. Cytispora.

2144. 1. C chrysosperma, F. p. 542, n. 4, Syn. Car. 291, Naemasp. frequens in Betulis variis, .Salem
et Bethl.
•2145. 2. C. carphosperma, F. 6, ad corticem Mali, Bethl.
•2146. 3. C. xanthosperma, F. 5, in ramis salicinis, Betlil.
•2147. 4. C.fugax, F. 9, in salicinis ramis, ibid.

248 SYNOPSIS OF

'2148. 5. C. hyalosperma, F. 15, ramis Carolinae passim.
*2149. 6. C. carhonacea, F. 10, in ramis ulmeis, Uethl.
•2150. 7. C. mdasperma, F. 12, Salem et Bethl. in Betula.
•2151. 8. C. betuiina, F. 13, etiam Salem et liethl.
•2152. 9. C. guttifera, F. 16, ramulis ig-notis, Bethl.
"2153. 10. C. glohlfera, F. 17, elegans in Spiraeae opulifol. ibid.
*2154. 11. C. rkuina, F. 18, frequens in emortuis ramis variorum Rhoidum, Bethl.
•2155. l:. C. Rosae, Greville Scot. Crypt, frequens in ramis Rosae corymbosae, Hope, New Jersey.
•2156. 13. C. Persicae, L. v. S., frequentissima in junioribus ramuUs Persicarum Salem et Bethl.
C. tuberculo tecto, demum prorumpente, orbiculari, minuto, sparse, nigro. Ore albescente, cirrhulo

deciduo, albido. Intus celluloso-grumosa albescens.
'2157. 14. C. RoBiNiAK, L. V. S., vix C. coccinea F., nam cirrhulus omnino aliter coloratus. Non

rara in ramulis Robiniae.
C. tuberculis majusculis, fusco-badiis, quadrato-elevatis ex epidermide prorumpentibus stellatim fisso;

multis ag-gregatis cingentibus ramulos, apice subostiolato irrcgulariter depresso. Intus nigrescit.

Cirrhis pallidis.
•2158. 15. C. Ceanotiii, L. v. S., frequens in virgultis emortuis Ceanothi, Bethl.

C. conceptaculo nullo. Cellulis fuligineis circinantibus in massa corticali, formante tuberculum

ovatum, subelevatum sub epidermide. Disco in centre inaequabili, cirrho sordide albo deciduo.

Gelatina in cellulis cornea indurata. Minutissima, vix semilineari diametro sed frequentissime pro-

rumpens ex corticis rimis.
•2159. 16. C. DiFFOKMis, L. V. S., in maximis ramis querclnis ad ignem destinatis, Bethl.

C. magna; cellulis in conceptaculo indistincto incusis, tarn irregular! et saepe obliterato ut cellulae

lute.ae gyrosae, materie nigra indurata repletae, quasi in corticali substantia nidulare videntur,

tamen nigro-circumscriptae. Ostlolis confusis crassis, emittentibus cirrhos rudes, majores incarnato

rubescentes, demum corneos, demum omnino tectos pulvere albo-filamentoso. Prorumpit ex rimis

corticis et facile maxima species generis.
*2160. 17. C. auEHCiNA, L. v. S., afBnis C. chrysospermae in lignis ad ignem pr.ieparatis, Bethl.
C. cellulis in conceptaculo incusis conico-irregulari nee tam efformato quam in C. chrysosperma. Osti-

oUs pluribus difformibus crassis. Cirrhis lutescentibus mediocris ex ostioUs.
•2161. 18. C. RuBi, L. V. S., in junioribus ramis R. Idaei hortorum frigore enecati, Bethl.

C. tuberculis in macula aggregatis longe lateque effusa lactea, immersis, nigris, regulariter ovatis,

applanatis, subcellulosis, intus albidis, elevatis in collum centrale, ex quo protruduntur cirrhi

crassi difformes, decumbentes ex albo-lutescentes. Fila Dothidinea interdum tuberculum cingunt —

an aliena'

Genus 75. Ceuthospora.

•2162. 1. C.phaeocomes., Sphaeria capillata Greville nee Neesii — F. Syst. Veg. p. 120, Sphaeria p.
II. 448.
Species distinctissima in culmis secalinis, Bethl.

Genus 76. Phoma.

"2163. 1. l'.saHcina,F.546,n.l. Rai-a Easton in Salicinis fol.

•2164. 2. V.popuU, F. n. 2; frequens in foliis P. moniliformi dejectis, Bethl.

2165. 3. P. puslula, F. n. 4, Syn. Car. Spliaeria, 224, et passim in foliis Juglandinis, Bethl.
•2166. 4. P. Caltcantiii, L. v. S., frequens in foliis jam semi-emortuis Calycanthi.

P. raultilocularis — subrotunda, plana, confluens, fusca, epidermidi innata, tecta Ostiolis indistinctis
sparsis. Rarissime aperta. Satis magna, bilinearis. Folia maculat.
•2167. 5. P. TiJupirEHAE, L. v. S., rarius occurrit in foliis Liriodendri pagina inferiori — sed ubi adest,
copiosa, Bctlil.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 249

P. pustula applanata, pliu-ibus confluentlbus, nigro-fuscis majusculis, satis elevatis. Ostiolis indistincte
formatis. Intus priori affinis.
*2168. 6. P. AxDnoMZDAz, L. v. S., rarius in follis dcjectis A. axillaris, Salem. Paginam avcrsam
infestat.
P. subtecta, entophylla, epidermlde circunicii'ca cinerascente formatur macula indeterminatim ellusa,
ill qua peritbecia irregulariter sparsa aut aggreg'ata sunt, difTomiia, nigra, ovatoapplanata, multi-
looularia. Epidermide demum rupta, ora pcritheciorum irregularia prominent. Magnitudinc pcri-
tlicciorum variante vix unquam lineam et dimidiam excedit.
'2169. 7. P. pnuNicoLA, L. v. S., passim sed r.ariur in foliis Pruni virginianae aut scrotlnao dcjectis,
Bethl.
P. entophylla; epidermide cinerascente formante maculas latas irregvdariter cffusas in folio. Hemum
rupta, peritbecia in conspectum veniunt ovata, rotunda aut quadratodifibrmia, nigro-fusca, ore
rotundo primvmi pertusa, demum latlus aperta, et forma oris irrcgulari — stromate interno manifesto
grumoso-fuscescente.
*2170. 8. P. CUL3IIC0LA, L. V. S., exlmia species, in culmis Andropogi scoparii, Bethl.

P. sparsa, eleganter erumpens, globosa, aut elliptico-elevata fere semilineamalta, extus atra, rugosa,
conve.xa. Ore m.ajusculo, albocincto, aperto; disco pallide flavo excavate; massa interna grumosa.
Juniori aetate epidermide tecta.

Ordo IV. XYLOMACEI.

Genus 77. Schizoxylon.

*2irl. 1. S. Fersoonii, F. Syst. Veg. p. 121, in ligno Rhododendi-i denudato, liethl.
*2172. 2. S. TCBERCULATUM, L. V. S., in palis ex llgno Roblniae fiictis non rarum Bethl.

S. sparsum, in tuberculis ligneis v.alde elevatis, circumcirca cinerascentibus. Ferithecils tuberculis

immersis aterrimis, disco rimali demum rotundo aperto. Sporidiis aut ascis majusculis profluentibus.

Peritbecia ex tuberculis excussa, linqucntc fovcola inaniain tuberculo.

Genus 78. Prosthe.mium.

•2173. 1. p. hctulignum, Syst. Veg. p. 121, Myc. Hefte I. Kunzei p. 17- Passim obvlum in ramis
betulinis, Bethl.

Genus 79. Labrella. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. 121, et Suppl.

'2174. 1. L. scripla, F. Leptostrome, 1, p. 59S, in Aceris negund. ramis Nazareth hurt.
•2175. 2. L. siTiDA, L. V. S., rara in caulibus Polygonati, Bethl.

L. maculatim aggregata ; perlthecils atronilentibus superficlallbus, ovatis, regidarlbus, e plario-con-
vexis, rima centrall dehiscentlbus, nee clausis et sterillbus ut solent Leptosti'omata.

Genus SO. Actinothyeium. • '

*2176. 1. A. graminis, F. S. JI. 597, ad culmos Caricls, Bethl.

'2177. 2. A. Magsoliae, L. v. S., in aversa paglna foliorum Magnollae glaucae, Phllad.

A. plerumque peritheciis concentrice sitis, Uimen sparsis punctlformlbus e fusco-nigris, niduUintibus in

foveoHs nervorum in paglna aversa, applanato-convexidls, orblculato-scutiformibus. Priori satis

affine, sed in ambitu fere integrum nee tarn radiato-fibrosum.
•2178. 3- A. cACLiKcoLA, L. V. S., passim occurrit in caulibus, praesertim Eupatoril, Betlil.

Vol. IV.— 3 N

250 SYNOPSIS OF

A. orbiculatum, satis elevatum, nigro-fuscum, subumbonatum, epldermide tectum, marg'ine radiantl
fibrilluloso. Perithecus sparsis sed numerosis, imilto majoribus ceteris speciebus.

Genus 81. Leptostroma.

•2179. 1. L. caricinum, F. 599, n. 3, in foUis Cariciiin, Betlil.
*21S0. 2. L. fiUdnum, F. 5, in stipitibus Filicum, Bethl.
*2181. 3. L. vulgure, F. n. 7, in caulibus Amliae, Itubi, 8cc., ibid.
2182. 4. L. AcTAEAE, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Xylom. 264, vulg-atissima in caulibus Cimieifugae ramosae (olim
Actaea). Differta L. vulgari, quia semper umbonatum et saepissime stellatim confluens. Atronitet.
•2183. 5. L. hyatcrioides, F. 8, in junioribus stipitibus Bignoniae radicantis frigore enecatis, Betlil.

2184. 6. L. sphaerioides, F. n. 8, Syn. Car. Xyl. niiens, 262, etiam Bethl. in Vitis stipitibus.

2185. 7. L. scANDENTiuM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. Xyloma, 263. Vulgaris et distincta praesertim in sar-
mentis Glycineos monoicae, &c. etiam Galli aparinis et Bethl.

*2186. 8. L. DoNAcis, L. v. S., in culmis viridibus et subviridibus Salem cultis Arundinis Donacis.
L. orbicidatum, 1 — 2 lin. diametro, scutiforme ambitu quasi lobatum, olivaceo-nigrum, applanato-ele-
vatum, centre subumbonatnm. Annon Actinothyrium '
*2187'. 9. L. rnucTiGF.NA, L. v. S., in ipsa glaberrima epldermide Pomorum, m.aturorum, praesertim
vulg-o dictorum Vandeever, Bethl.
L. superticie glabra, punctiforme, peritheciis plerumque concentrice aggregatis, centro depresso —
supei-ficie subrugulosa — ceterum nigris.
*2188. 10. L. RHuiNUM, L. V. S., in petioUs R. glabrae, Bethl.

L. puncta minima, undique sparsa, atra, non nitentia per lentem ovata, subrotunda offcrt. Primum
tectum demum denudatum, centro coUapsulo, costa rimaeformis subelevata centraU. Majora
elliptico-acuminata perithecia minoribus mixta.
*2189. 11. L. Hi-pehici, L. v. S., frequens in caulibus Hyperici perforati, Bethl.

L. minutum, primum tenerrima epldermide tectum: erumpens, demum, ac denudatum, rotundum aut
elliptice acuminatum, e fusco-nigi-um, absque nitore valde elevatum — subsclerotioideum. Interdum
lineare et ramosim confluens.
*2190. 12. L. AspiDionuM, L. v. S., forma et indole diff'ert ab afiini L. filicino — non rarum in stipitibus
variorum Aspidiorum, Bethl.
L. minutum, subrotundum, confluens, e fusco-nigrum nitens, parum elevatum impressum, rarissime
tractu linear!, sed plerumque effiguratim confluens. Interdum simplex et punctiforme.
*2191. 13. L. CEREALE, L. V. S., frequens in culmis adliuc stantibus post messem, Bethl.
L. primum sub epldermide tectum, qua dejecta, nudum at innatuin evadit, nigro-nitens, ellipticum, sub-
elev.atum utrinque acuminatum, centro late depresso. Massa quadam alba implet inleriorem partem.
An sit Sclerotium' Circum perithecia, epidermis tingitur nigro-fusca, efficiens maculas trilineares.
*2192. 14. L. MABGisATUM, L. V. S., in culmis cr.assioribus Graminum r.arius, Bethl.

L. superficiale, oblongo-ovatum, sed longitudinuliter mire modo qu.^si effiguratum confluens — interdum
maculam efticiens scmiuncialem, utrinque rotundatam, atram sed non nitentem. Margine manifes-
tini elevato cinctum est perithecium, superticie applanatamiiiutim tuberculosa. Subdetergibile — et
ideo non innatum.
*2193. 15. L. I'icEOM, L. v. S., rarum sed distinctlssimum, in dejectis stipitibus ignotis, Bethl.

L. crusta quasi nigro-picea, tenuiores caules undique circumdans, subcontinua, subindeterminatum
ambitu. Huic insident perithecia ovata, oblonga, et diftbrmiter lobata, margine subelev.ato, super-
ficie concaviuscula, et rariter in crusta sparsa. Rarius observantur perithecia conformia extra flnes
crustae.
"2194. 16. L. ZizANiAE, L. v. S., in defossis radicibus Zizaniac — prope Plulad.

L. magnum, piccum, nitens, bullatim eflusuni.
*2195. 17. L. iNusijAToncM, L. v. S., in culmo caricino magno Philadelphiae in Delaware.

L. effiguratim effusum, atrum, confluens, innatum, applan.atum, conflatum ex multis parvis peritheciis.
•2196. 18. L. AcEiiiNCM, L. v. S., in junioribus ramis Aceris Pcnnsylvanicae, Mauch Chunk.
L. subrotundum, grcgarium, immerso-innatum, ex olivaceo-nigrum, margine atriori ; applanatam,
rimoBum. Aftlne h.fructigenac, et L. Donacis.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 251

Genus 82. Sacidium. Syst. Veget. F. p. 122.

•2197. 1. S. Chenopodii, F. Syst. et Kunz. Myc. Hefte II. p. 64.

•2198. 2. S. VEGETASS, L. V. S., in junioribus virg-altis .Staphyleae, frigore tactis sed iioii omiiiiio cne-
catis, Bethl.
S. peritheciis orbiculatis et difformibus superiicuilibas nig'ris, aggregatis sed iion confluentihiis in
maculas: centra subelevato, pscudostiolato. Superficie scutiformi i-ugosa.
•2199. 3. S. BioNONiAE, L. v. S., in ramulis junioribus B. radicantis, frigore cnecatis, Bctbl.

S. subepidermide tectum, punctiformc, minutissimum atrum — ostiolo prnrumpente subelevato. Excuss-
um, llnquet foveola pallida cava in epidermide.

252 SYNOPSIS OF

Classis Tertia. GASTEROMYCETES.

Ohdo I. ANGIOGASTRES.

Tribus 1. Phalloiuei.

Genus S3. Phallus.

2200. 1. P. impua'kus, F. II. p. 280, Syn. Car. 535, in Pcnnsylv. non nisi Erie County, prope Lake
Erie obvius mihi,

2201. 2. P. indusiaius, F. 282, n. 1, Syn. Car. 536, non rarus Pennsylv.
*2203. 3. P. dupUcatus, F. n. 3, rarus, Betlil.

•2204. 4. P. rubicundus, F. n. 6, Salem rarissime et New York.

Genus 84. Clathrijs.

2205. 1. C. columnatus, F. p. 288. In Georgia invenit clarissimus Leconte ac mihi Iconem misit.

2206. 2. C. cancdlatua, F. p. 288, ibidem inventus ab eodern ac Icone mihi transmissus.

Nota. — Mimm est nee in Carolina septentrionali nee in Pennsylvania unquam Clathrum me invenisse
t.im diligenter quaesilum. Videntur Soli magis torrenti solummodo g-audere. Interea observandum est
me semel invenisse exuvias Fungi, non eruendl ob statum exsoletum, quae speciem ex hoc Tribu at non
Phallum manifestim indicaverunt in regione Nazarethana, Pennsylv.

Tribus 2. Tuberacei.

Genus 85. Tuber.

'2207. 1. T. ciharium, F. II. p. 289, 1. Muhlb. C.at.ilog. nunqUiini ipse inveni — sed eertior factus
sum ante sc.xaginta annos in vicinitatc Nazarethorum ab antiquo venatore gcrmano, caneque suo ad
hoc olim educate, non rariter inventum esse.

Genus 86. Riiizopogon.

2208. 1. R. albua, F. p. 293, n. 1, Syn. Car. 323, nee Pennsylv.

2209. 2. K. virens, F. n. 3, Syn. Car. 324, et. Pennsj-lv.

•2210. 3. R. ocs/iVus, F. p. 294, n. J. In monte Pocono, Pennsylv.

Tribus 3. Niuulariacei.

Genus 87. Nidui.aria.

• Cyuth lis.
2211. 1. N. slriahi, F p. 298, S>n. C.ir. 531, frequens Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 253

2212. 2. N. campanulata, F. n. 2, Syn.Car. 532, et. Bethl.

2213. 3. N. Crucihulum, F. n. 4, Syn. Car. 533, frcquens ct Pcnnsylv.
*2214. 4. N. smtellaris, F. n. 5, rarior ad ligna Beth!.

•2215. 5. N. sTERcoRZA, L. V. S., passim Ilieme in stercore vaccino insupei- rapes dejccto inventa,

Hope, New .lerscy.
N. obconica, subsparsa, extus strisfoso-hirsuta, canescens demum demidata bmnnea, marg-ine fimbriato.

Intiis glabra nee plicato-slriata, spadicco-castanea subnitens, in fundo nigricans. Sporangiis atris,

glabris, majusculis. Dimidio minor N. striatae cui aflinis.
•2216. 6. N. MELANospERMA, L. V. S., in pulvere vaporario ad vias emendendas adhibito, Bctld. primo

rere.
N. caespitibus densis aggregata, magnitudine N. striatae, obconica, limbo patenti, extus valde strigosa,

pallida; margine integro. Intus glaberrima, atro-fusca, nitens. Sporangiis maximis, aterrimis, dif-

formiter Icnticularibus, glaberrlmis, nitidis. Epiphragmate pallido tcnuiusculo.
*2217. 7- N. nrGispEB.iiA, L. v. S., in quisquiliis dejectis rarior, Bethl.
N. caespitosa aiit sparsa, obconico-campanulata limbo vix patente; epiphragmate crasso, piano, albido,

floccoso-strigoso. Extus strigosa, pallida aut ochracea. Intus cinereo-splcndens, nullimodo pli-

cato-striata, sed glabra. Sporangiis magnis atris, Icnticularibus, non nitentibus, sed superficie

reticulato-rugosa. Ceterum magnitudine prioris.
*2218. 8. N. FAScicnLAnis, L. v. S., ad radices emortuos maximi fruticis Artemisiae Abslnthii in Horto,

Bethl.
N. fasciculatim crescens in superficie corticis radicalis e basi quadam tomentoso-strigosa, eftusa.

Cupulis maxime obovatis, limbo repando, subundulato, reflexo; extus badio-strigosis, basi valde con-

tracta, et quasi paralleliter annulatim zonatis; intus glaberrimis nitore argentco ac fuligineo-zonatis.

Sporangiis majusculis argenteo-plumbeis. Juniore aetate cupulae sunt exacte obconicae, interdum

numerosae in caespite. Epiplu-agmate strigoso concolore; antequam rumpitur globoso-convexo

aut cacumine subacuto.
•2219. 9. N. jUGLANDicoLA, L. V. S., magna copia prorumpens ex rimis corticis duri Juglandinum,

serie longitudinaliter protracta. Affinis et. N. Crucibulo. Bethl. rarior.
N. turblnato-campanul.ata, arhiza, basi contracta, limbo repando, saepe confluens. Extus ferru-

gineo-lutescens, subtomentosa, tomento basilari tenui in cortice effuso. Intus glabra, candidissima.

Sporangiis crebris, candidissimis. Epiphragmate impresso, firmo, ferrugineo. In majoribus speci-

minibus cupulae dense fasciculatae.

*• Nidulariat.

2220. 10. N. ptTLTiNATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 534, F. n. 8, solummodo Salem Carolinae.

Genus 88. Arachnion, L. v. S., F. II. p. 303.

2221. 1. A. ALBUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 334, p. 33, nondum in Pennsylv. invcntum.

Genus 89. Myriococcum.
"2222. 1. M. praecox, F. p. 304, rarius Bethl. in tnmcis vetustissimis.

Genus 90. Poltaj?gium.
"2223. 1. P. vitcllinum, F. p. 305. Frequens in pulvere vaporario, Bethl. vere.

Vol. IV.— 3 O

254 SYNOPSIS OF

Tribus 4. Carpoboli.

Genus 91. Atractobolus.

•2224. 1. A, ubiquitarius, F. p. 305, in variis foliis udis — nee tamen valde frequens, Bethl.
•2225. 2. A. LUTEscExs, L. v. S., in dejectis foliis betulinis rarius, Bethl.
A. cupulis sessilibus, aureo-Iutescentibus, iiitentibus, minutissimis, copiosim sparsis, Umbo tumido;
operculo applanato-convexo, umbonato, subcostato, glabro, concolore.

Genus 92. Thelebolus.

2226. 1. T. stercoreus, F. p. 307, n. 2, Syn. Car. 303, nondum in Pennsylv. inveni.

Genus 93. Pilobolus.

2227. 1. P. crystallinus, F. p. 308, n. 1, Syn. Car. 304, et valde frequens autumno in stercore, Bethl.

2228. 2. P. ronrfijs, F. n. 2, Syn. Car. 305. Rarissime obvius solummodo in Carolina, stercore equino.

Genus 94. Sphaerobolus.

2229. 1. S. stellatus, F. p. 309, Syn. Car. 302, et. Pennsylv. freq.

•2230. 2. S. iuhulosus, F. p. 310, n. 2, passim in Pennsylv. in ramis et ramuUs comiptissimis variorum

arborum. Fungus distinctissimus.
*2231. 3. S. CRUSTACEUS, L. v. S., satis frequens similibus locis, Bethl.

S. crustae candidae, sublichenosae, pulverulentae in ramulis subeffiguratim expansae immersae sunt

cupulae globosae majusculae, cum cortice et crusta elevatae, ore contracto aperto, margine albo-

pulverulento non stellato, intus post sporangii ejectionem, flavae, glabrae. Sporangio atro primum

cylindrico, apice rotund.ato aut applanato depresso, exsiccato corneo. Multo major S. stellate, nam

diametrum bJlinearem attigit.
•2232. 4. S. sPAnsus, L. v. S., in dejectis stipitibus, v. c. Hydrangeae, Stictidem referens, Bethl.

S. sparsus, absque crusta, epidermide subtectus et eacum conico-elcv.atus. Cupulis plano-concavis,

intus palhdis, immersis. Ore rotundo, margine nigro, albo-pulverulento latiusculo. Sporangiis

nigris, apice ad instar Pezizulae aut Patellai-iae depresso — demum ejectis. Diameter cupulae semi-

linearis.
"2233. 5. S. MistjTissiMcs, L. v. S., in fibris subsolutis Corticis dejecti Castaneorum interioris cum

aliis minutissimis fungis, Bethl. rarissime.
S. cupulis fere omiiino liberis, minutissimis (nudo oculo fere invisibilibus) exacte Pezizam dasyscy-

pham referentibus; extus nempe cinereo-albis; villoso-strigosis, subcylindrico turbinatis, demum

emittentibus sporangium globosum, subdiaphanum, cinerascens, cupulam magnitudine aequans.

Primum omnino clausum, sed sporangiolo dejecto, supersunt quasi Pezizulae strigoso-pulverulentae,

margine irregulariter fisso nee stellato.
•2234. 6. S. Conn, L. v. S., invetusto corio dejecto et in linteisaffixis occurrit rarius — affinisS. stellato,

sed minor, Bethl.
S. gregarius, ime immersus corio, tandem post ejectum sporangium fere omnino emergens: primum

villo albido velatus. Demum peridio externo in Lacinias 3 — 4 fegulares fisso, revoluto stellatim,

candido pvdvcrulentus. Tum exacte refert Stictidem radiatam. Sporangio applanato, corrugate,

pallido. Peridio externo persistit.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 255

OuDo II. TRICHOSPERMI.
Tribus 1. Sclerodermei.

Genus 95. Elaphomtces. Syst. Fries. Veget. p. 154.

"JSSS- 1. E. cervinum, (L\'coperdon olim) rarlssLme obvium factum liis regionibus Pennsylvaniae,
Spr. 520.

Genus 96. Uperrhiza. Bosc. S. F. V. p. 155.

*2236. 2. U. £osa7, Nees. Syst. p. 159. Etiam rarissime a me in monte Pocono inventa, Sprengl.
p. 416.

Genus 97. Scleroderma.

2237. 1. S. citrinum, Sprengel, Syst. II. p. 519, Syn. Car. 346, et Mauch Chunk frequens.

223S. 2. S. spadiceum, Pers. Synopsis, satis distinctum a priori, Syn. Car. 347, et Pennsylvania.

"2239. 3. S. verrucosum, Sprengel, p. 520, n. 7, in monte Pocono.

2240. 4. S. Cepa, Sprengel, 520, n. 8, Syn. Car. 348, non rarum et. in Betlil.

2241. 5. S. polyrhizon, Spr. n. 9, Syn. Car. 349, et Pennsylv.

2242. 6. S. txcopEBDioiDES, L. V. S., Syn Car. 350, Sprengel, n. 5, nondum in Pennsylv. observavi.

Genus 9S. Mitremyces.

2243- 1. M. lUTEscENs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 345, Sprengel, p. 518, rariusoccurrit in Pennsylvania quam
in Carolina, tamen passim.
*2244. 2. M. cmnaian'nwm, Cilostoma, DevauxetBrongniart, Betlil. et New York. Satis affine Mitre-
myci — sed peridium externum, corneum, coccineo-cinnabarinum, primum omnino clausum, demum
declduum et revolutim fissum in laclnias. Stipite prioris.

Tribus 2. Lycoperdinei.

Genus 99. Actinodermitjm. Nees. et S. Veg. F. p. 137.

*2245. 1. A. Sterrebeckii, Spr. 518, n. 10. Fungus apud nos maximus BetlUehemiis. Plerumque
caespitosim crescit, 3 — 4 individuis radicibus connexis; interdum singulorum Pteridium latitudinem
plusquam semipedalem attinglt. NulUmodo ad Geastra pertinet et distinctissimus est. Etiam nobis
obvium sed rarissime in Carolina. Pennsylvania non rarum.

Genus 100. Geastrum.

* Stipiiata.
2246. 1. G. pectinatum, Spr. p. 518, n. 3, Syn. Car. 325.

2247.

2.

2248.

J.

2249.

4.

2250.

5.

2251.

6.

256 SYNOPSIS OF

G. quadrijidum, Spr. n. 4, Syn. Car. 326, non Pennsylv.

G. MiitiMUBT, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 327, Sprengel, n. 5, etiam non rarum in Pennsylv.

* * Scssiliu.
G. rvfescens, Spr. 6, Syn. Car. 328, nondum Pennsylv.
G. hygrometrlcum, Spr. 8, Syn. Car. 329, valde vulgare etiam Pennsylv.
G. FiBRiLiosuM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 330, Spreng. n. 9, etiam in Pennsylvania et plerumque
ad truncos vetustos in terra ex cortice corrupto orta. Interdum eleganter areolatum a fibrillulis.

Genus 101. Bovista.

2252. 1. B. gigantea, Spr. p. 523, n. 1, Syn. Car. 336, Lycoperd. etrarius in Pennsylv.

2253. 2. B. CANDIDA, L.v. S., Syn. Car. 333. Nullimodo ad priorem pertinet ut vult Sprengel, p. 524.

2254. 3. B. nigrcsccns, Spr. n. 2, Syn. Car. 331, et Pennsylv.

2255. 4. B. plumbea, Spr. n. 3, Syn. Car. 332, et Bethl.

*2256. 5. B. cnANiiFonMis, L. v. S., rarior, sed ubl adest copia magna, in Pomariis. Pungus inter
maximos et distinctissimos, Bethl.
B. stipitata; stipite obconico crasso, trlunciali diametro, brevi, vix radiculoso aut saltern parum, expanse
in capitulum pcridiosum applanato-turbinatum l.atitudinem pedalem attingens, superne subdepress-
um, plicato-undulatum exacte referens cranium hum.anum. Statu immature celore gaudet expallido-
subcarneo. Peridie externo membranaceo, furfure minute tecto, decidue, plagis magnis irregula-
rlbus. Interne membranacee glabro. In stipite plicae rariores observantur. Peridie interne
replete fleccis densissimis adhaerentibus, Sporidiis pedicellatis floccis infixis copiosis, cum floccis
lutescenti-ochraceis demum griseis. Gregatim crescit.

Genus 102. Lycoperdon.

2257. 1. L. jmiknse, Spr. p. 523, n. 4, Syn. Car. 338, et. Pennsylv.

2258. 2. L. umhrinum, Sp. n. 5, Syn. Car. 342, et. Pennsylv.
*2259. 3. L. echinatum, Spr. n. 6, Bethl. passim.

2260. 4. L,. pyriformc, Spr. n. 8, Syn. Car. 344, frequens, Bethl.

2261. 5. L. excipuliforme, Sp. 10, Syn. Car. 339, et Bethl.

2262. 6. L. fjuercinum, (Spr. moUe) n. 12, Syn. Car. 313, et Bethl.

2263. 7. L. maximum, Spr. n. 2, perperam L. perlatum, Syn. Car. 340, etiam Pennsylv.

2264. 8. L. areolatum, Sp. n. 3, olim L. candidura, Syn. Car. 341, frequens etiam Pennsylv.

2265. 9. L. utriforme, Persoen. Synops. Satis distinctum rarius Bethl.

Genus 103. Tulostoma.

2266. 1. T. hrumak, Spr. p. 524, Salem et New Yerk.

•2267. 2. T. sfjuamuhsa, non varietas prieris sed verisimiliter RimcUa Rafinesque, Syst. F. Veg. p.
139. In arena velatili juxta ripas fluminis Yadkin Carolinae.

Tribus 3. PHYSAREI.

Genus 104. Ltcogala.

2268. 1. L. miniatum, Spr. p. 533, n. 3, Syn. Car. 353, et Pennsylv. frequens.

2269. 2. lu. punclaium, Sp. n. 4, Syn. Car. 354, etiam frequenter occurrit in Pennsylv.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 257

Genus 105. DiDYJiiuM.

*22ro.

1. D. lohatum, Spr. p. 528, Cionium, n. 11, Torrey ex New York.
2271. 2. D. squamulosum, Sp. n. 1, Syn. Car. 363, et. Pcnnsylv.
227-\ 3. D. difforme, Spr. Didernia, p. 526, Syn. Car. 366, et. Bethl.

2273. 4. D. testaceum, Spr. Cionium, n. 9, Syn. Car. 364, non Pennsylv.

2274. 5. D. globosum, Sp. C. n. 8, Syn. Car. 365, et. Bethl.

*90'

Genus 106. Physarum.

• Stipitatae.

2275. 1. P. kucopus, Spi'. p. 526, n. 1, rarius Betlil.

2276. 2. P. fii/a/iiium, Sp. n. 2, Syn. Car. 371, et Pennsylv.

2277. 3. P. nutans, Sp. n. 3, Syn. Car. 372, etiam Pennsylv.

2278. 4. P. muscicolu, Sp. n. 4, Dr Torrey misit ex New York.

2279. 5. P. squamulosum, Sp. n. 6, Syn. Car. 378, et. Bethl.

2280. 6. P. farinaceum, Sp. n. 9, Syn. Car. 380, et. Bethl.

2281. 7. P. Cluvus, Sp. n. 11. Syn. Car. 331, nondum Pennsylv.

2282. 8. P. tigrinum, Sp. n. 12, Syn. Car. 379, et. Bethl.

2283. 9. P. compaclum, Sp.n. 13, S>ti. Car. 282, polyccphalum, rarius Wilkes County, Carolinae.

2284. 10. P. cohimlinum, Sp. n. 14, Syn. Car. 377, nond. Pennsylv.

2285. 11. P. viride, Sp. n. 18, Syn. Car. 374, et. Bethl.

2286. 12. P. aureum, Sp. n. 20, Syn. Car. 375, et. Bethl.

2287. 13. P. aurantiacum, Sp. var. prior., Syn. Car. 376, nondum Bethl.

*2288. 14. P. a;rt«//io/Jus, Sp. Cionium, n. 3, Betlil. in foliis dejcctis Peridiis subtus umbilicatis: stipite
aureo.

2289. IS.V. sulphureum, A. Sp. 93, Syn. Car. 373. Species distincta. Cur non a Sprengelio ex
Synopsi Fungorum Lusatiae adoptata nescio.

* • Sessilia.

2290. 16. P. contextum, Syn. Car. 367, Salem et Bethl. Spr. Diderma.

2291. 17. P. cinereum, Spr. 25, Syn. Car. 370, Carol, et New York.

2292. 18. P. conjluens, Spr. 23, Syn. Car. 368, nond. Pennsylv.

2293. 19. P. bivalve, Spr. 24, Syn. Car. 369, elegans, Salem.

*2294. 20. P. EiEGAss, L. v. S., rariter inventum Salem — valde distinctum.
P. peridiis majusculis aggregatis, densis, subrotundis, difFormibus, convexis, supeme applanatis,
eleganteramethystinis, subrugosis. Sporidiis nigrofuscis, conglomeratis, floccis crassiusculis.
*2295. 21. P. rctlculatum, Spi'. n. 26, specimina optima Salem et Bethl.
*2296. 22. P. VERMicuLABE, L. V. S., rarius in cortice, Carolina.

P. minus, vermiculare, subreticulatim serpens, teres. Peridiis glabris badiis. Floccis raris. Spori-
diis lutescentibus.
*2297. 23. P. EFFusuM, L. v. S., longe lateque effusum in pulvere vaporario, Salem.

P. peridiis longitudinaliter scrpentibus reticuhitis, aut omnino late eflusis, candidis, fere membrana-
ceis. Floccis et sporidiis crebris nigrescentibus. Peridiis valde applanatis.
*2298. 24. P. LL'TEO-vALVE, L. V. S., in stipitibus dejectis rarius, Carolina.

P. lobato-dlfforme, convexum, subconfluens, Peridiis extus aurantio-splendentibus, quasi compressis,
bivalvibus. Sporidiis flavissimis.
•2299. 25. P. ATHEM, L. v. S., mense Decembri in cortice rarissime, Bethl.
P. sessile, oblongum aut subdifforme, aggreg.atum, extus nigrum aut subcinerascens; peridiis glabrius-
culis sed eleganter reticulatis. Sporidiis atris, floccis rai-is candidis interspersis, compactiorlbus.
Majus P. cinereo cui afline.
'2300. 25. P. roETAEDnoN, L. v. S., in antiquissimis truncis .Tuglandinis, Bethl.

P- gregarium ac subsparsum. Peridiis m.ajuscidis, nigro-fuligiiieis, absque splendore, subhemisphae-

Vol. IV.— 3 P

258 SYNOPSIS OF

ricis, exacte penlagonis, lateribus nempe planis, rugosis; tandem quasi stellatim rupta parte inferiori,
persistente. Turn Actinodermium minutum refei-t. Sporidiis nigro-fuligineis; floccis compactis
concoloribus interspersis.

2301. 27. P. cAF.spiToscM, L. V. S., pidcherrimum. In foliiset stjpitibus Rhododendri, Bethl.

P. substipitatum aut saltern basl attenuata, caespitosim crescens et sparsim. Caespltulis 3 linearibus;
peridiis stipatis, tui-binatis, ovatis, basi contracta, membranula exterloiu luteo-squamulosa aut punc-
tato-squarrosula. Sporidiis nigro-brunneis; Floccis citrinis Inspersis.

Genus 107. I^eangium.

2302. 1. "L. Jloriforme, Spr. Cionlum, p. 529, n. 6, Syn, Car. 362, vastissimis greglbus vulgare occurrlt
iu truncis, Hethl.

•2303. 2. L. vernkosum, Spr. Leocarpus, p. 526, n. 1, passim In Bethlehem ad stipites.

*2304. 3. L. STIPATUM, L. V. S., In llgno cariosissimo, Betlil. rarius.

L. peridiis flexuosim erectis, dense stipatis, longissimis, teretlbus; caespites unciales eflTormantibus ex
sese incumbentibus peridiis, amoene Incarnatis. Membrana peridiorum fragillinia, glabra. Stipites
brevlssimi tcnues, distantes concolores adsunt, sed primum peridia conglomerata sessilia vldentur.
Sporidiis concoloribus, interspersis floccis vagis crebris, rubro-incarnatis, demum subfuscescentibus.

Genus lOS. Craterium.

*2305. 1. C. vulgare, Spr. p. 525, n. 1, Carolina rarissime.
2306. 2. C. leucocephaliim, Sp. n. 3, Syn. Car. 394, Arcyrla, Salem.
•'2307. 3. C. FLoRiroRME, L. v. S., in lignis cariosia ex New York communicaTlt Dr Torrey.

C. fasclculatum, stipitatum stipltibus coalitis in unum longissinuim, fusco-nlgrum, fasciculo peridiorum

obovatorum nigrorum coronatum. ploccis et sporidiis rubro-laterltlis.

*2308. 4. C. ponniyniuM, L. v. S., In hgnls carlosisslmis provenlt, Bethl. Ut prius affine est Trichiae

botrylidi, sic liaec Trichiae ruhiformi.

C. peridiis dense fasciculatls, turbinatis porphyriis, splendentibus; stipitlbu.s brevlsslmis in massam crass-

am basilarem connatis. Sporidiis et floccis subelastice espansis, rubris. Format caespites elongatas.

Genus 109. Perichaena.

2309. 1. p. circumscissa, Licca Sprgl. p. 524, n. 2, Syn. Car. 419, et frequens Pennsylv.
*2310. 2. P. MAHGiNATA, L. V. S., rarissime inventa in ramis Carolinae.

P. peridiis sessilibus, approximato-confluentibus, circumscissis, polyaedris, inferiori parte quasi pyxi-
dem elTormante, margino prominente, cujus operculum pars superior applanata, minor. Colore
externo griseo-albido. Pulverulentum. Floccis raris cum sporidiis luteis. Post occasum opercu-
lorum, pyxides apcrtae, fundo spadiceo relinquuntur, magnitudine semlnis Papaveris.
*2311. 3. P. TAPOTiAniA, L. v. S., non rara Bethleliemiis, in pulvere vaporario.

P. mlnuta, circumscissa; peridiis sparsis, fuscis, diftbrmlbus submarglnatis, applanatis. Sporidiis cre-
bris— floccis raris flavissimls.

Genus 110. Licea.

2312. 1. h. fragiformis, Sprgl. p. 524, n. 9, Syn. Car. -119, et Bethl.

2313. 2. L. fa/lax, Sp. n. 10, effusa, Syn. Car. 420, et. Pennsylv.

2314. 3. L. vuriubilis, Sp. n. 4, Syn. Car. 418, frequens etiam Bethl.
*2315. 4. L. Jlexuosa, Sp. n. 7, frequens ad tnincos, liethl.

•2316. 5. L. jiusillu, Sp. n. 8, et Salem et Bethl. passim obvia.
•2317. 6. L. MAcnosponA, L. v. S., in peponibus putridis elTusa, Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 259

L. eftusa, diffcu'mis, conflucns, lenticularis et globosa, applanata, interdum reticulata. Pei-idiis cinereo-
albidis. Sporidiis majusculis nigris, floccis parcissimis intei-spersis. Lon^e lateque sci'pit.
*2318. 7. L. EPiPHTiLA, L. V. S., rarissime occun-it in foliis dejectis, Betid.
L. valde varia, globosa, subrotunda, sed plerumque teres, elong'ata, serpula aut vermiculavis. Peridiis
convexis nigris, subgrisescentibus. Sporidiis nigris, creberrimis interdum fuscesceutibus.
•2319. 8. L. ?jiTEXS, L. v. S., rarius in cortice dejecto observata, Bethl.

L. gregaria, spadicea, nitens, subrotunda, teres aut varia, semper convexa. Sporidiis crcbris lutes-
centibus. Superficie glaberrima. Minor.

Tribus 4. Trichiacei.

Genus 111. Trichia.

2320. I. T. Botryth, Spr. p. 530, n. 1, Syn. Car. 383, et. Bethl.

2321. 2. T. rubiformis, Sp. n. 2, Syn. Car. 384, frcquens, Bethl.

•2322. 3. T. MixiATA, L. V. S., affinis priori, sed dimidio minor et colore alieno, sub cortice, Bctlil.
T. brevissime stipitata, fasciculata; peridiis invicem arete stipatim adpressis, oblongo-pyrifbrmibus,
tenuibus ac fragiUimis, rubro-miniatis. Capillitio (cum Sporidiis) miniato, non valde expandente.
Fasciculi parvi — stipites vix coaliti,
2323. 4. T. fallax, Spr. n. 3, Syn. Car. 385, frequens et in Pennsylv.
23?4. 5. T. davata, Sp. n. 4, Syn. Car. 386, in Juglandibus, Pennsylv.

2325. 6. T. nigripes, Spr. n. 5, Syn. Car. 387, rarior; etiam in Pennsylv.

2326. 7. T. ovata, Sp. n. 6, Syn. Car. 3i 8, ubique frequens sub cortice.

2327. 8. T. oUvacea, Sp. n. 7, Syn. Car. 389, et frequens in Pennsylv.

2328. 9. T. nilens, Sp. n. 9, Syn. Car, 390, et in Pennsylv.

2329. 10. T. vavia, Sp. n. 10, Syn. Car. 391, frequens et in Pennsylv.
*2330. 11. T. puJfcxnLATA, L. v. S., ad ligna cariosa r.arior, Bethl.

T. sparsa, subrotundo-globosa, subsessilis, tanien podetio elevate crasso. Peridio olivaceo quasi punc-
tulato. Capillitio cum sporidiis luteo. Minuta.

2331. 12. T. serpula, Sp. n. 11, Syn. Car. 392, frequens et Bethl.

2332. 13. T. reticulata, Sp. n. 12, Syn. Car. 393, etiam frequens ibid.

*2333. 14. T. ANGtjLATA, L. V. S., frequens in libro corticali interno decedentis corticis trunci Fraxini
dejecti in montibus Lehigh prope Bethl.
T. sessllis, gi-egaria, longe lateque insuper membranulara (ut T. ovata) crescens. Peridiis adpressis
invicem, variis, saepissime angulatis, superficie nitida sed subrugulosa, luteis; demum plerumque
trifariam aut stellatim ruptis. Capillitio parco lutescente — cum sporidiis concolorlbus.
•2334. 15. T. DirronMis, L. v. S., in lignis carie emollitis Juglandis nigrae Manakes, Bethl.

T. sessilis, basi tamen attenuata, gregaria, interdum acervis minoribus subconfluens. Peridiis varie-
formatis, minoribus saepe compressis, subflexuosis, apice autem semper convexo; flavc-ferrugineis
splendentlbus, irregularlter ruptis. Capillitio lateritilio, non valde prosUiente.

Genus 112. Arcyria.

2335. 1. A. flava, Sprgl. p. 530, n. 1, Syn. Car. 395, et. Pennsylv. et N. York.

2336. 2. A. cinerea, Sp. n. 2, Syn. Car. 397, frequens in Pennsylv.

2337. 3. A. incarnata, Sp. n. 3, Syn. 398, ibid.

2338. 4. A. punicea, Sp. n. 7, Syn. Car. 399, non rara et Pennsylv.

2339. 5. A. LUTEA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 396, Spr. n. 4, nondum in Pennsylv.

2340. 6. A. GLOBOSA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 400, Spr. n. 5, frequens in involucris Castaneorum etiam in
Pennsylv.

*2341. 7. A. MiHOB, L. V. S., affinis .\. incarnatae in hgnis mollibus, Bethl.

260 SYNOPSIS OF

A stipitibus basi incrassatis, subnigi'escentibus, longiusculis. Cupula, aut parte inferiori peridii per-
sistente, lata, membranacea manifestim extus venosa. Capillitio breviori saepe apice operculato
frustulo peridii superni. Peridio ceterum longitudine stipitis, subconico. Sporidiis, cum toto fungo,
incarnato lateritiis. Sparsjm crescit.

Genus 113. Diachaea.

2342. 1- T). leucostyla, Spr. p. 532, St. n. 3, Syn. Car. 401, frequens etiam Pennsylv. Saepe in
gramlnibus.

Genus 114. Stemonitis.

2343. 1- S. typhina, Sp. n. 1, Syn. Car. 402, vulgaris in Pennsylv.

2344. 2. S. fasciculala, Sp. n. 2, Syn. Car. 403, ibid, vulgaris.

2345. 3. S. tuhuUna, Sp, n. 4, Syn. 404, et in Pennsylv.

2346. 4. S. physarioides, Sp. n. 7, Syn. Car. 405. Frequens ibid,

2347. 5. S. ovata, Sp. n. 6, Syn. Car. 406, in Thelephoris exsoletis passim mihi obvla in Pennsylv.

2348. 6. S. papillata, Sp. n. 5, Syn. Car. 407, PhiUidelpliiis inveni.

*2349. 7. S. MAXIMA, L. v. S., insuper pUeos exsoleti Polypori magnis pLigis effusa, Bethl.

S. caespitosa; membrana stromatica late effusa, cras-siuscula fuscopurpurea, saepe decedente. Stipiti-
bus nigris satis crassis segregatis, sed convergente-inclinatis, 3 lin. longis. CapilUtiis longissimis,
semiuncialibus, non inter se coalitis sed densim fasciculatls subflexuosis fusco-ferrugineis. Sporidiis
creberrimis concoloribus.
•2350. 8. S. DiGiTATA, L. v. S., lignis cariosissimis Carolinae et Pennsylv. frequens.

S. sparsa, majuscula. Stipites quasi ex pluribus coalitis, formantur, crassi.basiinci-assata, fuscescentes,
et coronantur fasciculo digitatim pandente peridiorum 3 — 6, cylindrico-ovatorum, paulo breviorum
stipitibus. Capillitio ciuereo; sporidiis copiosis concoloribus.
*2351. 9. S. cBTPTA, L. V. S., rarior mihi obvia in fissuris trunci carlosissimi, Nazareth.

S.in membranida stromatica tenui sparsira stipites filiformes subdccumbentes et tamen rigidlusculi
observantur, fere ad basin capillitio, Laxim contexto, longo, circumvoluti — peridio faciUime eva-
nescente et tantum in junioribus observando. Sporidiis majusculis substipitatim adhaerentibus
capillitio, colore fuUgineo purpurascenti. Demum coplosim sparsa. inquinant lignum.

Genus 115. Dictydium.

2352. 1. D. microspermum, Spr. 531, n. 2, Syn. Car. 409, et. Pennsylv.

•2353. 2. D. upkndens, Sp. n. 3, ad ligna cariosa, Bethl.

2354. 3. D. vmosum, Sp. n. 4, Syn. Car. 410, et in Pennsylv.

2355. 4. D. cernuum, Sp. n. 1, Syn. Car. 408, frequens Bethl.

Genus 116. Cribraria.

2356. 1. C. purpurea, Sp. 530, n. 1, Syn. Car. 412, et. Pennsylv.

2357. 2. C. mucrocarpa, Sp. n. 4, Syn. Car. 411, et in Ohio ad ten-am.

•2358. 3. C. rufcsccns, Sp. n. 2, in viis sylvestribus ad tcrram cum priori Gnadenhutten, Ohio.

2359. 4. C. argillacea, Sp. n. 5, Syn. Car. 413, nondum Pennsylv.

2360. 5. C. vulgaris, Sp. n. 6, Syn. Car. 414; rarior et in Pennsylv.

2361. 6. C. ttnclla, Sp. n. 7, Syn. Car. 415, et in lignis cariosis Pennsylv.

2362. 7. C. MiNuTissiMA, L. v. S., species vix nudo oculo distinguenda, sed valde memorabilis, Inventa
Carohnae etPenn.sylv. lignis cariosis, ob fungum alium lente subjectis — passim.

C. Cupula sporangii fere globosa, apice contracto, undo expanditur reticulum globosum, diametro
cupulam cxccdens, valdc regulare, colore nltido-brunneo. Sporidiis lutco-brunneis. Stipite gra-

NORTH A3IERICAN FUNGI. 261

cili, filiformi, sublongo, fusco. Pupula peridii persistcns cum reliculo sporidifero imposito, rei'ert

figuram 8.
Nota. — Fungillus saepius mihi obviam factus est in Pennsylvania, minutus, candidissimus, qui tameii
vix unquam rite explicatus fuit, de quo dubiosus sum an ad genus Cirrhohim, Sys. Vcg. !■'. p. 144, pcrti-
neat, icone Mavtii inviso. Ulterius de hoc inquirendum. Ceterum et in Pennsylvania multo plures
species fungillorum hujus familiae eruendae sunt — nisi vigerc solerent sole tarn torrido, ut jam observatum
p. 32 Synopseos Fungorum Carolinae.

Ordo III. TRICHODERMACEI.

Tribus 1. Aethalini.

Genus 117. Spumaria.

2363. 1. S. MucUago, Spr. p. 532, n. 1, Syn. Car. 360, non Pennsylv.
•2364. 2. S. LicuxNiFonjiis, L. v. S. Fungus ex distinctissimis, an Generis novi ' Rarius oc«UTit,
sed ubi adest, magna copia in cortice truncorum dejectorum Robiniac, Betlil.
S. plagis, 1 — 2 uncialibus determinatim effusis super corticem, omnino e longinquo Liclienem crustuo-
sum referentibus. Propius examinata ex peridiis rotundatis turbinatis, diftbrmibusque satis elevatis,
basi communi emanentibus, singulis magnitudinc seminis Cannabis, constare patefit. Peridiis cellu-
losis, extus floccosis, albo-cinereis; intus repletis sporidiis coacervatis aterrimis, filis raris albis inter-
stinctis.

Genus US. Enteridium. Syst. Veget. F. p. 146.

H6S. 1. E. ciNEREUM, L. v. S., rarius insupcr putridas herbas effusum, Bctlil. An hujus generis,
cuj tamen valde simile aut Lignydium '

E. longe lateque effusum, varie contortum et non inapte referens congeriem intestinorum, serpens,
hinc inde reticulalim confluens, serpulis semper applanatis. Cortice peridii mcmbranaceo, firmo
crassiusculo, candido. Sporidiis atro-fuhgincis, membranuHs albis crebris, demum filamentosis,
interspersis. Superficie plicato-rugosa. Ad pedalem longitudinem effusum inveni.

Genus 119. Pittocarpium, Lk.
•2366. 1. P.y?ai.'um, Lk. et Syst. Veg. F. p. 146, passim in truncis Bethl. An rite evolutum '

Genus 120. Aethalium.

2367. 1. A.Jlavum, Sprgl. p. 533, n. 1, Syn. Car. 557, et Pennsylv.

2368. 2. A. cundidum, Sp. n. 3, Syn. Par. 559, nond. Pennsylv.

2369. 3. A. violaceum, Sp. n. 2, Syn. Car. 556, ad truncos etiam frequens in Pennsylv.

2370. 4. A. vaporarium, Pers. Synops., Syn. Car. 558, frequentissimum in Vaporariis et Pennsylv.
Cur Sprengelius omisit fungum notissimum \-ulgo nomine " Flos vaporarii" notum nescio.

*2371. 5. A. muscorum, L. v. S., Conspectus. Passim in muscis Carolinae.

*2372. 6. A. ferhincola, L. V. S., satis affinis R. rufae, sed peridio exteriori multo flocciosori. Differt

etiam m.agnitudine et loco, nam, mirabile dictu, in Ferro recenter ex ignc sumpto, mihi obviam factum.

Salem Carolinae.

Vol. IV.- 8 Q

262 SYNOPSIS OF

A. peridiis majusculls, uncialibus, tractu longitudinal! saepe conflaentibus, pulvinatls, estus rufo-floc-

cosis, membrana basilar! e floccis contexta latius eft'uso, quam ipse peridlum pulvinatum — Sporidiis

creberrimis purpureo-fuligineis. Strata interseptantia membranacea Candida sunt.

N. B. Sequens historia memorabilis hujus fungi. Faber Salemitanus, vir literarum non expers, frus-

trum fen-i jam malleo et igne ad opus quoddara praeparatum, subito aliunde vocatus, ex manu dejiciebat,

sero tempore diel. Mane postero rediens, obstupuit in hoc frustro ferri, transversim jacente insuper

receptaculum aquae, quod more fabrorum in promptu fuit, longam seriem Fungi cujusdam per noctem

ortam observans, sib! omnino ignoti. Statim puerum misit me ad examen excitandum, fen'o non ex loco

remoto. Aeque miratus sum, loco tam inopinato, distinctam specieni Aetlialii invenire. Fatendum est,

seriem fungorum — bipedalem, sed interruptam, confluentiuni, demum e ferro in lignum receptaculi

aquae uno latere irrepsisse, more tali autem, ut apertum fuit ex ferro in lignum, non ex ligno in ferrum

expansam. Duodecim horae vix intervenerant post tempus, quo id frustrum ferri in igne et sub malleo

f uerat .

Genus 121. Reticularia. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. 147.

2373. 1. R. argcniea, (Lycogala Sprgl. 533, n. 2), Syn. Car. 352, vulgaris et interdum maxima etiam
Bethl.

2374. 2. R. StrongUum, Sprgl. p. 533, Syn. Car. 351, nondum Pennsylv.

•2375. 3. R. mca-jmfl, Fr. Sys. Veg. pag. citata. Rarius et insignis species in truncosemivivo Castaneae,

Bethl.
■*2376. 4. R. a/;/j/aHate, (Diptherium Ehrenb.) in cortice et ligno sahcino Bethlehem. Fungus dis-

tinctissimus.
2o"7- 5. R. rufa, (Fuligo, Syn. Car. 355) rara et Pennsylv.

Genus 122. Lachnobolus. Fries. Sys. Veg. p. 148.

2378. 1- L. ciKEBEus, L. V. S., insuper stipites, &c. dejectos effusus, Salem.
L. longitudinaliter eftusus, stipites ambiens moi'e Spumariae. Peridio tenemmo fugace candido
cinereo, vix continuo sed qu.asi furfuraceo, adnato capiUitio. Basis est hypothallus ut in L. cribroso.
Capillitio aterrimo basi — versus apicem abiente in intricatim ramosissimos floccos albos. Sporidiis
cinereo-nigris mitiutissimis.

Tribus 2. Trichodermei.

Genus 123. Httphelia. Fries. Syst. Veg. p. 149.

*2379. 1. H. rosea, F. S. V. p. 149, rara Nazarethis in truncis corruptis sub cortice.
2380. 2. H. dubia, (Trichoderma dubla Pers. Synops. ) Syn. Car. 520, passim et Pennsylv. in foliis
dejectis.

Genus 124. Ostracoderma. F. S. V. p. 150.

•2381. 1. O. spADicEOM, L. V. S., ramis Mori albae dejectis passim, Bethl.

O. membrana peridii satis firma, quasi punctato-granulosa, superficie b.adio-spadicea; A. i ad 1 uncialem

latitudinem attingens. Subrotundum, applanatum, ambitu sublobatum; .altitudine aut crassitie vij

lineari. Peridium absque ullo vestigio floccosum repletum sporidiis globosis, luteis, pellucidis,

et Torulae ad instar articulatim.aut moniliformiter inviccm adhaerentibus — in aqua autem diffluentibus.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 263

Genus 125. Institale ? F. S. V. p, 150.

"2382. 1. 1. MAxiJirM, L. V. S., an hujus Generis' FiingTis Intei'ea memorabilis; in Hynicnio exsoleti
Polypori igniarii in Salice mihi obvius, Betlil.
I. 1 — 2 uncialis, confluens siiboi-biculatim. Tegumento fibroso-floccoso radiato. Fibris ramosis crassi-
usculis in membranam albidulam contextis, ipsis rubro fuscis. Sub hoc integumento aut peridio,
sporidia copiosa fasco-brunnea aggregata sunt, fills aut floccis interspei'sis.

Tribus 3. Pilackini.

Genus 126. Asterophora.

*2383. 1. A. agaricoides, (Agaricus lycoperdioides Pers.) rarissime in Agaricis putridisCarolinae.

•2384. 2. A. EFFUSA, L. V. S., an hujus Generis? certe affinis. Propullans ex riniis corticis Quei'cus
et Juglandis truncorum dejectorum, et primo obtutu initia mcntiens Polypori cujusdam. Perfectis
et quidem minoribus speciminibus vix i uncialibus manifestim stipitata, in majoribiis 1 — 2 uncialibus
— stipes confusus cum peridio, Bethl.
A. Peridio extus strigoso-fioccoso, Imo quasi hydnoideo, pallido; floccis nempe suberectis liydnoideis,
ceterum pulvinato. Stipitibus crassis confusis in lignum corticis penetrantibus. In minoribus rite
evolutis, peridium est capitulato-turbinatum, ex stipite albido agaricoideo sese evolvens, minus stri-
gosum. Demum fatiscens in pulverem copiosum lutescentera compactum (congeriem sporidiorum).
Onygenis proximum. An Ecchyna, F. p. 152.

Genus 127. Onygena.

2385. 1. O. equina, Spr. p. 528, n. 1, Syn. Car. 428. In Pennsylv. hunc I'ungum optime evolutum et
magna copia inveni in unguibus equorum et cornubus Bovum, Bethl.

2386. 2. O. decorticata, Spr. n. 2, Syn. Car. 429. Nondum in Pennsylv.

Tribus 4, Myrothecii.

Genus 128. Dichosporium. F. S. V. p. 152.
2387. 1. D. aggregaium, (Spumaria physaroides) Syn. Car. 361, rarius in Carolina.

Genus 129. ]Myrotheci€ji.

'2388. 1. M. inundatum, Spr. p. 534, n. 3, in Agaricis putvidis, Bethl.

*2389. 2. M. Curmichaeli, Sp. n. 1, in herbis putridis, Bethl.

*2390. 3. M. Verrucaria, Sp. n. 2, in foliis Cucurbltaccorura putrescentibus, Bethl.

Genus 130. Trichoderma.

2391. 1. T. viride, Spr. p. 555, n. 1, Syn. Car. 518, vulgaris ubique ad ramulos.

2392. 2. T. varium, Spr. n. 2, Syn. Car. tuberculatum 523, et Bethlehemis valde vulgaris ad terram.
'2393. 3. T. RUBBOPALLESS, L. v. S., ad vetustos Polj-poros observatum, Bethl.

T. pulvinatum, confluens. Strato perldioso albo, pallido — fatiscente in pulverem sporidiosum rubrum.
Affine et evidenter congenerum T. viridi.

264 SYNOPSIS OF

Ordo IV. SCLEROTIACEI.

Tribus 1. Rhizogonei.

Genus 131. Pacuyma.
2394. 1. P. Cocos, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Sclerotium solummodo inveni in i)metis CaroUnae.

Genus 132. Anixia. S. V. Fr. p. 154.

*2395. 1. A. iNTEBBUPTA, L. V. S., in terra ex putrescentibus truncis orta in cavitate, Betlil.
A. pallido-carnea, tuberibus interruptim connexis ad longitudinem uncialem aut biuncialem, tamen
faciliter separabilibus. Insidens fibriUulis himaatioideis longe repentibus. Supei'ficie lacunosa.
Tuberibus i uncial! crassitudine, intus albis, cavis.

Genus 133. Rhizoctonia.

*2396. 1. R. Batatas, L. v. S., subcorticalis, in terra ex cortice corrupto orta, Bethl.

R. uncialis aut idtra, teres et depressa, flexuosa, sublacunosa, utrinque acuminata; fibrillulis radicifor-
mibus semper ex apicibus emanentibus. Multis tuberibus confluentibus, carneo-albis, intus albis,
primum carlilagineo-carnosis, odore forti; demum induratis. Fibrillulis rhizomorpheis candidis.
Exacte referunt, tuberes Convolvuli Batatas.
*2397. 2. R. nADiciFun.iiis, L. v. S., locis similibus: ex New York misit CI. Torrey etiam Bethl.

R. multo latior; tuberibus compresso-plicatis, valde difformibus, saepe elongatis, pallido carneis — unciali
longitudine, interdum separabilibus in minores. Fibi-is bimantioideis crassis loiig'e lateque sub cor-
tice repentibus quibus insident irregulariter greges tuberum, radicibus Iridum s.atis sirailium.
Intus albis tuberibus.
*2398. 3. R. IIiMANTiA, L. V. S., locis similibus Carolinae. An status junior prions'

R. fibrillulis crebris rhizomorphoideis, latis, byssinis cincreis denique pulverulentis, undique emanen-
tibus ex tuberibus difformibus minoribus, tomentoso-involutis, albido-pallidis.
2399. 4. R. Placenta, L. v. S., rarius sub cortice putridi triinci maxinii jacentes insuper excrementa
lai'varum et cetera latissime expansa. Bethl. in montibus Lehigh.

R. Fibrillulis ad pedalem longitudinem etlatitudinem palmatim radiantibus, saepe in tenuissimam mem-
branam hymantoideum aut immo arachnoideum interruptim expandcntibus. Hlnc iiide, plus minusve
distantia in membrana observantur pericUa aut tubercula innata, applan.ata, difformiter lobata, 1 — 2
lineari diametro, sed etiam semiunciali aut immo unciali, referentia placentas lobatas subtus planissi-
mas, tenues, tamen applanato-pulvinatas superne, superficie subaequali, minutlm subtomentulosas,
colore cleganter ex incarnato badlo-rufo. Fibrillulis et in mcmbranam contextis et distinctis conco-
loribus, in ambitu tamen candidis. Tuberibus intus albidis cellulosis, omnino hujus generis — ceterum
duris ac etiam in maximis crassitie lineam aut U lineam non excedentibus. Differt ceteris Rhizoc-
tonis quam maxime, tomento denso tenero, quo involutae sunt placentae tuberiforraes. Qu.anquam
hie fungus distinctissimus tantum semel mihi obviam factus est, nil dubitandum de eo — quia in arbore
ingenti, copia maxima aderat. Elegans membrana fibrlUosa, tarn delicata, ut vix separabilis quan-
quam laxissime incumbit quisquUiis subcorticalibus.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 265

Tribus 2. Apiosporii.

Genus 134. Chaetomium.

•2400. 1. C. DouGLASii, L. v. S. Fungus valde memorabilis, affinis Spliaeriae comatae in caulibus
Hyssopi anisati adhuc vigentis, versus radices dense investiens caules, milii communicavit I). Torrey
ex expeditione Capt. Douglass in vicinitate Lacus Huron invcntum.

C. tomcnto olivaceo-virente non intertexto scd floccoso-fastigiato, provenientc undique sed pnieser-
tim apice ex pcridiis, laxiter tantiim caule affixls, majusculis, globoso-ovatis, fragiUimis, intusdcmum
cavis, densim aggregates, nigro-fuligineis, tomento concolori. Fasciculus fastigiatus tumenti assurgit
ad bilinearem altitudinem cum pcridiis, diniidio minoribus, investientis caules. Peridiis apice aper-
tiusculis.
•2401. 2. C. TxpniE, L. v. S., non raram in foliis typhinis, Beth].

C. minutissimum, .atrum, punctiforme; pilis tarn brevibus involutum, ut vix discernantur nisi lente
augentiori, situm inter nervos folii.

Genus 135. Apiosporium.

*2402. 1. A. Salicinum, Kunz. Myc. Hefte, 1, p. 15, longe lateque effusum in trunco Liriodendri — vix
saltern differt a fungo Kunziano milii ab ipso benevole communicato, nisi effusione latissima.

Genus 136. Coniosporium.

*2403. 1. C. olivaceum. Link. Dissert. 1, S. V. F. p. 156, ad ligna antiqua.
•2404. 2. C. ATnuM, L. v. S., late effusum in interior! latere trunci Cerasi, Dethl.

C. pcridiis oblongis ovatis, aggregatis; extus e sporidiis subalbo-pulverulentum.
"2405. 3. C. .STRoBiLiNUM, L. V. S., interiori latere squamarum strobilorum Pini inopis juxta Philadel-
phiam increscit.
C. densissime aggregatum, maculas effiguratas aterrimas formans, constantes exinnumeris minutissimis
linearibus pcridiis, paralleliter sed abbreviatim confluentibus. Statu madido subnitent; sicco vix
distinguenda singula peridla. Subpulverulentum superficie.

Genus 137. Illosporium.

•2406. 1. I. coccinettm, F. S. V. p. 156, Tubercul. rosea Persoon., in Lichenibus pracsertim Parmeliis,

Betlil. et Salem.
•2407. 2. I. CAESIUM, L. v. S., in ligno udo decorticate Juglandis albae, Nazareth.

I. minutum, difforme, aggregatum, varie lobatum in ambitu. Peridia vix nisi colore caesio-albo nudo

oculo pcrccptibilia saepe conHuunt. Innumera in liburni rimis sita. Demum fatiscent. Hue cer-

tisslme pertinet nee idem cum Aegerita caesia nostra.

Tribus 3. Scleroth.

Genus 13S. Periola.

'2408. 1. P. pubescens, F. p. 267, in Ugno putrido Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 3 R

266 SYNOPSIS OF

Genus 139. Acinula.

'2409. 1. A. candicans, P. p. 267, in foliis dejectis Lauri Borboniae ex Georgia missis, a CI. Leconte.
Multo major videtur quam fungus Friesianus. An nova species.

Genus 140. Pfrenium. F. Myc. p. S44, Syst. Veg. F. p. 94, inter Clavatos.

Hue pertinet certissime.

2410. 1. P. lerrestre, F. p. 244, Syn. Car. 530, nee Pennsylvania.
*2411. 2. P. coLLAE, L. V. S., in colla indurata mucosa, Betlil.

P. magnitudine seminis papaveris, nidulans in colla et aggregatim aut caespitosim prorumpens, ovato-
globosuni, incarnato-aurantium, tomento albido subinvolutum. Intus simihire. Durum.

Genus 141. Acrospermum.

2412. 1. A. compressum, F. p. 245, n. 1, Syn. Car. Clav. herhar. etiam Bethlehemis .
*2413. 2. A. conicum, F. 3, rarius ad ligna Bethl. et in plantarum caule.
*2414. 3. A. cornutuni, ¥. 4. In Agaricis i-arius Bethl.

Genus 142. Scleeotium.

* Libera, 1.

2415. 1. S. complanatum, F. n. 1, Syn. Car. 311, et. Bethl.

2416. 2. S. scutelhtum, F. n. 2, Syn. Car. 31S, et. Pennsylv.
"241". 3. S. exceyilricum, F. n. 4, rarissime, Bethl. ad stipites.

2418. 4. S. semen, F. n. 5, Syn. Car. 314, frequens ubique vere.
*2419. 5. S. vulgatum, F. n. 6, solummodo Carolina inventum.
•2420. 6. S. tectum, F. n. 11, in receptaculis et calycibus Tagetum et Zinniarum Hort. Bethl.

2421. 7. S.fungorum, F. n. 15, Syn. Car. n. 2 et 4, et. Bethl.
*2422. 8. S. Iruncorum, F. 16, Bethlehem .an Hliizoctoria.

2423. 9. S. muscorum, F. 17, Syn. Car. 308, et. Pennsylv.
•2424. 10. S. atrovirens, F. 14, in cortice quercino, Bethl.
*2425. 11. S. onEGABiuM, L. v. S., in putrescentibus dejectamentis hortorum, Bethl.

S. minutum, gregarium, interdum etiam sparsum, subglobosum, apice tamen subprominente, et passim
deorsum quasi pseudostipite sufTultum, aut plerumque sessile, ferrugineo-fuscum, p.iulisper rugu-
losum. Juventute subimmersum, albidum. Intus semper albidum. Sextuplo minus S. semi'rti.
*2426. 12. S. NicANjinAE, L. v. S., in exsolctis capsulis Nicandrae physaloidis, Bethl.

S. sparsum, applanato-subpezizoideum, subrotundum aut ambitu angulatum, atrum, medio subumbo-
natum et corrugatum. Magnitudine paulisper priorem speciem excedens. S. iiicluso non dissimili.
•2427. 13. S. LiGNATiLE, L. V. S., rarius occurrit in cortice putrescent!, Bethl.

S. magnitudine S. Seminis cui siniillimum, e globoso-turbinatum, passim substipitatum, primum fascum,
demum nigerrimum, phcato rugosum in supcrficie. Intus candidissimum.
'2428. 14. S. iMEDuiiAnE, L. V. S., loco inopinatissimo, videlicet in cavitate meduUari caulium prae-
sertim Phlogis undulatae hortis nostris emortuorum sed non putridium et adhuc stantium, locum
meduUae occupans, liethl,
S. magnum, ad uncialem longitudinem nempe interdum protractum, sed saepe multo minus, inter-
ruptum, cylindricum aut difl'ormiter lobatum, pluribus arete invicem longitudinaliter arete adprcssis.
Cortice externo fungi nigro, tuberculoso, et ime sulcato-striato. Intus albido-pallidum. Crassitieni
pennae anseriiiac attingit. Specimina quidem cylindrica, semper subcontorta et proximis articulatim
quasi adpressa.
*2429. 15. S. KENiFonHE, L. v. S., in interior! latere corticis fraxinei rariter, Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 267

S. miiuituni, lineam vLx excedens, liberum, reniforme valde convexum, ex lutescenti-rufum, aggrega-
tum, exsiccatum corneum. Supeificie cornigata. Intus similare, sed demuin subfatisccns ccntro.

• Liberu, 2.
*2430- 16. S. puhescens, F. n. 20, in Agaricis non freq. Bethl.
*2431. 17. S. /7ofc//je«rfu/iim, F. n. 21, super folia dejecta, Bethl.
*2432. 18. S. stipntum, F. n. 22, specimina nostra in triiiico Liriodendri putn-idissimo iiivcnta, inajoru

sunt et tarn propinqua Myrioccoc. ut vix dubitandum ad hoc genus amandanda.
*2433. 19. S. strohilinum, F. n. 23, in Strobilis Pini, Uethl.

'* Erumpentia.
*2434. 20. S. immersum, V. n. 25, in maximo caule Bethl.

*2435. 21. S. satiguineum, F, n. 27, an Perisporium' In foliis Iridis virginicae vulgaris. Betid.
*2436. 22. S. rugulosum, F. n. 29, non rarum in Merulio tremelloso, Bethl.
*2437. 23. S. Circaeae, F. ii. 34, in foliis Circaeaenon infrequens, Salem ac Bethl.
•2438. 24. S. Tragopogi, F. 32, ad ignotas Caules in hortis, Bethl.
'2439. 25. S. Gallahcm, L. v. S., in Gallis cynipum exsoletis Quercor. Bethl.

S. erumpens, cinctum cortice gallanim, plerumque caespitosim, sed etiam simpliciter, subrotiinduni

aut difforme. Extus nigrum, superficie valde rugulosa ac inaequali; intus solidum pallidum; cete-

i-um valde minutum. Non infrequenter elong.atim imo stellatim grcgatum erumpit. Cortice

gallae saepe squamulatim persistente in tubercalis.
*2440. 26. S. HTSTtBiironMK, L. v. S., in foliis Yiiccac filamentosae cult.ae, Bethl. rarissime.

S. erumpens, demum omnino liberatum, simplex, elongatum, utrinque acuminatum, convexo-appla-

natum, satis elevatum, longitudine linear!, atrum, superficie longitudinaliter substriata, subtubercu-

losa. Convexo-connivens. Intus albidum.

2441. 27. S. AppLAXATUM, L. V. S., in epidermide glabrata ramorum Castaneorum, Salem.

S. orbiculatum, ambitu sublob.atum, vix erumpens, sed potius insidens epidermide, eftuso-applanatum,
2 line.iri diametro; superficie rufo-fusca, corrugato-punctidata. Intus subgrumosum, fuscum. .Mar-
gine in ambitu, demum subinflexo.

*•• Suhadnuta.

2442. 28. S. OnoBANCHEs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 322, F. 37, et. Pennsylv.

2443. 29. S. I'arium, F. 38, Syn. Car. 313, rarius in Brassicac- caule et Pennsylv.
•2444. 30. S. pyrinum, T. 39. In pomis putridis, Betid.

*2445. 31. S. compadum, F. 40, in caulibus Elichrysi culti, Bethl.
2446. 32. S. durum, F. 40, Syn. Car. 310, et in Pennsylvaniae caulibus. In Euphorbia margin,ata
Hortorum inveni specimina ni.ixima, optima.
*2447. 33. S. Brassicac, F. 43, in foliis Brassicac, Bethl. No. 312, Syn. Car. perperam hue. Est
sequens.
2448. 34. S, LiLionuM, L. v. S., (Syn. Car. 312, Brassicae) frequens in exsoletis caulibus Liliorum,
Salem et Bethl.
S. epidermide tenui, primum tectum, v.arlum et oblongum, crassiusculum, .applanatum, nignmi, domum
nigro-striatum, .abbreviatum et utrinque subacuminatum. Intus album.
"2449. 35. S. iii//a/um, F. 41, sub epidermide Artemisi.ae Absinthii in Hortis Bethl. Intus album.

2450. 35. S. Pustulla, (S. quercinum) F. 47, Syn. Car. 317, et. Pennsylv.
•2451. 37. S. convexulum, L. v. S., affine S. duro, sed non tectum. In nodis caulium Angelicae
lucidae, Bethl.
S. majusculum, convexum, ovatum, difforme, applanato-depressum, nigro-fuscum, interdum confluens;
21ineas latum et longum. Superficie quasi subconcentrice rugosa. Intus ex albido-cinereum.
*2452. 38. S. DIFFORME, L. v. S., in junioribus ramulis ant stipitlbus puti-idis rarius, Bethl.

S. difTormiter elongatum; primum tectum, confluens, durum, i unciali longitudine, satis elevatum,
demum superficie undulata et striata, nigro-fuscum, aut nigro-cinereum. Intus candidum. Speci-
mina minora 1 — 2 lin. diametro saepe elongato-ovata valde convexa.
•2453. 39. S. PETioLonuM, L. v. S., in petiolis Rhois glabri. Bethl. non r.arum.

S. elongato-ovatum, fere inmatum, primum epidermide tenui tectum, demum atronitens, superficie

268 SYNOPSIS OF

semper depress! et inde quasi marginatum, subtuberculosum. Lineam vix excedens. Intus fuscum

grumosum.
*2454- 40- S. AXEM0SE5, L. v. S., in foliis subviridibiis Anem. virginicae. Bethl.

S. majiisculum lineam longitudine excedens, saepe confluens, subrotandum, buUatum, supei-ficie inae-

qiiali lacunosa, brunneo-fuscum, sltum in aversi pagina folii, macula orbiculataimpressa in superiori.

Intus lutosa demum fatiscens.
*2455. 41. S. Ar.scuLr, L. v. S., in putridis Involucris Aesculi glabri, Bethl.

S. erumpens (nunquam tectum) ex epidermide Involucrorum frustulatim decedente, deorsum ab epi-

dei-mide cinctum, globoso.difforme, subapplanatum, nigrum. Superficie ruguloso-plicata. Intus

similare album. Aetate fere liberum fit, tantum basi affi.xum. Magnitudine lineari.
*2456. 42. S. EROMPENS, L. v. S., in aversa pagina foliorum quercinorum, Bethl.

S. primum punctiforme, subimmersum; tum erumpens foho cinctum, disco subimpresso, fulvo-nigri-

cans; demum subexpansum, nigrum, corrugatum, tenue, disco miuiifestius imprcsso, confluens,

applanalum, tamen vix magnitudine lineam excedens. Passim occurrit in folio, inde sublineolatim

nigro-punctato.

• «»• Xyloma.
2457. 43. S. populinum, F. 52, Syn. Car. ,"20, freq. et Pennsylvania praesertim in foliis P. moniliformis.
*245S. 44. S. Platani, L. v. S., affine priori, sed miilto minus in foliis Platani, Bethl.
S. innatum, aggregato-caespitosum, minutum, varium, tuberculosum, e fusco nigrum.
*2459. 45. S. sAssAFiiAs, L. v. S., maculis fuscis lato expansis insidens in foliis, Sassaf ibid.

S. innato-insidens, aggregatum in macula, angiilatum difforme aut orbiculatum, semper depressum et
quasi marginatum, superficie rugulosa, fusca demum nigra.
*2460. 46. S. herbarum, F. S.^i, apud nos in Pennsylvania praesertim in Solidaginibus, Bethl.
•2461. 47. S. Fcsco-MAcuiANs, L. V. S., in aversa pagina foliorum Sassafras, Bethl.

C. innatum, maculis brunneo-fuscis, diffbrmibus ad tres lineas longas et latas, subeffiguratum. Demum
pustulas elevatiores, nigro-fuscas, subcorrugatas, semilineares efficient.

•2462. 48. S. Lauhicola, I,, v. S., frequens in foliis dejectis Lauri aestivalis, Bethl. Rite evolutum
occurrit in petiolis, aut in nervo medio — in ipso folio eflusum maculatim et confusum.
S. in petiolis et nervo, nigrum, subtectum, innatum, minutum, regulare, subrotundum. Superficie
punctulata. Intus albido-fuscum. In foliis ipsis nigro-fuscescens, maculatim effusum tenuissimum —
ad diametrum, 2 linearem extensum.
•2463. 49. S. rnusTLiLATDM, L. v. S , dubii generis' sed freciuens in foliis quercinis, Bethl.

S. impresso-innatiim, primum tectum, in aversa pagina situm, maculare, nigrum ; demum frustulatim
niptum. Intvis fuscescens Varie confluens, saepe excedens diametrum bilinearem.
*2454. 50. S. PBUNoncM, L. v. S., in foliis Pruni serotinae et virginicae dejectis, Bethl.

S. sistens maculas difi'ormes, confluentes, fuscas, subeflfiguratas in pagina superior!; in aversa observan-
tur pustulae subrotundae elevatae innatae scmipellucidae luteofuscae, siccitate subcorneae, corru-
gulatae, semiline.ares, plures aggregatae in eadem macula, cinctae margine spurio subelevato, ex
substantia folii.

Genus 143. Drvophilum, L. v. S., Novtnn Genus, an luij;is loci? Peridiuin pezi-
zaemorphum, sed omnino clausum, sessile aut papilla basilari stipitatum et folio
affixum. Intus similare album. Extus vestitiim corlice duriusculo.

•2465. 1. D. PEZI7.0IDEUM, L. V. S., in foliis vegetis Quercus Banisteri et aliorum praesertim in monti-
bus e. g. Mauch Chunk Coal mine. Etiam ex Georgia communicavit Leconte.

D. sparsnm, cupulis 2 — 3 linearlbus, orbiculatis, papilla basilari affixum, disco ime depresso nigres-
centi. Cortice externo fibris crassiusculis densis arete adpressis subtus albidis tecto. margine et
extus eleganter spadiceo-sericeis.

•2466. 2. U. UMBONATUM, L. V. S., etiam in folio querneo communicavit Leconte ex Georgia.

D. sparsum, minus, folio subinnatum, cortice exteriori non fibrose sed glabro, ex rufo splendente
spadiceo. Disco in umbonem elevato. Vix lineam excedens diametro.

NORTH AMEIUCAN FUNGI. 269

Genus 144. Sper.modermium.

Ill decorticalis ramulis Mori albae adhacrciis fibris epidcrniidis aut corticis, Betid.
•2467. 1. S. nuFUM, L. v. S.

S. iiiinutuni, ovato-oblong'um aut pot'uis elong'.itum, aut difTorme, sparsum ac conflucns, teniie, luteii-

i-Lifum, 1 — 2 I'm. longuni, seindineam latum. Intus pallidum. Primum molle, dcinum duriuscalum.

An Sclerotium ' Cei-tissime iion Spliaeriac conceptacuUim, v. Fr. Sys. Veg-. p. 159.

Genus 145. Sper.moedia.

"'P468. 1. S.Clacus,F. p. 26S, n. 2, rarius in IVumento Pennsylv. Vulgo .anglice audit "Ergot."
Morbositas.

Tribus 4. Perisporh.

Genus 14G. Erysipiie (Alphitomorpiia). Link. Syst. I.

*2469. 1. E.fu/igiiica, Link. Syst. Lin. p. 102, n. 3. Frequens in Sang-uisorbacanadcnsi, Getldehem.
An eadem cum fungo europaeo' Habitus videtur alienus a speciminibus nostriseurnpaeis in Vero-
nica-spicata.
*2470. 2. E. labiularum, Link, loco citato n. In Veronica scrpyllifol. p-assim lictld.
*2't71. 3. E. deprexsa, Lk. n. 13, in foliis Silphii, Nazareth hort.
'*2472. 4. E. tortilis, Lk. n. 14, in foliis variis Corni, Sec. Bethl.

*247o. 5. E. cUvaricatu, Lk. n. 17, in foliis Alni undulati prope Meadville in Pennsylv. occidentali.
'2474. 6. E. communis, Lk. n. 3, var. graminum, freq. Hcthl.
*2475. 7. E. orbicularis, Lk. n. 21, in foliis Castaneorum, ibid.

2476. 8. E. guttata, Lk. n. 22, Syn. Car. 315, Sclerotium erysiphe in foliis Coryli, Salem et Pennsylv.
'2477. 9. E. obtusola, Lk. 2, frequens in foliis Salicum, Bethl.
*2478. 10. E. belulina, Ignoto .auctore. Specimina sub hoc nomine exacte nostris congrua ex Ger-

mania, et. Bethl.
•2479. 11. E. BENsissiMA, L. V. S.
N. B. Et in americanis regionibus multae occurrunt species primo obtutu distinctae, sed difficiliter
plerumque verbis diagnosticis describendae. Sequenles mihi innotuerunt praestantiores ac, loco
adhibilo, facilius distinguend.ae, quarum prima,
E. densissima jam cilata rarior in foliis quercinis, Bethl.

E. Hyphasma densissimum tomentum filamentoso-liimantioideum, filis robustis, eleganter orbiculatim
effiguratum sistit, a semi-uncia ad duas uncias eflusiim, fihs candido-lacteis intertextis in ambitu
subradiantibus. Sporangia globosa, nigro-fusca, crebra.
'2480. 12. E. LinioDF.NBiir, L. v. S., in foliis dejectis Liriodcndri non vulgaris, Bethl.

E. Hyphasma densum lacteum, fdis intertextis radiantibus maculas efficiens minores, vis i unciales,
orbiculatim aut effiguratim efl'usas. Sporangiis aggregatis fusco-nigris in centre, deciduis.
*2481. 13. E. GzKinDiiz, L. v. S., rara, sed distinctissima in foliis Gerardiae quercifol. Salem.

E. Hyphasma e sulphureo-olivaceum, filis tenuissimis efficit maculas irregulariter effusas minores, in-
terdum subeffiguratas, confluentes. Spor.angiola, absque capiUitio greg.aria in hyphasmate, globosa,
demum pezizoidea nigro-fusca. Floccis hyph.asniatis primo juventutc epidcrmide folii tectis, dc-
raum nudis.
'2482. 14. E. Ceanothi, L. v. S., frequens in foliis Ceanothi p.agina superiori, autumno Bethl.

E. Hyphasma candidum, filis vix lente distinguendis, farinae ad instar indeterminatim in foliis effusum.
Sporangiis minutis immersis nigro-nitidis.
*2483. 15. E. ViBunsr, L. v. S., in foliis Viburni prunifolii, Bethl.

E. Hyphasma effusuni, maculas efficiens majores aut minores lactea'^, floccis crassiusculis intricatis,
subeffiguratas. Sporangiolalutea, demum fusca aut nigra sphaerlca, et colLapsa, supcrficiesubrugosa

Vol. IV.- 3 S

i70 SYNOPSIS OF

"2484. 16. E. AMDiiosrAE, L. v. S., vulgatissima autumno in foliis Ambrosiarum, Bethl.

R. Hypliasma candidum, tenuissimis floccis vix distinguendis, indeterminatlm latius effusum in toto
folio. Sporangiolis sphaericis, fuscis nlgrisque, raris, capiUitio majoribus.
*2485. 17. E. Vi-.RBENAE, L. V. S., vidgatissima sero autumno in foliis Verbenae ui-ticifoliae, Bethl.
E. Hypliasma laxissimum indeterminatim eftusum, maculas tamen efformans confluentes et subde-
terminatas Candidas. Floccis intertextis brevibus. Sporangiolis destitutis capiUitii fuscis nee nigris,
rugosis, deciduis.
'2486. 18. E. QuisauiLiinu.li, L. v. S., super folia caulesque variarum hcrbarum dejectarum inter
quisquilias horti, Bethl.
E. Hyphasma imletcrminatira effusum, albido-virens, floccis intricatis. Capillitio parco. Sporangiolis
crebris rugosis, nigris, globosis.
*248r. 19. E. Phlogis, L. V. S , non rara in foliis Phlogis undulatae Hoi-torum, Bethl.

E. Hyphasma .albo-cinereum, maculas efficiens subindetermin.atas aut orbiculatas. Floccis laxis intri-
catis. Sporangiolis minulissimis in hyphasmate subimmersis.
*248S. 20. E. Si-iiiNGAE, L. v. S., in foliis Syringae et Cydoniae Hortorum, Bethl.

E. Hyphasma tenuissimum candidum laxe et indeterminatum effusum — floccis vix distingucmlis singulis.
Sporangiolis sparsis, minutissimis, fuscis et nigris.
*2489. 21. E. AsTEiiuji, L. v. S., frequens in foliis languescentibus Asterum, praescrtim Asteris pani-
culatae, Bethl.
E. Hyphasma tcnue, album, lasum, indeterminatim efl'usum. SporangioUssuffultisbrevi capillitio, nigris.
•2490. 22. E. Chf.loxes, L. v. S., vulgatissima autvimno in fohis Chelones, Bethl.

E. Hyphasma crassiusculum albidum, demum pallidum orbiculatim efliguratum, floccis radiantibus
subpulverulentis. Sporangiolis nigris ceiitro aggrcgatis.
*2491. 2.3. E. VACcitrii, L. v. S , in foliis Vaccinii pennsylvanici, Berks County, Pennsylv. et passim in
montibus. Distinctissima specie.
E. Hyphasma densum ex albido ciner,ascens, occup.ans fere totum folium, pagina superiori. Sporan-
giolis fuligineo-fuscis, demum atris, mlnutis, crebris, primum globosis, demum pezizoideis, corru-
gatis aut rugulosis.
*2492. 24. E. q.uEBciNDM, L. V. S., sero autumno non rara in foliis qucrcinis pr.aesertim B.annisteris,
Pennsylvania.
11. Hyphasma occupans fere totum folium — expansum candicans, tenuissimum, floccis vix distinctis.
Sporangiolis raris, minutissimis, sparsis nigris. Praesertim loco distinguenda species.
*2493. 25. E. lumprocarpa, Lk. n. 9, in Menthis et similibus monte Pocono.

*2494. 26. E. Mors uvae, L. v. S., cum proxima, loco insigni, nempe in fnictubus inventa. Species
nostra quidem in uvis Grossulariae uvue crispae, varietate ilia nota, anglica, in Hortis oilta, tam
vulgatissima in interiori Pennsylvania et quidem Bethlehemis, et tam lethalem morbum liis infert, ut
hortulani vi.x valeant nisi tempore faustissimo hos fructus deliciosos educare apud nos. Antcquam
maturitatem nempe in illis nascens tomento aut hyphasmate suo, iti eos circum circa investit atquc
constringit ut enccantur nee possunt comedi. Quibusdam, equidem plurimis annis vix singulam
uvam invenies illaesam ab hoc hoste.
E. Hyphasma densissime intertextis fibs compositum, crassiusculum, primum omnino, demum in
margine tantum album — medio eleganter et sub lente sericeo-fuscobrunneum, induens uvas pcUe
.satis crasso. Sporangiolis minutis, crebris, sparsis, atris, appLanato-globosis, rugosis, interdum
supapillatis, primum pelle omnino immersis et tectis, demum emergcntibu3 et hyphasmate laxiter
insidentibus, immo fore libcratis. Saepissime sterile hyphasma occurrit, uva nempe consumpta aut
exsiccata dccidua, ante evolutionem sporangiolorum.
Fungum hunc memoi'abilem in horto meo diu obscrv.atum, primo pro Sphaeriahabitum, deniquc certior
certius factus sum Ery.siphen esse.
*2495. 2". E. NECATon, L. v. S., multo rarius in Uvis Vitis labruscae varietatibuscultisin vineis nostris.
E. Hyphasma, tenuissimum albidum, floccis valde tenuibus, orbiculatum, non constringens. Sporan-
giolis minutissimis — raris fusco-iiigris, globosis. Ubi omnino evoluta, etiam haec species destruit uvas.

Genus 147. Perisporium. F. Syst. Veg.

•2496. 1. P. Cai.adii, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 316, F. Sclerot., in Aro virginico.
•2497. 2. P. speireum, V. Sclerot., in foliis Uosarum Bethl. passim.

NORTFI AMERICAN FUNGI. 271

Classis Quarta. HYPHOMYCETES, Lk.

Nota. — Dill anceps fui an recensione sequcnte Fungonim americanorum ex ultimo cohurte Friesii,
Coniomycctcs ejus, cum plerisque Bi/ssaceis ex ejusdem Cohorte secunda Jllgurum complectente, an
Auctorem, cei'tissime in liisce org-anisniis scrutatorem acutissimum, melius sit sequL, quam quod dcnium
factum, Linkii methodum adoptare. Post studium nempe assiduum Systematis veg'etabilium Friesii
milii delectissimum, virum ingeniosum ime penetrasse in adyta naturae, viamque aperuisse ad Systema
philosophicum et perfectum, et nisi in paucis excipiendis, minoris momenti, omninu obsei'vationibus nieis
per tot annos collectis consentivisse,. omnino pcrsuasus maneo. Interea autem non minus certum Lin-
kium clarissimum, primum principia eruisse, et auctorem esse fere omnis liorum veg'etabilium cognitionis.
Systema ejus non contemnendum, et ad praesens nostrum propositum bene adaptatum, species et genera
ncmpe a me regionibus americanis observata recensendi, et nova describendi, non novum systema con-
dendi aut emendandi, eo melius, quia species numerosas in opere " Species Plantarum Linnaei a Linkio
continuatae ex Editione Willdenowii" recensuit — nuUas autem Friesius. Complectens etiam inter Fungos,
plantas quas Friesius, me non dissentiente, ad Algas Byssaceas amandat, aut quibus, plerumqvie summo
jure, Friesius characterem vegetabilium autonomorum denegat, de quibus in America a me observatis
tamen scientiae prodest, cognitionem non praetermittere — denique Linkium sequendum optimum
censui, hoc libcUo — sempertamen Friesii observationlbus non omissis. Futuri tum Systematici, quod alio
loco, aut alio ordine tribuendum aptiori inserere competentes sunt.

Series I. (Tkichomyci, Fr.).
Genus 148. Sporotrichuji.

Genus Linkianum Sporo{richum Friesii pag. 185, et Trichusporum, p. 30(5, ex Byssaceis et verisimili-
ter Mycelia quaedam p. 215, complectet, quod in singulis notandum, quantum valeo.

SuBGES. 1. SPOROTRICHA.

1. Sporidiis albis.
•2498. 1. S. laxum. Link. I. n. l,truncis non varum, Bethl.
•2499. 2. S. candidum. Lk. n. 2, putridis truncis, ibid.
•2500. 3. S. obducens, Lk. n. 3, corticibus passim, Bethl.
•2501. ■- S. polysporu?>i, hk. n. 4, insuper folia putrida, Bethl.
•2502. 5. S. nitcns, Lk. n. 5, in dejectis foliis Syringac, Bethl.
•2503. 6. S. stromaticum, Lk. n. 6, in caulibus putridis, ibid.
•2504. 7- S. pellicula, Lk. n. ", in caulibus putrescentibus, ibid
•2505. 8. S. fructigena, Lk. n. 8, in putridis pomis Bethl.
•2506. 9. S. fu72gorum, Lk. n. 9, in variis fungis Bethl.
•2507. 10. S. den^um, Lk. n. 10, in emortuis insectis et fungis, ibid.
•2508. 11. S. epiphyllum, Lk. n. 15, in foliis effiisum, Bethl.
*2509. 12. S. iNTF-nTEXTCM, L. V. S., ad truncos quercinos longe ac late, pedali longitudine inlerdum

effusum, Bethl.
S. thallo latissimo, effuso, ligno arctim sed separabiliter adpresso, e floccis intertextissimis, ita ut possit

detrahi quanquam tenuissimo, ambitu subdeterminato et ibid, fibrillulosim diviso, albido. Sporidiis

non primo a floccis velatis, densissimis globosis, candidis.
•3510. 13. S. HiM-iNTiAE, L. V. S., in caulibus v. c. Zeae passim effusum, Bethl.

272 SYNOPSIS OF

S. tliallo ciindidissimo, Himantlae ad instar, vulgo sic dictae, expanse- Floccis plerumque transversis,
subparallelis pai-um intertestis: ambitu effigurato. Sporidiis nudis creberrimis globosis candidis
conglomeratis inspersis.

•2511. 14. S. couAEiiENs, L. V. S., in epidermide putridissima ramorum Castaneoruni, ad longitiidinum
bi vel tripedalem effiisum, Betlil.
S. thallo longe lateqvie eftuso candido, ex floccis crassis tarn fii-mis contexto, ut faciliter thalli frag-
menta tanqnam pellis detrahantur, ambitu tamcn flocci tenuissimi lanosi et quasi fimbriatum radi-
antes observantur. Sporidiis nudis congloraeratis, candidissimis densim impositis farinae ud instar,
adhaerentibus nee faciliter detergibilibus.

'2512. 15. S. soLCBiLE, L. v. S., rarius inter folia dejecta copia aggregata, longe lateque eainvestiens.
Omnium distinctissimum, Bethl.
S. thallo crasso, interdum crassitie duarum lincarum, e floccis firmis crassiusculis tarn densim contexto,
ut facillime omnino detrahetur, pellem referente, similem fragmento chartae bibulae, ambitu deter-
minato, candido. Sporidiis rarioribus floccis adhaerentibus, minutis, non aggregatis nee unquam
velatis. Ad longitudinem plurium unciarum super folia eft'usum, quae inde connexa — locis siccis —
sed in suftocatis.
Species IS jam recensitae, novae nostrae saltern — ad Trichosporum Byssaceum sec. Fries, pertinent.

*251o. 16. S. sponilosum, Lk. n. 16, in Brassicae caulib. Bethl.

*2514. 17. S. agaricinum, Lk. n. 17, frequens in Agaricis, ibid.

*2515. 18. S. inqidnatum, Lk. n. 11, in merda Bethl. Hae tres Sporotricha sunt, Friesii.

2. Sjiuridiis grisets.

•2516. 19. S. griseum, Lk. n. 18, in caulibus mihi ex New York communicatis ab amico Halsey.

•2517. 20. S. murinum, Lk. n. 19, Bethl. In terra et lignis mense Augusto ambo videntur cum prox-
imo Sporotricho Friesii.

•2518. 21. S.fuliginosum, Lk. pag 9, n. 2, passim et caespitulis confluentibus late extensum intra
folia glumacea putrida Zeae, Bethl. Interdum occupat fere totam superficiem internani, quanquam
th;dlu3 unius cujusque caespitis minor. Floccis junioribus albidis Sporidiis griseis et fuligineo nigris.

3 . Sporidiis Jlavicantibus.
•2519. 22. S. luteo-alhum, Lk. n. 20, etiam in poniis putridis Bethl. Sporolrichum, Fries.
•2520. 23. S. laetum, Lk. n. 2J, in fissuris ligni caesi, Salem et. Bethl. Sporolrichum, F.
•2521. 24. S.Jlavissimu7n, Lk. n. 22' non in asseribus sed inter folia conglomerata et glumas putres-

centis Zeae nobis notum. Sporotrich. F.
•2522. 25. S.vilellinum,L,k. n. 23. In asseribus S.alem ac Bethlehem. Idem,!-'.
•2523. 26. S. sparsu7n, hk. n. 25. Nobis innotuit in cupuhsglandium subputridis, Bethl. Sporotrich. ¥ .

(Sporotrichum Pulveraria, Lk. n. 26, ,apud non vulgare sed evidenter Alga, vide Fries, p. 313.)
•2524. 27. S. ALUTiCEnM, L. v. S., longe lateque elTusum in cortice Vitis putrido, Bethl.

S. tliallo indeterminatim eff'uso, alutaceo-subolivascente, e floccis laxe et qu.isi reticulatim intertextis,

crassiusculis, arctim cortici adpressis. Sporidiis concoloribus nudis inspersis. Trichosporum, Fries.

Byssaceum.
•2525. 28. S. LUTESCENS, L. v. S., rarius occurrit in corticibus, Bethl.

S. thallo determinatim efFuso oblongo e floccis densis intertextis lutescentibus. Sporidiis globosis,

concoloribus. Affine S. candido et obducente, colore distinctissimo. Trichosporum, F.

4. Sporidiis fuscis.

•2526. 29. S. /usco-a/Awm, Lk. n. 27. Non rarum in corticibus Bethl. Sporolrichum, V.

5. Sporidiis roseis.

•2527. 30. S. cylindrosporium, Lk. n. 33, in cortice Betulae ex Massachusetts communicavitCl. Torrey.

Sporotrichum, F.
•2528. 31. S. atithochroum, Lk. n. 33, 1, in Salice cavo passim Bethlehem. A^idetur mihi esse species

generis Friesiani Byssacei Hypochni, pag. 3u4. Cerlissime vcgetabile distinctum.
•2529. 32. S. iNcAiiNATCM, L. V. S., in cariosissimo ligno moUi dejectorum ramorum Liriodendri ant

talius, Bethl. Trichosporum, F.
S. thallo indeterminatim longe eftuso, satis crasso lanoso, submoUi, floccis intertextis, albido-lncarnatis.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 27J

Sporidiis dense inspersis, nudis et floccis adliaerentibus rosco-lncarnatis, demum cxpallcntlbus.
Pellem laxum sistit ad 2 uncias eft'usum.
*2S30. 33. S. onATUM, L. v. S., in epiderinide corticis quercin'i et in lig-nis late cxpansiim, Hetlil.
Trichosporum, F.
S. longe lateque efl'usum, thallo ambitii siibdeterminalo expallente; floccis densissime intertcxtis arete
adpressis, nnde superficies laevigata apparct. Sporidiis creberrimis roscis adliuerentibus, globosis
onustum. Colore praesertim differt a S. obdiicentc.

6. Sporidiis rubris ct aurantiacis,
'2531. 34. S.aureu7n, Lk. n. 34. Colore apud nos potins fulvo-rubro gaudct. Trcquens Uctbl. in

putridissimis corticibus et lignis.
*2532. 35. S, inycophilum,L,li.'35. Rarins in maximis I'ezizis putridis, Betid.
*253.'5. 36. S. lateritiuin, Lk. 3fi, in fibris corticalibus ramorum Castaneorum, Uctld.
*2534. 37. S. viTicoLA, L. v. S., in rimis corticis Vitis exsoleti, Betbl.

S. thallo longitudinaliter ad 2 — 3 uncias effuso pallido, e floccis basi in membranulam aut pelliculinn
contexlis, ceterum antem suberectis et sublanosis quanquam intertextis, superne onustis creberrimis
sporidiis rubris ac lateritiis, nuUimodo unquam velatis T'richospm'um, F.

7. Sporidiis viresccntibiis.
'2535. 38. S. virescens, Lk. n. 38, (Dematium Pers. Synops. ) rarum in corticibus, Salem et Bethl.
*2536. 39. S. cMorinum, Lk n. 39, in foliis dejectis r.arum, Bethl.
'253r. 40. S. Jlavovirens, Lk. n. 40, in truncis Bethl. Linkius, loco citato, in Sistotremate aeruginoso

slbi pro .amicissimi Albertini et mei fungo sic dicto, misso, Sporotrichum recog'novit flavovirens.

NuUimodo t.am accurato observatore contradicere in animo est. Sed pro certo possum habere, fun-

g-um ab Linkio sub hoc nomine acceptum non revera fuisse Sistotrema nostrum, id est n. 663 hujus

libelli, quod Hydnum distinctissimum.
*2538. 41. S. hombacinum, Lk. n. 41, in truncis, Bethl. De hac specie mihi verosimile est — .Mycelium

tantum esse nee fungus autonomus.
*2539. 43. S. AEiioGiNoscM, L. v. S., an Ili/pochniis Fries. Byssaceum frequentissime occurrit Salem et

Bethl. in truncis putridissimis jacentibus.
S. thallo sublimitato effuso, maculas unciales et biunciales efliciente, e floccis lauosls intertextis In

ambltu laxiorlbus, pulcherrime aerug'inosis, centre fere tenuissiniam membranulam slstentibus, qua

ag'gregata sunt sporldia creberrima concolora, conglomcrata. Omnino difl'ert a 'I'lielepliora, n. 6B7.

8. Sporidiis vinosis, ptirptireis.
*2540. 43. S. srBvixosuM, L. v. S. Trichospcrma, F. in truncis sub corticc non rarum, liethl.

S. thallo crassiusculo, lanoso, subdeterminatim efiuso, e floccis la.xe intrlcatis aut intertextis, vinoso-
purpurascentibus, demum grisescentibus. Sporidiis concoloribus crebris nonprimum velatis, adhae-
rentibus floccis.

9. Sporidiis nigris.
*254I. 44. S. C'o//of, Lk. 45, in colla corrupta, Bethl. frequens.
*2542. 45. S. lyococcon, Lk. 44, in corruptls tubcribus Convolvuli Batatas prope Camden.

SuBGEX. 2. BYSSOCLADIUM.
'2543. 46. S. feneslrale, Link. 46, rarissime Pennsylv. observatum in vitro fencstrali cellarnm.
*2544. 4". S. byssinum, Lk. 47, in foliis dejectis non rarissime occurrit, Bethl.

*2545. 48. S. Tela, Lk. 48, in foliis et interdum in cortice effusum, Bethl. Thallus non tcnuissmiis,
sed manifestis floccis cornpositis. An fungus Linkii.

Gentis 149. Capillakia. Lk. et Pers. in Myc. Etirop.

De hoc genere .ambo dubltant Link, et Fries, nee autopti videuntur uUlus speciei. Sequentes ipse
frequenter observ.avi locis indicatis. Species tres priores pro fungis liujusce locis, sine dubio sumen-
dae intra eaullum cavitates et medulla nidulantes. Tres ultlmae v.alde dubiosae. C. epldermldis et

Vol. IV.— 3 T

274 SYNOPSIS OF

C . gi-ammica, vix autonomi fungi — et tantum ideo hie recensuntur, quia mihl non sine momento in his
dijuJicandis videtur, Mycologis notum esse, quidquid horum Myceliorum aut Initiorum etiam apud
Americanos occun-it. C. Rhizomorphinam, nobis — potius forsan Rhizomorpha vera, veg-etabile
memorabile et frequens observatum non omitteudum censeo — quanquam non ad tres priores pertinet.

*2546. 1. C. PAy/o/accae, Lk. p. 22, n. 3. Vulgatissima loco citato in Pennsylvania et Carolina. Floccis
etiam saepius fuligineis, sporidiis minutissimis sed crebris. In trlbus specicbus genuinis mil\i notis,
solum est et quantum scio sine exemplo mos crescendi. Nam non ut reliqui fungi familiae effusi
sunt in planitie unica, sed tanquam sphaerice ex centro, irregulari quidem sed distinguendo, radian-
tes (fere ut constructio interior Gallarum majorum Quercus se oculis ostendit); Floccis ceterum
laxissimis. Ubl caulis omnino cavus et niedullae ac dissepimentoi'um expers — magis horizontaliter
autplanitiem laterum interiorum sequentes inveniuntur.

*254". 2. C. cmdincola, Lk. p. 23, n. 8, Bethl. non rara in caulibus Umbellatarum, v. c. Pastinacae, &c.
et Angelicae lucidae praesertim.

*2548. 3. C. JlALVACEAnuM, L. v. S., in interiori caule Malvarum majorum hortis nostris.

C. Floccis atris laxis subsphaerice et reticulatim expansis in lateribus et per meduUam, ramosisslmis,
maculas efficientibus saepe plus quam unciales. Sporidiis non raris. Colore et magnitudine a C.
Phytolaccae differt.

*2S49. 4. C. epidermidis, Lk. n. 5, vix dubitanduni ut sit merum Mycelium, an Agariculi. Frequens
Bethl.

*2550. 5. C. grammicUjUs.. i\. 6. Frequens in foliis quercinis quibusdam annis. Nil autonom.

*255I. 6. C. RuizoMOnpHiNA, L. v. S., an Haplolrichum Eschv. frequens observatur in Lichenibus
crustuosis ramorum, v. c. in Lecideis, Lecanoris, &c. Bethl. et Salem.
C. Floccis subsparsis, ramulosis, nigro-fuscis, minutissimis suberectis aut repentibus — crassiusculis,
nitentibus — Oculis nudis vix perceptibilibus. Kamulis brevibus, raris.

Genus 150. Alytosporium, Lk.

Non omnino clarissimi Friesii sententiae Alytosporia Mycinematibus adnumeranda, p. 312, consentire

possum. Quos sub hoc genere intelligo, fungi autonomi, videlicet.
*2552. 1. A. fuscuin, Lk. n. \. Colore valde vario non r.arum apud nos Bethlebemis.
*2553. 2. A. psittudiium, Lk. n. 4, rarius occurrit ad ramos Bethl. Minutum plerumque.
*25S4. 3. A. murinum, Lk. n. 5, passim in truncis Bethl. At duae reliquae species, si teneo easdem

quas observavit, certissime non hujus loci sunt; videlicet
*2555. 4. A. /u/i)«m, Lk. n. 2, evidenter species bona generis Friesii Byssacei Hypochni, pag. 304,

rarius Bethl.
•2556. 5. A. croceum, Lk. n. 3, ejusmodi species. Himantia nempe sulpliurea Persoon optima evoluta

et eadem quae Syn. Car. 1364 recensita.

Genus 151. Colletosporium. F. S. V. inter Byssaceos, p. 304.

*2557. 1. C. umbrinum, Lk. p. 25, n. 1, sub cortice putrido, Bethl.

*2558. 2. C. alrum, Lk. n. 2, /S purpurascens, densim investiens ramos truncosque Smilacis rotundi-
folii, Bethl. Vi.x specie distinguenda ob colorem atropurpurascentem ab atro.

Genus 152. Coccotrichum. Vide F. S. V. p. 365.

*2559. 1. C. Mahtii, Lk. n. 1, apud nos in trunci interiori latere, super excrementa insectarum con-

glutinata eft'usum.
*2560. 2. C. EiiuBEscENs, L. V. S., Salem in dejectis asseribus putridis observatum, prioris congener.
C. Thallo sublimitato, efl'uso, confluente ex caespitulis numerosis subglobosis floccorum, griseo rubes-

centibus. Sporidiis concoloribus, adeo magnis, creberrimis. Interdum occupat plagasscmipedales

et ultra.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 275

Genus 153. Racodium. F. S. V. p. 304, Byssaceum.
*2561. I. R. celhre, IX. n. 1, in doliis cellariim in taberna, Bcthl.

Genus 154. Acrothamnium.

•2562. 1. A. violaceum, Lk. p. 27, n. 1, eleg'antissimum ac contra Friesium manifestim autonomoii.
Nostrum niillimodo inter muscos crescit — sed mag-na copia iiiventum ubi via sylvatica nuvissinia,
per latera colliura escawita, midtos radiculos arborum vicinitatis subdenudavit, in liis.

Genus 155. Trichothecium. S. V. F. p. 185.

2563. 1. T. roseum, Lk. p. 28, n. 1, Syn. Car. Trichoderma roseum n. 517. Vulgaris in plantis et in
ramulis. Praeserlim Kobiniae et Bethl.

Genus 156. Sepedonium. S. V. F. p. 185.

2564. 1. S. mycophilum, Lk. p. 29, n. 1, Syn. Car. 515, vulgaris in Boletis etiam Pennsylvania.

Genus 157. Mycogoxe. S. V. F. p. 178.

"2565. 1. M. rosea, Lk. p. 29, n. 1, in Polyporis vetustis praesertim in P. sulphureo, liethl.
•2566. 2. M. cenina, Lk. n. 2. Lectum ingenti copia sed rarissime in Peziza suftbcata, Bethl.
N. B. Non displicet sententia Friesii mycogones suis Acremoniis pntius adnumerare.

Genus 158. Fusisporium. S. V. F. p. 186.

*2567. 1. F. aurantiacum, Lk, p. 30, n. I. In Zeae caulibus ac splcis, Bethl.

*2568. 2. F. roseum, Lk. n. 2. In capsuhs Sidae abutllon et in foliis glumaceis Zeae, Bethl.

*2569. 3. F. candidum, Lk. n. 3, apud nos in foliis dejectis, Bethl.

•2570. 4. F. Laokxariae, L. v. S. Verrucas exsoletorum Cucurbitarum lagenari.ae albo-investiens,

Bethl.
F. tliallo satis crasso e fills contexto ramosis, candldis, aqua diffluentibus, immixtis sporidiis inseptatis

cylindricis, rainutis.

Genus 159. Menispora. (Macrosporium, F. p. 182.)

•2571. 1. M. glauca, Lk. p. 31, interiori paginae corticis deject. Bethl.

Genus 160. Gonitrichum. (F. S. V. p. 306, Byssaceum.)
*2572. 1. G. caesium, Lk. p. 32, ad frustula corticis Vitis, Bethl.

Genus 161. Epochnium. F. S. V. p. 186.
*2573. 1. E. monilioides, Lk. p. 32. Apud nos Bethl. ad uvas cultas passim occurrit.

27G SYNOPSIS OF

Genus 162. Helicotrichuji. F. S. V. p. 305, Byssaceum.

'2374. 1. H. /)«/t'/jic/um, Link. p. 33. Fungus noster bene quidem conveniens, ad caules stipitesque
putrescenlcs occurrit, ncc luicusque in ligno. An nova species. Pulvinulis crebris confluentibus
colore pulcliro caesio. Ilistori.i ceterum omnino eadem, vide Lk. p. 33.

Genus 1G3. Bactridium. F. S. V. p. 180.

*2575. 1. "&. Jlavum, Lk. p. 34, n. 1, frequcns in Ijgnis putridis praesertim salicis, Betlil.

*2576. 2. B. carncum, Lk. n. 3. Multo rarius Betlil.

*2577. 3. B. EFFUscM, L. v. S., rarius in caulibus putridis plantarum, Bethl.

B. nigrofuscum, floccis frequentibus, subramosis, sept.atis, hyalinis. Sporidiis e globoso utrinque acu-
tiusculis, subdifformibus, zona media intus materia grumosa repleta. C.aespitibus elongato-conflu-
entibus, demum induratis effusura.

Genus 164. Scolicotrichum. F. S. V. p. 1S3.

'2578. \. S. vireseetis, Lk. p. 35, ramulos ignotos investiens rarimi, Betlil.

*2579. 2. S. cANDinuM, L. v. S., eftasum super folia dejecta inter quisquilias corruptas, Beth!.

S. Thallo indeterminatim effuso, lalissimo contexto ex floccis crispis vermiformibus, intricatis quidem,
sed non ramosis, subnudis, satis crassis diaplianis inseptatis. Sporidia septata alba subdlaphana.

Genus 165. Circinotrichum. F. S. V. p. 1S2.

•'2580. 1. C. lANDiDUM, L. V. S., in ligno deorbato putrido pineo, Salem.

C. thallo tenuissimo efi'uso, exacte congruo descriptione Linkli pagina35 — nisi colore. Floccis enim
candidissimis, et nitoris expertlbus. Nudo ocuJo lignum videtur farina adspersum.

Genus 166. My.niotrichum. F. S. V. p. 304, Byssaceum.

*258L 1. M. churturum, Lk. p. 36, n. 1. Non rarum in chartis maris tabernarum diu loco humido
adglutinatis, ut solent in usum publicl .

Series II. (Byssacei.).

Etiam in hac serie commixtos habcnius fungos Friesiani Coniomycetes, Byssaceis ejusdem.
Genus 167. Acladrt.m. F. S. V. p. 306, Byssacei(7)i.

'2582. 1. A. consperstim, Lk. p. 37, n. 1, frcquens ad truncos, Betlil.

*258j. 2. A. microspermum, Lk. n. 2, in ramis putridis ibidem.

*2S84. 3. A. iiF.Nsissi.MUM, L. v. S., ad truncos ct asscrcs putridos, Betlil. rarum.

A. caespitulis densissimis uncialibus, ciri.so-])u!vinatis griseo.cancscentibus. Floccis persistentibus et
sporidiis majusculis concoloribus.

Genus 16S. Chloridiubi. F. S. V. p. ISl.
»2585. 1. C. viride, Lk. p. 38, n. 1, in llgnis putridis Bethl.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 277

*2536. 2. C. griseum, Lk. n. 2, distinctissinium fi'ei|uciitius in cortice putrldo, lictlil.
*258r. 3. C. CANDiDissiMUJi, L. V. S., ad ligiia piitrida Betlil. Fere omnino evanescens.
C. tliallo omnium tenuissimo, floccis candidissimis sporidiis diffoi-mibus minutissimis. Fugax.

Gonus 16.'». Cladosporiu,-\i. F. S. V. Dcnialiuin, p. 188, quoad spccinm unicam —

cetera a<l Byssaceas.

jVo/«. — Suspicor Friesium clarissimum iion a\itoptim pliirinias species vidissc. Nam phirimae eviden-

ter conjciiei'ae C. herbarii, et tumen specificc distinctae sunt — et milu videtur Genus ut omnium

familiae feracissimum sic etiam optimc distinctum et defmitum; typo C. herbannii.

2588. I. C. herharum, Lk. p. 39, n. 1, ubiqiie terrarum in plantis herbaceis, et in fungis, Syn. Car. 1341.

*2589. 2. C. solulum, Lk. n. 2, nobis frequenter obvium in caulibvis F.upborbiac margin.atae el liicini.

Colore jiiniore vivido, dentum fusco, Hethl.
*2590. 3. C. (drum, Lk. n. 3, in caulibus firmioribus v. c. Rrassicae vetustissimae, Uetld.
'2591. 4. C. polysporum. Lie. n. 4, in ramis sabcinis non ravum, Betid.
*2592. 5. C fuscum, Lk. n. 5, in majoribus caulibus, ibid.

*2593. 6. C. Funiago, Lk. n. 6. Paulo abnorme. A me passim ubscrvatum in Carolina et I'enn.sylv.
Quando obvium folia lolius fruticis aut plantae in quibus eff'usum fere omnino occ'.:pat. Kxsoletum
est Fumago Persooni. Plcrumque infestit plantas in vicinitate stagni sylvatici crescentes. Syn.
Car. D. I\digo, n. 1331.
•2594. 7. C. tenerrimum, Lk. n. 6, abnorme: non r.arum et distinctissimum in cortice, Betbl.
"2595. 8. C. fuscatum, Lk. b. n. 1, passim ad caules, Bellil.
*2596. 9. C. grumosum, Lk. b. n. 2, solummodo in stipitibus Pteridis aquilinae, Bethl.

259". 10. C. epiphyllum, Lk. b. n. 3, Syn. Car. 132r, vulg-are et in Pennsylv.
*259S. 11. C. graminum, Lk. b. n. 4, vulgatissima Betbl. in foliis graminum.
•2599. 12. C. MAcuLASs, L. v. S., subtectum subepidermide.Tasmini fruticanlis in Horto, iietld.

C. primum tectum epidermide, efficiens maculas majusculas, expallentes subelev.atas; demum pro-
rumpens acervulis minutis rotundis aut elongatis confluentibus epidermide fisso cinctis. Floccis
minutissimis cum sporidiis fusco-olivaceis. Acervulis plerumque in maculis concentrice dispositis
antequam conHuunt.
•2600. 13. C. BiGxuxiAK, L. v. S., frequens in leguminibus Bign. radicantis ac Catalpae, Carolina et
Pennsylv.
C. acervulis sparsis, nilnulis, frcquentibus, spliaerlacformibus, nigro-ollvaceis. Floccis In'eviuscidis
cum sporidiis concoloribus.
*2601. 14. C. Lir.XATiLK, L. V. S, passim in ligno putrido, Bethl.

C. late effusum, ad 2 — 3 imcias, temie. Floccis densis nudo oculo vix discretis, brevissiniis, ramosis,
cum sporidiis atro-aeruginosis, demum fuscis, aut fusco-purpurascentibus.
'2602. 15. C. spAHsux, L. v. S., in scapis AUii Cepae et aliorum, Betid.

C. sparsvim in acervulis minutissimis badio-fuscis per maculas expallentes latas scapi. Floccis crassi-
usculisrarioribus acervulos efBcientibus, subdivergentibus; sporidiis subglobosis concoloribus crebris
inspersis.
*2603. 16. C. TnniAF,, L. v. S., rarius observatum in foliis exsoletis Typbae, Bethl.

C. Floccis vix in acervulos aggregatis, sed sparsis, interdum et in ambitu fere simplicibus — ])lerumque
autem appro.ximatis, ita ut e longinquo maculam minuta.m efficiunt, nigro-fuscescentibus. Sporidiis
majusculis inspersis concoloribus.
*2604. \7. C. luimcoLA, L. v. S., in foliis exsoletis Iridis virginicae, Bethl.

C. minutissimum, sparsum, acervulis nempe non confluentibus, quanquam e longinquo maculam sis-
tunt latiusculam ob approxiniationem. Floccis brevibus, cum sporidiis, fusco-nigris. Acervulis
floccorum exsoletis, quasi sphaeriaemorphibus.
*2605. 18. C. vin«uLTOBUJi, L. v. S., passim in ramulis, virgultisve tenerioribus semivirentibus, Bethl.
C. late eftusum, confusum et acervulis non discretis, ambiens ramulos quasi tomento crustuoso, nigro.
Floccis demum vix distinguendis — sporidiis inspersis autem majusculis, globosiusculis, copiosis, et
atro-inquinantibus.
*2606. 19. C. SIMPLEX, L. V. S., in foliis dejectis fraxineis rarum, Bethl.

C. floccis simplicibus, nigris, fere omnino septatis, ceterum in aversa pagina tarn approximatis, ut

Vol. IV.— 3 U

278 SYNOPSIS OF

sistent maculam parvam, tenuissimam. Ceterum ei'ectls, minutissimis. Sporldiis adhaerentibus,
satis crebris, et ad basin floccorum hinc inde dlspersis, concoloribus.
"2607. 20. C. episphaehia, L. v. S., satis frequens insuper varias Sphaerlas corruptas, Bethl.
C. fugacissimum, ita ut statu sicciore omnino evanuit. Descriptione perdita quam in recentiorl feci
tamen pro future examine loco nominandum censui.

Genus 170. Podosporidm, L. v. S., Novum Genus.

Floccis rigidis crassis, basi incrassalis, apice obtusis undique Sporidiis majusculis pedicellatls obsitis,
ceterum ramosis aut simplicibus.
2608. 1. P. niGiDUM, L. v. S., Syn. Cai'. (Demat. crucigerae) 1325, pasim occurrit raraos aut sannenta
Rliois r.adicanlis circum circa (more Helminthosporii velutini) investiens, plerumque copia magna et
plUsquam ^ unciae elongatis floccis. Frequens etiam Bethl.
P. Floccis rigidissimis simplicibus erectis distantibus aterrimis, subfragilibus, opacis, saepe longitudlne
sex-unciali et ultra occupantibus ramos. Sporidiis ovato-elongatis aut subcylindricis, pedicellis di-
varicatis, brevioribus aut longioribus, et turn filiformibus.
*2609. 2. P. GLANDicoLi, L. V. S., in cupulis glandium aut interdum in glandibus ipsis semiputridis ad
terram dejectis, Bethl.
P. subfascicul.atum, brevissimum, atruni; dense aggregatis floccis rigidis, ramosis, brevissimis (i.e.
quando priori comparantur) Aterrimum. Sporidiis pro ratione magnis, pedicellatis, sed non divari-
catim insertis. Fasciculus minutus — quasi versus basin incrassatus apparet.

Genus 171. Oedemium. F. S. V. p. ,306, Byssuceum!

'2610. 1. O. alrum, Lk. p. 42, n. 1, in arborum cortice, Bethl.

Genus 172. Polytiirincium. F. S. V. p. 1S8.

'2611. 1. P. Trifolii, Lk. \>. 43. Ilarissime sed distinctissimum in f'ohis Trifolii repentis, Bethl.

Genus 173. Arthriniitm. F. S. V. ]). 1S7, cum proximis.
•2612. 1. A. caricicola, Lk. p. 43, in Carice quaedam monticola rarius prope Nazareth inventum.

Genus 174. Camptoum. F. S. V. p. 1S7, vide p. 365.

"2613. 1. C. ntrvatum, Lk. p. 44, in culmis Scirpi lacustrl, Bethl.

Genus 175. Goniosporum, ut sujjra.

'2614. 1. G. piicchwides, Lk. p. 45, rarius in foliis Caricis crinitae, Bethl.

Genus 176. Sporophleum, ut supra.
'2615- 1. S. gramineum, Lk. p. 45. solummodo ob.vium in foliis Zizaniae in Delaware prope Philad.

Genus 177. Conoplea. F. S. V. p. 1S7.

'2516. 1. C. Iiisjiidula, Lk. p. 46. mihi obvium in Panicis rarius, dc Horto Bartrami Philad.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 279

Genus 178. Coelosporium. F. S. V. ad proximum.

'261T. 1. C. fruliculosum, Lk. p. 46, non rarum in cxsoletis foliis p'amineis, lietlil.

Nolu. — Gi'atissimum mihi fait, fere omnia haec genera CI. Linkii, gaudentia tani disllnctis charactcri-
bus, quanquam plemmque minutissima, etiam in nosti'is regionibus invenire. (inis lalia observaiis, possit
adhuc buspicari, naturam in his oi-ganismis mici'oscopicis; mere pro lubitn sibi lusum indefinitum vagum-
que permisisse — nee esse ullam fidem ac stabilitatem in eorum diagnosi. Ludit sane metliodice, ([unm
iisdem formis tam detei-minatis gaudet, cis et transatlantice.

Genus 179. HELMiNTHOspORitxjr. F. S. Y. p. 305, Byssuceum.

2618. 1. H. vduiinum, Lk. p. 4", n. 1, Syn. Cai\ 1324, (D. ciliare) vulgatum in ramulis Carolinac el
Pennsylv.
*2619. 2. H. subulatum, Lk. n. 2, Betlil. in ramis.
*2620. 3. H. minus, Lk. n. 3, rarius in ramis, Uelhl.
*'2621. 4. H. nanuin, Lk. n. 4, in ligno putrido, iiiid.
"2622. 5. U. pellucidum, Lk. n. 5, non r.^rnm in ramis, ibid.
*2523. 6. H. simplex, Lk. n. 6, in ligno salicino, Bethl.

*2624. 7. H. icnuissimum, Lk. n. ", in caulibus plantarum v. c. in exsoletis Aquilegiae liortorum, Naz.
2625. 8. H. FAScicuLATDM, L. V. S., Svn. Car. 1326, (Demat. castaneae) frequens in variis foliis,
Salem et Bethl.
H. fascicnlis minutis gregatim propullantibus ex epidermide subfissa et subelevata, saepe collectis in
maculam plus minus eft'usam. Floccis nigris simplicibus, plus miniisve divergentibus, articnlatim
septis. Sporidiis crebris concoloribus.
♦2526. 9. H. DCBiDM, L. v. S., ex ramis propullans; affine priori, sed vix fiscicnlatoni, Betid.

H. floccis aggregatis, sed non in fasciculis, nigris aut nigro-subfuscescentibus, flexuosis, Hliformibus,
longiuscidis articulatim septatis. Sporidiis minutis adliaerentibus.
'2627. 10. H. coRTicALE, L. v. S., satis frequens in cortice glabrato ramornm Platani occidcntalis,
Salem et Bethl.
H. fasciculatum, propullans ex cortice. Floccis nigris, erectis vix ramosis, basi coalitis, apicem versus
conniventlbus, rigidis, ila \it fasciculus subconicus evadit. Sporidiis rarioribus, brevissimis, saepe
extus griscescentibus.
•2628. 11. H. viiuiULToiiUM, L. v. S., sub epidermide ramulorum Mori frigore emortuorum — demuni
denudatuni, Bethl.
H. floccis aggregatis in maculam nigrescentem semiuncialem primum subepidermide, demum nudum;
ceterum brevissimis tenerrimis fuscis, ramosis. Sporidiis concoloribus inspersis.
*2629. 12. H. cnnsTuosuM, L. v. S., longissime eft'usum, crustam teneram nigram in C.italpae ramis
junloribus, Bethl.
H. floccis brevissimis simplicibus erectis nigris, tam densim aggregatis, ut videntur sistere crustam
pedalem, in qua vix distinguuntur flocci, statu sicciori. Sporidia minutissima cum floccis confusa.
••2630. 13. H. nEnBincM, L. v. S., pulchrum, in caulibus Euphorbiae marginatae, Bethl. Dothidcas,
Sphaeriasque his incolas — obtegens.
H. subeffusum aut subpulvinatum. Floccis brevissimis basi intumescentibus, brunncis aut fuscis, mi-
nutis, densissime stipatis, pellucidis svib lente et septatis. Sporidiis inspersis.
*2534. 14. H. SoHGHi, L. v. S., frequens in foliis putridis Sorghi culti Litiy.

H. pulvinulis minutis (linearlbus) oblongis, crebris aterrimis, confluentibus. Floccis atris, rigidis
erectis, densis, simplicibus, subacuminatis, articulatim septatis, Sporidiis concoloribus inspersis.
*2632. 15. H. Brassicola, L. v. S., in foliis Brassicae cellis asservatae, circum nervum centralem prae-
sertlm erumpens. Affine ienuissimo.
H. plagis irregularibus, nigro-fuligineis longe lateque efi'usis. Floccis longiusculis, junioribus erectis,
ramosissimis hyalinis. Sporidiis oblongis multiseptatis, saepe incurvis, et pscudo pediccllo interdum
sufFultis, ceterum frequenter clavatis, longitudine fere floccorum. Sporidiis effusis cavdem inquinat.
•2533. 16. H. conNicuLATCM, L. v. S., abnorme. E rimis corticis quercini recenter caesi rarius pro-
pullans, Bethl.

280 SYNOPSIS OF

H, giganteuni; aten-imum cum nitore quodam cinerascente; coriiiculatim i-ar.iosum versus apicem
ramis divaricatis brevibus. Floccis crassis, fragiUimis, deiisissime iiitricatis, longitud'me unciali,
pulvinulum efficientibus 2 — 3 uncialeni, effusum longitudinaliter in rimis. Spori'liis rarioribus et
tantuni in perfectissimis, apice incrassatis.

Genus ISO. Helicoseoriu.m.

*26j4. 1. H. vegetum, Lk. p. 51, ligno putrescente inventum, IJetlil.

Series III. (Mucedinls.).

Genus ISl. Haplotrichum. F. S. V. p. 1S4.

'26Jo. I- H. cupilatitin, Lk. p. 52, in truncis Betlil.

"2(536. 2. n. VII1E3CF.XS, L. v. S., in cortice puti-ido ranmrum, liethl.

H. floccis efl'usis intric.atis, ramosis, septatis, persistentibus fuscescentibus, sporidifei'is erectis. Spori-
foria ovalia ex sporidiis virescentibus.
*2637. 3. H. suDPULTiNATiM, L. V. S., in truncis putridis cortice insidet, Betbl.

H. subpulvinatim aggreg-atum et interdum effusum. Floccis densis, divergentibus ramosulis, griseo-
canescentibus intricatis, sporidiferis erectis. Sporidiis majusculis ovatisconcoloribus, apice collectis.

Genus 1S2. IIapl.\ri.\. F. S. V. p. 184.

*2638. 1. H. grisca, Lk. p. 52. Optime quadrans — sed loco alieno. Apud nos solummodu in cor-
tice inventa.

Genus IS.S. EoTRYTis. F. S. V. p. 1S4.

1.* MUie.
2639. 1. B. ramulosa, Lk. p. 5j, n. 1, Syn. Car. 13u6, diffusa, in putridis plmtis et in lignis. In his

minus fugax.
•2640. 2. B . geotridm, Lk. n. 3, vulgaris in terra, locis stagnornm sylvaticorum exslccatis, Betlil.
2541. 3. B. cpigaeuyl^k. n. 2, in sylvisad vias etdeclivitates. Est quod nobis olini Trichoderma tuber-
culatum audit. Syn. Car. 523, et. Bcthl.
•2642. 4. B. elcgans, Lk. n. 4, Nobis et in ligno obvia et turn asservabilis, Bcthl.
"■2643. 5. B. densu, Lk. n. 5, etiam in fungis, Bethl.

2644. 6. B. agaricina, Lk. n. 6, frequens praesertim in I'olyporis. Syn. Car. rcinwsa, 13Ud.
*2645. 7. B. cplphylla, Lk. n. ~, satis frequenter obscrvata in foliis Geranii mactilati et caroliiiiani,

Bethl.
'2646. 8. B. PELLICULA, L. v. S., ad lignum vetustum, Bethl.

B. Thallo eflfuso, densissime intertexto, candldissimo, sistente pellom delicatum tenuissinium detracii-
bilem. Floccis sporidiferis creberrimis erectis et decumbentibus, onustis caterva densa sporidiorum
candidissimorum globosorum. Floccis ceterum eleganter ramosis. Sporidiis faciliter concussione
avolantibus.

2.* Virentes uut olivuccat.
*2647. 9. B. olivacea, Lk. n. 7, in truncis putridis, Bctlil.
"2648. 10. B. puleinata, Lk. n. 8, in fungis vulgaris, ibid.
■2649. 11. B. polijspora, Lk. n. 9, in dejectis ramis, ibid.
•2650. 12. B. cinereovirens, Lk. p. 56, in ligno putrido, ibid.

NOHTII AMERICAN FUNGI. 281

*2651. 13. B. lignifraga, Lk. ii. 10, Ilethl. rarius.

•2652. 14. B. L.ixi, L. v. S., species elcguntissima cii-cum radices piitrescentes fruticis Rhododcndri

emortui dejecti, Betlil.
B. late effusa, passim subpulvinata, laxissime coliacrens. Floccis ramosis, ramis cl ramificationibiis

divaricatis. Sporidiis g-Iohulosis. Fungus pcrsistens ac asservabllls gaudet colore clcguntcr lutes-

cente cervino, floccis nempe et sporidiis concoloribiis.

3.* lioseae.
*2653. 15. B. rosra, Lk. n. II, in ramis Platani, Bethl.

•2654. 16. B. macrospora, Lk. n. 12, in scobe lignea et in cortice, Bethl. ct Salem.
"2655. 17. B.variospcrma, Lk. n. 13, aftinis priori, apud nos in cortice plcrumque, Bethl.
*2656. 18. B. LATERiTiA, L. V. S., plagis latissimis elTusa in caule antique Brassicae, Bethl.

B. Thallo crassiusculo efTiiso. l-'loccis ramosissimis, lateritiis, primum albidis: sporidiferis erectis
intricalis. Sporidiis copiosissimis, cleganter lateritiis. Plagas efficit binnciales, subpulvinatim
.applanatis.
•2657. 19. B. puLCHERniMA, L. v. S., plagis unci.am latis, 6 uncias long-is in cortice confluentibus, Bethl.
B. Thallo densim intertexto, crassiusculo, decumbente, persistente, ime roseo. Floccis sporidiferis,
fasciculatim in th.\lIo erectis, ramosissimis, candidis, onustis sporidiis ovato-globosis candidissimis.
*2658. 20. B. LiLAciNA, L. v. S., in ramis I'ini canadensis subcorruptis, Mauch Chunk.
B. Thallo effuso, vix pulvinato. Floccis breviusculis intricatis ramosis, sporidiferis subcrectis, lilacinis.
Sporidiis ovatis crebris, pauIo purpurloribus.

4.' Flavicanles.
*2659. 21. B.fulva, Lk. n. 15, ad frustulas ligni inter pulverem vaporarium. Betlil. ct ad truncos.
•2660. 22. B. allochroa, Lk. n. 16, in herbis dcjectis, Bethl.
'2661. 23. B. LEucoXANTiiA, L. V. S., passim in cortice, Bethl.

B. Thallo efFuso tomentoso. Floccis luteo-flavcscentibus crassiuscuhs, intricatis, ramosis, articulatim
septatis. Sporidiferis erectis; sporidiis majusculis, globosis, candidis, densim in ramis aggregatis,
subfugacibus.

5.* .lurnnliacue.
•266}. 24. v.. (iurantiaca,'Lk. n. 17, frequeiis in truncisputridis: rubro-aurantiaca. An Oidiiimfulvum
sit status junior*

6.* Griscae.
•2663. 25. B. cana, Lk. p. 59, n. IS, in foliis marcidis, Bethl.
•2664. 25. Ti. polyudis, Lk. n. 19, frequens in caulibus, Bethl.
*2665. 27- B. leiicospora, Lk. n. 23, nobis in fungis, Bethl.
2666. 28 B. cincrea, Lk. n. 21, Syn. Car. 1307. In Pennsylvania nobis innotuit insuper Sclerotlum
durum in Euphorbiae marginatae caulibus putridis.
*2667. 29. B. licolor, Lk. n. 24, in iisdem ct aliis caulibus reperta, Bethl.
*266S. 30. B. MixuToiA, L. v. S., in antiquissimis truncis Betulae nigiae, Betlil.

B. minoris voluminis species. Thallo e pulviiudis parvis subrotundis, confluentibus, lineam longis,
parum elevatis ex albo-cinerascentibus conflate. Floccis tortis invalidis ramosis. Sporidiis crebris
candidis.

7.* Nigrac.
"2669. 31. B. n/gra, Lk. n. 25, Virgaria, Nees, In ramis dejectis rarior, Bethl.

Genus 184. Polyactis. F. S. V. p. 184, sub Botrytide.

•2670. 1. P. quadrifida, Lk. p. 62, n. 1. In rcceptaculis aut seminibus Compositarum, Bethl.
•2671. 2. P. simplex, Lk. n. 3, evanescens, Bethl. in receptaculis putridis Helianthi annul.
•2672. 3. P. GBisF.A, L. V. S., in leguminibus Catilpae et Bignoniae, Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 3 V

282 SYNOPSIS OF

p. floccis sporidiferis sparsis, griseis, simplicibus, evanescentibus. Sporidlis concoloribus, ovato-
cylindricis apice floccorum irreg-ulai-iterumbellatlm collectis, sed etiam in trunco flocci adhaerentibus.

Genus 185. Aspergillus. F. S. V. p. 183.

"2673. 1. A. candidus, l,k. p. 65, n. 1, frequens in fungis, Bethl.

•2674. 2. A. mycobanche, Lk. n. 2. In Pezizis majoribus, ibid.

"2675. 3. A. ovaiispermus, Lk. n. 3. In prunorum fructiibus, ibid.

2676. 4. A. glaucus, Lk. n. 6, Syn. Car. 1314, Monilia vulg,iris et in Pennsylv.

2677. 5. A. roseus, Lk. n. 8, S}T\. Car. 1316, cellis, Sec. et. Bethl.
*2678. 6. A. /ancus, Lk. n. 5, in carioso Salice, ibid.

*2679. 7. A. griseus, Lk. n. 10, in fungis puti-idis, ibid.

*2680. 8. A. puRPunzoFuscus, L. v. S., species distinctissima. In caulibns putridis Bi-assicae rai-lus
occumt, Betlil.
A. Hyphasmate longe lateque effuso, tenue. Floccis sporidiferis ramosis et erectis, aut etiam simpli-
cibus, septatis purpureo-fuscis. Sporidiis creberrimis, concoloribus, demum canescentibus, majus-
culis. Elegans ac persistens.

*2681, 9. A, virens, Lk. n. 7, in ramis dejeotis in montibus Lehigh mihi obvius. Vix specifice distinc-
tus. Floccis tamen aeque ac sporidiis demum aeruginoso-vii-idibus, quanquam primo et subtus
albescunt.

Genus 186. Penicillum. F. S. V. p. 182.

'2682. 1. P. candidum, Lk. p. 69, n. I, in fungis frequens, Bethl.

*2683. 2. P. roseum, Lk. n. 2, in caulibus plantarum, Bethl.

2684. 3. V. glaucum, Lk. n. 3, Syn. Car. 1319, Monilia digitata vulgatum et Pennsylv.

*2685. 4. P. sparsum, Lk. n. 4. In foliis gramineis, Bethl.

Genus 187. Coremium. F. S. V. p. 182.

*2686. 1. C. glaucum, Lk. p. 71, n. 1, in Involucris corruptis Castanearum, Bethl.

*2687. 2. C. candidum, Lk. n. 2, in corruptis stipitibus, Bethl.

•2688. 3. C. citrinum, Lk. n. 3, rarius in lignis et <liucerdis, ibid.

*2689. 4. C. cocciNEu.M, L. v. S., insuper lignum cariosum effusum ex Georgia, Torrey misit.

C. caespitibus longe lateque effusis, confluentihus, compositis ex iasciculis floccorum, laete coccineis,
basi unitis in pedicellum communem, apice penicillatim divergentibus. Sporidiis densis concoloribus.
'2690. 5. C. FLAvovinExs, L, v. S., frequens observatum in foliis dejectis udis, Bethl.

C. substipitatum, lasum. Fasciculis sparsis parvis subglobosis, floccis parum divergentibus, cum spo-
ridiis ex flavo virentibus.
*2691. 6. C. suBiccL.'.TUM, L. v. S., in cortice dejecto rarius, sed distinctissimum, Bethl.

0. thallo subiculato, tenui, denso, effuso, ex quo densim assurg^nt fasciculi, sparsi floccorum coalitorum
in firmum pedicellum, apice capitellato-peniciUatorum, colore incarnato-cinerascente. Pedicellus
subcylindrlcus i-ubescit. Capitulum globosum peniciUatum-pedicellum magnitudine excellit. Spori-
diis concoloribus. Persistens.
*2692. 7. C. FRAGARiASTnuM, L. V. S., frequens in foliis emarcidls Fragariae cultae in Hortis, Bethl.
Amphigenum.
C. fasciculis crcbris, amphigenis, aterrimis, concentrice quasi in maculam aggregatis. Basi floccis ex
quibus fasciculi context!, coalitis, rigidiusculis; apice parum penicillatim divergentibus. Sporidiis
ciner.asccntibus. Minutissimum ct vigens praesertim in foliorum aversa pagina.
•2693. 8. C. coscENTRicuM, L. V. S., Dcmutium Peniclllus, Syn. Car. 1330. In pagina aversa Lauri
aestivalis foliorum, Salem et Bctlil.
C. in maculis cinereo-nigrcscentibus foliorum semivivorum, concentrice proveniunt fasciculi floccorum
nigrorum, basi coalitorum ct quasi pseudo-bulbum eflicientium. Apice penicillatim ut in priori
divergunt sed multo minus elcvati sunt fasciculi. Sporidiis ceterum nigris satis frequentibus.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 283

•2694. 9. C. FiMETAniuM, L. v. S., in fimo vaccino invenUim, Bethl.
C, cae3])itibus niinutls spaiVis, floccis thalloiJcis versus basin coalitis subnifescentibus. Sporidifevis
capituli, candidis cum sporidiis. Dcmum subevanescentibus.

Genus 188. Campsotrichum. F. S. V. p. 181.

Ad hoc genus placet sequentem timgum pulclicrrimum refeiTC, ob characteres — quanquam colore ablion-ct.
"2695. ]■ C. spLESDiDDM, L. V. S., rarissime ad puti-idissimos cortices occurrit, lietlil. Optime per-

sistens, ac colorem servans.
C. sparsum, sed gregarie occurrens, tarn minutum ut difficiliter observatur nisi lentis opere. Stipite

rufo-aurantiaco, sine dubio ex coalitis floccis, ad dimidiam altitudinem totius fungi elevato; turn

divaricatim diviso-r.amoso in flocculos pellucidos manifestim septatos aurantiacos al)iente, Sporidiis

globosis concoloribus pulcheiTime decorates.

Series IV. (Acremonii.).
Genus 189. Acremomum. S. F. V. p. 177.

•2696. 1, A. verticillaium, Lk. p. 74, n. 1, passim in truncis, Bethl.
*2697. 2. A. fuscum, Lk. n. 3, in ramulis putridis Lauri Sassafras, Bethl. cbvium.
*2698. 3. A. niVi'rfum, Lk. n. 4. In Sphaeria deusta exsoleta, Bethl. Demum fuscescit.
*2699. 4. A. NiGRosPEBMUM, L. V. S , in llgno vetusto rarius inventum, Bethl.

A. thallo tenujssimo effuso, floccis albo-griseis intricatis ramosis. Sporidiis nigrcscentibus pellucidis,
crebre innatis, sed non verticillatis.

Genus 190. Verticilliu.m. F. S. V. p. 178.

•2~00. 1. V. tenerum, Lk. n. 1, in variis caulibus, Bethl.
•2701. 2. V. capHatum, Lk.n. 2. Non rarum in truncis, ibid.

Genus 191. Dactylium. F. S. V. p. 366, Suppl.

•2702. 1. D. candldum, Lk. p. 77, n. 1, passim in truncis, Beth!.

•2703. 2. U. nigrum, Lk. n. 2, in

*2704. 3. D. GRiMiNc.w, L. v. S., in foliis Leersiae oryzoid., Bethl.

D. Floccis sparsis simplicibus griseis erectis. Sporidiis 3 — 4 digitatis concoloribus.
•2705. 4. D. MF.LA^JOprs, L. v. S., in scapis AUii Cepae, Bethl.

D. Floccis sparsis quidem sed densis, crassiusculis, nigro-fuligineis articulatim sept.itis, apice coroii.atis,
sporidiis cinereo-fullgineis. Basi saepe bulboso-incrassata nigriori cetero flocco.
•2706. 5. D. cnusTACEUM, L. v. S , plagis ingentissimis saepe obtegit cuhnos giganteos Arundinariae
ex Carolina australi ad usum piscatorurn in foro venditioni expositae.
D. subcrustaceum tandem devenit, primura floccis erectis, discretis, fragilibus consistit dense aggi-e-
gatis, apice 3 — 4 sporidiferis, ceterum nigrcscentibus. Sporidiis concoloribus opacis deciduis.

Genus 192. Stachylidium. F. S. V. p. 178.

*2707. 1. S. bicolor, Lk. p. 78, n. 2, in caulibus cxsiccatis, Bethl.

•2708. 2. S. HOSEUM, L. v. S., in foliis caulibusqiie, plantarum male exsiccatarum in Herbariis v. c.
Solidaginis rigidae, Bethl.

284 SYNOPSIS OF

S. Hvphasmatc caespitosim aggregato, saepe conflucntc caespitulis minutis rotundis, roseo-incar-
natis, composiUs ex floccis septatis ramosis. Sporidiis lateralibus crcbris amoene roseis.
'2709. 3. S. KiTLVDM, L.v. S., in caulibus putriJissimis Brassicae, Uetlil.

S. hypliasmate tenue fiilvo. Floccis erectis rigldiusculis concoloribus, sporidiferis. Sporidiis verticil-
latis fulvis, demum decoloraiitlbus.
*27'10. 4. S. LOTESCENS, L. V. S., terrcstre, locis obvium ubi copia ramorum putrescentium accumulata,
Bethl.
S. hypliasmate magno espanso orbiculato, ambitu albo. Floccis sporidiferis decumbentibus, ramosissi-
mis lutescentibus, grosse articulato-septatis cum sporidiis ovalibus verticillatis lutels.

Genus 193. Spondylocladium.

*2r)l. 1- S. /iimosura, Lk. p. 78, in lig-nis, Bethl. F.tiam passim tenuius omnibus partibiis in herbis
lig-natilibus, v. c. Artemisia abaynthium.

Series V. (Mucoiuni.).

In hac serie cogemur sequi Friesii dispositioncm in Systemate Orbis Vegetabilis, tribus nempe I. et II.
Ordiiiis ejus sccundi, Mucorinorum amplectenteni. Et quidem nobis melior videtur per sc (exclii-
sis tribubus III. et IV. jam secundum Linkium citatis) — et quia ex serie Linkiana Genera, Pilobolus,
Erysiphe et Khizoctonia jam alio loco Frlesiano, summo jure cilata omittere necesse est, Slilbumque
contra, omnino ad Mucorinos pcrtinens ut etiam vult J'ries. hie inserere.

Genus 1.94. Chordostylum.

*2712. 1. C. cupillare, F. S. V. p. 175, rarius Bethlehem in foliis putridis. Vide etiam A. et S.,
Conspectum.

Genus 195. Stilbtthi. F. S. X. p. 175, ot Spre:igel., p. 545.

2713. 1. a.vulgnrc, Spr. p. 545, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1280, et. Bethl.

2714. 2. S. gclaliiiosum, Pers., Syn. Car. 1279, et Bethl. ad truncos.

2715. 3. S. lomcniosum, Spr. n. 14, Syn. Car. 1276, et. Bethl.

2716. 4. S. hyssinum, Pers. in hymenio putridi fungi Bethl. et Syn. Car. 1282.

2717. 5. S. piliforme, Spr. n. 8, ad ligna etiam Bethl. et Salem in Involucris, Syn. Car. 1278.

2718. 6. S. bulbosum, Spr. n. 2, solummodo Car., Syn. Car. 1281.

2719. 7. S. rigulum, Spr. n. 9, in truncis, Sal. et Bethl. S C. 12~G.

2720. 8. S. iurbinaium, Spr. n. 18, Syn. Car. 1283, Salem.

2721. 9. S. rulkundum, Spr. n. 19, Syn. Car. 1284, non Pennsylv.

••2722. 10. S. nosF.DM, L. v. S., rarius inter fibres ligni cariosi subsolutos, Bethl.

S. minutissimum, eflbrmans caespitulos inter fibros; stipitibus subbulbosis brcvibus, capitulis subturbi-
natis cum stipite pallido-roseis.
*2723. 11. S. iNai'iNANs, L. v. S., an hujus Generis' abuorme et valde mcmorabile. Inventum super
ramos et dejectamenta effusum, Bethl.
S. longe lateque effusum, in aggeres magnos aut acervos uncialcs accumuhatum atro-inquinantes,
crassos. Stipitibus longis, bihne.aribus, subulatis, rigidis, fragilibus aterrimis. Capitulis globosis.
nigris, obscuris deciduis.
Nola. — Sprengelius sub hoc genere subsumpsit heterogenos fungos — inter quos admiratus .sum Pcrieo-
niam Persicac, Syn. Car. 1290, quae cum P. Ii/i,j!s ibidem 1291, est sine dubio Cali/ciiim, Lichen,
observare. tJbi Linkii sentcntia placebit Stilba, non ex opcre ejus determinandum. Mihi pro certo
videtur hoc genus ad Mucorinos Friesii pertinere.

NORTH A3IERICA1V FUNGI. i285

Genus 196. Eukotitjm. S. F. V. p. 177, Lk. p. 79.

2724. 1. E. herhariorum, Lk. p. 79, Sjii. Car. 427, v.irians mag'nitudine et colore ubique.
•2725. 2. E. oBLiTERATCM, L. V. S., in herbis male exsiccaUs Hcibarii mei.
E . thallo obliterate, nuUo. Sporangiis magnis citrinis.

Genus 197. Mucor. F. S. V. p. 176, Lk. SO.

•2726. 1. 'M.fimctarius, Lk. p. 80, n. 1, in stercore vaccino. Evanesccns, Bethlehem.
•2727. 2. M. rufus, Lk. n. 3, persistens in Polyporo, licthl.

2728. 3. yi. JIuviJus, Lk. n. 8, in Agaricls rarius sed perelegans. Evanesccns, Salem et Bethl., Syn.
Car. 421.

2729. 4. M. Muccch, Lk. n. 14, Syn. Car. 423. Ubique.
*2730. 5. M. ascophorus, Lk. n. 15, in Cucurbitis, Bethl.

*2731. 6. M. tenuis, Lk. n. 16, in ligno putrido mycomatre illito Nazareth. Distinctum persistens.

•2732. 7. M. carncus, Lk. n. 20, in frustulis pineis, Philad. evanesccns.

*2733. S. AL niitiimus, Lk. n. 22, in putridis Cucurbit. Bethl.

2734. 9. M. tmcllas, Lk. 23, Syn. Car. 426, passim ct BetU.

2735. 10. M. caninus, Lk. 24, Syn. Car. 424, et. Bethl.
•2736. 11. M. stcrcoreus, Lk. 25, etiam in canino stercore, ibid.

2737. 12. M. murinus, Lk. 26, Syn. Car. 425, et. Bethl.
•2738. 13. M. Fimbria, Lk. 27, in Sphaeriis, S.alem et Bethl.
'2739. 14. M. albo-virens, Lk. 28, in Pezizis vetustis, Belhl.
'2740. 15. M. truncorum, Lk. n. 2, in Cat.alpa caesa, Bethl.
•2741. 16. M. cAPiTATO-RAMOstTs, L. V. S., in Boleto aut Polyporo vetusto, Bethl.

M. ingens, persistens. Floccis densis fulvo-luteis, semi-unci.ilibus, caespitosis, apice divaricato-ramosis,
quasi laxum capitulum sistentibus, onustis nempe Sporang-ioUs magnis luteis, demum nigi-escenti-
bus. Pci-pulchcr Mucor. Floccis firmiusculis.
•2742. 17. M. EciiiN-opinLA, L. v. S., non r.arus in spinis Invohicrorum, Castan. Bethl.

M. pusillus, simplex. Hyphasmate simplicl nigro cinereo breviuscolo, subulato, basi incrassata.
Sporanglolo hyulino demum cinereo-deciduo. Densissime prorumpit aut potius insidet in spinis,
oculum nudum cffugiens.

Genus 19S. Thamnidiu.m.

*2743. 1. T. ekgans, Lk. p. 96. Rarlssime sed distinctisslmum inventum mense Uecemb. in frustulis
corticis Sahcis, Bethl. Spor.angiola elong.ita. Medium fugacissimum ceteris minorlbus candidis
persistentibus.

Series VI. (Bysseae.) F. S. V, p. 307 et porro inter Algas byssaceas.

Genus 199. OiDiUM.

O. aureum, Lk. p. 121, n. I. Solummodo Carolina ligno carios.

O.fukum, Lk. n. 2. Bethl. r.arius.

O.frudigena, Lk. n. 3, in Prunis et Persicis, Bethl.

O. monilioides, Lk. n. 4. Salem et Bethl. in graminib.

O. suhramosum, Lk. n. 10, in ramis Sassafras, Bethl.

O. croceum, Lk. n. 8, in cortice Castaneo, Bethl.

O. CAxniiirM, L. v. S., in fohis quercinis putridis, Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 3 W

'2744.

1

•2745.

o

•2746.

3.

•2747.

4.

♦2748.

5

•2749.

5.

*2750.

7.

286 SYNOPSIS OF

O. floods crassis decumbentibus aggregatis, candicJJs, ex artlculis crassis — Torulae non dissimilibus.
Sistens maculas Candidas laxas.
2751. 8. O. iNaciNANs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Trichoderma globosum, 524. Fung^m hunc vulgatissi-
mum, ulnarl longitudineglobosispuIvinuUs, sacpeconfluentibus, occupantem ramos etiatn Quercinos,
Oid'ium esse non ampllus dubitandum. Floccis erectlusciJis articulatis simplicibus, demum solutis
in Sporidia fuligineo-atra.

Genus 200. Tetracolium.

*2752. 1. T. Tuherculariue, Lk. p. 125. Non solum in Tubercularia vulgari, sad etiam in aliis specie-
bus Tuberculai'iae observatum, Bethl.

Genus 201. Alternaria.

*2753. 1. A. tenuis, Lk. p. 12", n. 1. Frequenter occurrens in Brassicis Ilortorum, in calycibus Heli-
anthl annul, et in culmis Zizaniae prope Philadelpliia observata.

Genus 202. Monilia.

2754. 1. M. animnata, Lk. p. 126, n. 1. Syn. Car. 1322. Et Bethlehemis frequens : v. c. in tectis
pineis.
*2755. 2. M. expansa, Lk. n.2, in caulibus frequens Betlil.
*2756. 3. M. alta, Lk. n. 3, in lignis et ramulis, ibid.
*2757. 4. M. sparsa, Lk. n. 4, in Arundine et caulibus ibid.
2758. 5. M. rnscoNiGni, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Trichoderma spadiceum 525. Hue pertinet. Frequens
etiam Pennsylvania e. c. ad palos.
M. caespitulis 2 — 3 linearibus, subrotundis pulvinatis. Floccis ferrugineo fusco-nigris frequentissimis
simplicibus stipatis, quasi subradiatim divergentibus, demum solutis in articulos fusco-nigros, inqui-
nantes.
*2759. 6. M. GioBusA, L. v. S., rarius in cortice juniorum ramorum Populi italicae, Bethl.

M. caespitulis globosis, sparsis, nigris, compositis e floccis atro-fuligineis irregulariter aggregatis nee
radiantibus. Articulis globosis in quos demum soluta — .atro inquinat.
''2760. 7. M. PDNCTANS, L. V. S., passim obvia in lignis pyrinis, Bethl.

M. Caespitulis minutis, quasi punctantibus lignum, compositis ex floccis crassiusculis brevibus sub-
divergcntibus demum conglutinatis — lignum inquinantibus, solutis nempe articulis nigro-subniten-
tibus. I'ulvinuli saepe longe lateque confluunt, primum fibris ligiii subimmersi.

Genus 203. Torttla.

2761. 1. T. herbarum, Lk. p. 12S, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1321, ubique vulgatlssima in caulibus.
*2762. 2. T. ienera, Lk. n. 2, frequens ad ramos, Bethl.
*2763. 3. T. MEDULLAE, L. V. S, in medulla maxim.arum c.aulium longe latcque effusa, Bethl.

T. Floccis in thallum fuligineum tarn conglutinatis ut fere pelliculam efliciunt. Floccis fragilibus,
demum solutis in ov.ales articulos.
"2764. 4. T. cucunniTAnuM, L. V. S., latissime efl'usa in cortice Cucurbitarum (Lagenariae) maculis
maximis, v. c. 4 — 6 uncialibus, Bethl.
T. atra, maculas determinatas eftormans confluentes, inquinantes. Floccis fragillimis — articulis globosis.
'2765. 5. T. cnuSTACEA, L. v. S., ramos juniores salicinos incrustans longe lateque non rara, Bellil.
T. ex epidcrmide prorumpens et eam longe lateque demum incrustans, fuliginea. Floccis conglu-
tinatis— inquinantibus ad tactum, ob sohitos .articulos minutissimos.
•2766. 6. T. oLiVAscENs, L. V. S., in libro corticis, epidermidc orbato, Catalpae, Bethl.

T. pulvinulis elongatis, confluentibus, oliv.acco-nigris subseriata. Floccis grosse articulatis, et qu.asi
ramosi.s.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 287

Series VII. ct VIII. (Appendix. ).

Momenti mihi videUir Fmigos aiit Mjcelia aut quidqnUl sint, seqiientium Gcnerum in opci-e meo, titu-
lum Conspectus omnium Mycetomorpliorum Americanoi'um sibi vindicante, nuUimodo omnino
neglig't. Easdeni degenerationes, eadem initialia, eadem exanthemata aut analoga invcnisse cis et
transatlantice, de quibus peritissimus quisque anceps haeret, an sint Vegetabilia autonoma, nee ne,
factum est, non omnino negligendum in his rebus dijudlcandis. Sententiae Friesii assentio de
plerisque — et Linkius de iis dubitat — sed Linkil ad exemplar, tamen quam potui diligentiam adhibui,
omnia liae Mycetomorpha recensei-e hoc loco, equidem praestantiora nova milii obvia describere,
appendicis, ad instar.

Genus 204. Helicomtces. F. S. V. p. 310, Byss.
"2767. 1. H. 7-oseus, hk. p. 131. Tantum mihi obvius in truncojacente Erie County, Pennsylv.

Genus 205. Dematium. Link. p. 131.

*2r6S. 1. D. nigrum, Lk. p. 131, n. 1, passim in cortice Bethl.

*2769. 2. D. monissimum, Lk. n. 2. Salem ad radices.

"2770. 3. D. hadium, Lk. n. 4, ad r.amos dejectos Sal. et Bethl.

*2771. 4. D.Jtihalttm, Lk. n. 5, ibidem, Bethl.

'277'2. 5. D. ritpestre, Lk. n. 6, ad rupes udas, Bethl.

*2773. 6. D. rupincola, Lk. n. 7, in Lichenibus rupestribus, ibid.

'2774. 7. D. ynuscorum, Lk. n. 8, frequens in Bavtramia vix autonomon., Bethl.

*2775. 8. D. cornulum, Lk. n. 12, passim in ramis salicinis, Eethl.

•2776. 9. D. suhcorticah , Lk. n. 14, rarius sub cortice.

*2777. 10. D. sirigosum, Lk. n. 15, lig-no putrldissimo juglandino obvium, Bethl.

*2778. 11. D . .i'ii/a, Lk. n. 13, passim in interioribustruncis. Specimina perpulchra tcneoex navibus

belhcis classis amei-icanae in Lacu Erie constructae, et post paucos annos ab hoc hoste funguloso

destructae — hostis Britannici quanquam victrix fuit.
*2779. 12. D. linlaceum, Lk. n. 21, rarius in truncis, Bethl.

2780. 13. D. RA510SUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1362, K.acodium. In ramulis Andromedae arboreae, Salem
nee Bethl.

2781. 14. D. Smilacis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1329, etiam satis frequens Bethl. in smilacibus,

"2782. 15. D. EpispHAERicuM, L. V. S., passim in exsoletis Sphaeriis, Bethl. Non est Cladosporium.
D. fasclculatim contestum ex filis badiis et fuscis, articukatis, ramosis. Fascicuhs minutis erectis.

2783. 16. T) . papyraceuin, Lk. n, 23, frequens intra ligna cariosa Salem et Bethl. Syn. Car. 1359.
Vix autonomon.

2784. 17. D. aeruginosum, Pers., Syn. Car. 1360, et Pennsylv. frequens.

*2785. 18. D. Cnrium, Pers. Myc. Europ. vulgatissimum in fissuris truncoruni, Pennsylv. et Carolina.
•2786. 19. D. lanatitm, Lk. 22, in interiori trunco, Bethl.

2787. 20. D. ciNXAMOMEUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 1361. Racodium, passim et Betlil.

Quinque ultimae species, Xylostromata auctorum, sunt. Assentio Friesio, degeneratlones variorum
Hymenomycetum in sufifocatis mihi sunt, et quidem talis plerumque, quae ex Polypororum aut Agari-
corum in lignum penetrantibus p.artibus radicantibus degeneratis oriuntur : ita nempe, ut nisus
vegetativus omnino in pseudo-radicem abiens, formationes Pilei et cvolutione perfecta ceterorum
organorum carent.

Genus 206. Ozoniuji. S. V. F. p. 302, Byssac.

2788. 1. O. auricomum, Lk. p. 133, n. I, Syn. Car. 1328, Demat. strlgosuni, Salem et Bethl.

288 SYNOPSIS OF

2789. 2. O. stuposum, hk. n. 2. Bethl. in trabibus dejectis putridis.
Duae liaec species, saepissime obsevvatae sine dubio genuinae sunt et locum sibi vindicant byssaceura
quern iis Friesius tribult. Nullimodo autem ceteris cong^'uunt — valde distinctis, quibus me censente
nomen genericum Himantia debetur videlicet.

Genus 207. Himantia. Myc. Europ. p. SS.

*2T90. 1. H. cellarts, Pers. Myc. Europ. I. p. 89, apud nos Bethlehemis tam distincta et Persoonianae
congTua, nee cum Thelephora, H. domestica eadem, ut vix dubitare possum ut sit autonomon.

*2791. 2. II. subcorlkalis, Pers. Myc. Europ. I. p. 92, ii. IS. Quam ante oculos habeo, ct frequentem
inveni intra corticem et lignum truncorum, et quidem saepius ulnarem immo triulnarcm — nulli-
modo, pro mycelio habend.im censeo. Congener est prioris.
H. lateritia est Clavaria aut Typhula: H. canrf/rfa Sporotrichum et idem H. epiphylla ex subgenera
Byssocladium.

Genus Fibrillaria. Lk. p. 140, (F. felina nobis non obvia) — procul ullo dubio
eliminandum, vide F. S. V. p. 217. F. tdrbiiscula, Lk. n. 2, est ut F. vestita,
F. implexa et F. siibterranea initium radicale Agaricorum, Hydnorum, Poly-
porum, &c. truncicolarum. Sed quid revera sint duae sequcntis insignes fre-
quentissime in Carolina et Pennsylvania observatae non valeo dijudicare et ideo
pro futuro examine hoc loco et nomine adoptato describam.

Genus 20S. Fibrillaria, L. v. S., non Linkii.

2792. 1. F. cnocEA, L. v- S., Syn. Car. 1370, Rhizomorphaomnino perperam. Vulgata est apud nos in

truncis — nullimodo radiculis similis, nee Uhizomorphis ncc Linkii FibriUariis. Saepe 6 uncias et

ultra longa.
*2793. 2. F. coMri.ANiT.1, L. v. S. In truncis latere intcrno, ad insignem latitudincm ac longitudinem

expansa.
Ramosissima, alba, complanata, quasi ex stipite longoemanente, in ramos demum tenuissimos flabella-

tim divisa. Substantia prioris.
Hypha homhycina, Lk. p. 141, unica a me apud nos scd frequenter in truncis quercinis, jacentibus

observ.ata tempore udo et tactu evanescens — degeneratum aut potius luxurians est initium Hypho-

mycetis muccdinei cujusdam.

Genus 209. Phlebomorphia. Pers. Myc. I. p. 61.

Exclusis Mesentericis, qu.ae procul dubio sunt initia Tricliospermorum — nam omnes mihi notas in pyxide
botanica asservatas vidi in fungos trichospermos transformavi — duae sequcntes species omnino alius
Indolis non possum non pro regetabilia autonoma habere.

*2794. 1. P. rufa, Pers. Myc. p. 61, n. 1, elegantula passim obvia in cariosis udis, S.alem ct Uethl.

*2795. 2. P. AnncscuLi, L. v. S., ad interiora latcra corticis dejecti subsicci, Bethl.

P. omnino rcfcrt picturam arbuscularum nigrarum juxta positarum, non ex uno centro sed quasi sylvam
formantium. Plcrumque transversim positae sunt et ex nigris fibriUis compositae. 'I'runco ncmpe
ramificato, plicatim elevato, intus .albescente, alncnte in innunieros ramulos attenuatos, cum ipso
trunco quasi conflatos ex Hexuosim unitis flocculis, versus basin satis crasso; in anibitu tenuissimae,
deveniimt ramilicationes. Arctim et inseparabihter corticl adhaerens. Arbusculae plurimae plus-
quam unciali longitudine. Sed etiam multo minores. Credideris picturam sylvulae hybern.alis ante
oculos positam — occupantem 3 — 6 uncias.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI, 289

Genus 210. Erineu.m.

Pauca sunt praemonenda in hoc Genus vexatissimum quod viris optimis, Friesio, Kunze, Sclileclitcn-
dahl, &c., ambabus suis subgeneribus, Phyllerio et Ei-ineo nee non Tapbrina F. p. 315 — 317, S. V-
F. tarn evidenter videtur meram degenerationem pllorum aut cellularum et inde Byssaccas spurlas
sistere. Asserta illorum — oppugnare procul sit. Non pygmei est gigantibus bclhun inferrc; et
lubenter fateor, inter Phylleria praesei'tim, plures species militare, quae ctiam mibl tales deforma-
tiones nee aliud videntur, v. c. E. .luglandis, nervale, &.C. et ex nostris E. Pruni, L. v. S. Sed
aliac, et quidem prae ceteris plurima Erinea propria (Ilubigines Linkii Obs. I.) nostro mirando E.
anomalo auctae — non tarn confidenter possum ad meras degenerationes, quanquam regulares, ut
Bedequar liosarttm, Gallae, &c. v. p. 316, F. S. V. referre. Nam quomodo, v. c. possim Erinea in
foliis glaberrimis Betulae, Aceris, Populi, prae ceteris autem Fagi ort.a pro talibus liabere non video.
Quid autem sint, an Byssaceae verae, ut suspicor, nee ne non valeo dijudicare. Forsan melius
determinandum post perfectiorem cognitionem ingentis molis horum mycomorpborum, quae secun-
dum imperfectas jam notas observationes in foliis vivis Tropicis degunt. Interea, hoc loco, ameri-
cana niibi obvia Erinea recensenda placet.

'1. Phylleria.
'2796. 1. E. quercinuniy Lk. p. 148, n. 7, (non Syn. Car. n. 1352 — quod non Erincum nee vegetabile

bene monente Kunze) frequens in foliis quercinis Bethl.
2r97. 2. E. acerlnum, Lk. n. 10, frequens in A. rubro Carol. Syn. Car. 1358.
•2r98. 3. E. semydophilum, Lk. n. 11, in foliis betvdinis Horti Nazareth.

2799. 4. E. Viiis, Lk. n. 13, est idem cum Syn. Car. 1353, et frequens occurrit etiam Betlii.
*2800. 5. E. alnigcnum, Lk. n. 18, frequens in foliis Alni undulatae prope Meadvillc in Pennsylv.
2801. 6. E. QuERcus cisebeae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 135-1, bonum — sed non in Pennsylv.
*2802. 7. E. PnuNi, L. v. S., nervos Pruni virginianae scquens ex New York, communicavit Ilalsey.
E. an hujus generis? Floccis longis subrcctis utrinqiie circum nervum folii centralem densissime
sitis, in p.agina aversa colore badio-ferrugineo, ad 2 — 3 linearem longitudincm extensis nee intricatis
aut saltem parum. Demum etiam circum nervos secundarios apparct.

*2. Erinea propria.
2803. 8. E. roseum, Lk. n. 25, Syn. Car. 1349, betulinum frequens in Betula nigra, Salem et Bethl.
•2804. 9. E. betulinum, Lk. n. 26, in B. nigra, Bethl.
'2805. 10. E. plalanoideum, Lk. n. 23, in foliis Aceris saccharin., Bethl.

2806. 11. Fj. fagineum, Lk. n. 32, Syn. Car. 1350, vulg.atissim. et Salem et Bethl,
*2807. 12. E. Pyracanlhae, Lk. n. 34, in foliis Crataegi punct.atae, Bethl. rarius.
'2808. 13. E. purpurascens, Lk. n. 36, frequens Bethl. in .\ceriuis foliis.

'2809. 14. E. LiNEOLA, L. v. S., frequens et distinctissimum in foliis Betulae carpinifoliae (lentae) :iec
alibi, Bethl.
E. caespltibus linearibus, aggregatis, subpar-allelis, confluentibus, satis crassis — interdum longis, quasi
lineolas efficientibus, angustis, amoene purpureis. In aversa p.agina folii paulispcr tantum in supe-
rior! depressi.
•2810. 15. E. AjfOMALrsi, L. v. S., valde abnorme — tamen nullimodo dubitandum de genere. In
petiolis foliorum Juglandis nigrae et J. cinereae, neque alibi, pervulg.atum.
E. petiolis innatum, in tuberculo si vis, plerumque scutellifornie — saepe i uncialis diametri; interdum
pluribus talibus tuberculis confluentibus aut aggreg.atis ita ut semiunciam occupant. Margine con-
spicuo gaudent, et hoc subiculum scutellatum, intus, sectionc, esse durum, nigrum demonstratur,
quanquam extus colorem et indolem petioli servat. Jam in folio vigente, observatur frequentlssime
— in dejecto tandem omnino evolutum. Tum in disco scutellae, apparent densissime intricali flocci,
articulati crassi, torti, ferruginei, constructionc omnino E. alnei. Colore floccorum primum ac in
vigenti petiolo, pallidiore, demum ime rubroferrugineo.
Memorabile mihi videtur in Tiliarum foliis apud nos, nunquam meinvenisse ulla vestigia Erinei aut
Phyllerii tam vulgati in Tiliis europaeis. An causa sit, quod plerumque Tiliae europaeae sub cul-
tro gementes, aptiores devenient fungos epiphytos producere, ut sane in aliis arboribus mihi inno-
tuit ni fallor. Miratus sum ceterum mihi obviam facta in America tam pauca Erinea, nee ullum, E.
anomalo excepto, in foliis non analogis Europaeis arboribus t;dia producentibus.

Vol. IV,— 3 X

290 SYNOPSIS OF

Classis Quinta. GYMNOMYCETES (Entophjtae et Tubercu-

larini Friesii).

Series I. Entophytae.

Genus 211. Caeoma.

a. SuBGEX. UUEDO.

1. Vstihigo.
J811. 1. C. U. scgetum, Lk. II. p. 1, n. 1, Syii. Car. 483, frequens in variis segetaliiim fructus, Salem
et Bethl.

2812. 2. C. U. Zeae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 4S5, frequens et'iam Pennsylv. Lk. p. 2, n. 3, non diversiim,
quoad descriptionem, sed nostrum gig-anteum. Nam obserratio inea in Syn. Car. de pulvere capil
laceo erronca est. Primo adspectu revera ita se liabent Sporidia, sine deceptione oculorum, sporidiis
nempe invicem adglutinatis, quasi flocci spurii oriuntur, qui autem aquae immersi omnino solvuntur in
sporidia globosa viridiatro-cinerea. Ceterum germina ab Caeomale lioc infesta mire intumescunt.
Inveni talia germina interdum ad uncialem diametrum, immo biuncialem distentia. Fungus, primo
statu evolutionis in centro germinis, nascit gradatim quasi totuni albumen occupans, epidcrmidem
distentans ita, ut demum fere diaphana devenit antcquam rumpitur. Passim servat formam origi-
nalem, et passim varie contortam reddit. Maculam nuUam observavi.

2813. 3. C. U. Carich, Lk. n. 11, Syn. Car. 484, et Betiil. ubi plerumque Carieem Buxbaumii infestat
*2814. 4. C. U. utriculosum, Lk. n. 23, in perigynis Polygoni amphibii in Lacu Leboeuf prope Water-
ford, Erie County, Pennsylv.

2815. 5. C. U. SrsTUEiiis.-ttAE, L. v. S., satis frequens in calycibus et gcrminibus SyntUci'ism.ae (Digi-
tariae) in Carol.
C in vaginis etiam junioribus sese ostendit ante evolutionem. Sporidiis cinereo-atro viridibus, la.xissime
efFusis inquinantibus.
'2816. 6. C. U. JuNci, L. v. S., rarisslme in vaginis umbellarum et gcrminibus Junci tenuis, Salem et
r.ethl.
C. aterrimum, longitudlnalitcr in glumis effusum, prirnum tectum cortice quasi spurlo nigronitido.
Sporidiis minutissimis conglutinatis. An idem Ustilago in liliyncliosporis rarissime obvia, sporidiis
majoribus.

2. Huligmes.
'2817. 7. C. U. liuhigo, Lk. n. 9. Ilalsey e.\ New York in cerealibus.
2818. 8. C. U. linearis, Lk. n. 8, Syn. Car. 464, in folils cerealium Salem, Betlil. et ubique.
*2819. 9. C. U. rimosum, Lk. n. 14, rarius in Scirpis ju.xta Hope Novae Cesareae.

*2820. 10. C. U. ANDnopoBi, L. v. S., in foliis Andropogi avenaceac Bethl. rarius et affinis C. longiss-
imo, a quo diflert praescrtim macula purpurasccnte manifesta.
C. maculis longissimis, angustis purpurascentibus. Accrvis longissimis parallelis etiam angustatis,
erumpentJbus longitudlnalitcr ex epidermide elevata. Sporidiis demum laxe eftusis globosis, nifo-
fuscis .
*2821. 11. C. U. IniDis, L. v. S., frequens in foliis m.arcidis Iridis virginlcae, lietld.
C. affine C. Lilii; m.iculls flavesccntibus, acervis rotundis ovalibus non clrcinnatim positis, sed dis-
persis; primum tectis epidermide, satis elevatis. Sporidiis copiosis subpedicellatis, fulvo-ferrugi-
neis, demum eftusis. Nunquam nigrcscunt sporidia ut in C. Lilii.

2822. 12. C. U. Smilacis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 471, Link. n. 22, et Bethl. in Smil.acis foliis.

2823. 13. C. U. Labiatarum, Lk. n. 34, Syn. Car. U. Clinopodii — 4G9, et Bcthl. in Pycnanthemis.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 291

2824. 14. C. U. IroMEAE, Syn. Car. 468, Lk. n. 38, non I'ciinsylv.

2825. 15. C. U. ELEPiiAXToroDis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 467, Lk. 51, soliimmodo in Carolin.'*.

2826. 16. C. U. SoLiDAoisis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 472, viilgatum et Pcnnsylv.

2827. 17. C. U. Tr.nEBiNTHiKACEAE, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 473, non in I'ennsylv.
•2828. 18. C. U. I-Ieliastbi, L. v. S., rarius in foliis H. gig-antci, Bethl.

C. maculis obliteratis. Acervis .a!^g;regatis nudis palvinatis, dcnsis, flavo-rnbris, pvimum subsolidis,
demum sparsjentibus sporidla minuta anrantio-rubra.
'2829. 19. C. U. AxEMoxis, L. v. S, in aversapagina Ancmonis quinqucfoliac, liethl. rarum.

C. maculis hitescentibiis majusculis. Acervis subrotnndis dilatatis, parum elcvatis, Sporidiis pallidls.
2SoO. 20. C. U. Ctimpanularum, Lk. 44, in C. ample.xicaule, Syn. Car. 465, ct. Betlil.
28.31. 21. C. U. Oiiagranim, Lk. 32, Syn. Car. Circaeae, 466, et. Bethl.
2832. 22. C. V. miniuta, Lk. 84, Syn. Car. 463, Salem et Bethl.
•2833. 23. C. U. ruhorum, Lk. 86, frequens, Bethl.

2834. 24. C. U. Potentillarum, Lk. 87, Syn. Car 451, in PotentlUa canadensi freqiiens et Pennsylv.

2835. 25. C. U. Agbimoniae, L. v. S., saepe omnino obttgens paglnam inferiorem Agrimoniae, per-
peram ad U. rosae, Syn. Car. 462.

C. maculis kitcscentibus. Acervis minutis, confluentibus, .amocne rubro aurantiacis sporidiis, demimi
decolorantJbus.
*2836. 26. C V. Filicum, Lk. n. 101, in Aspidiis, ex New York, communicavit Dr. Torrey.
•2837. 27. C U. Teuchii, L. v. S., rarissime in foliis Teiicrii virg-lnicae, Bethl.

C. maculis obliteratis. Acervis densimcong'estism.aculariformibiis, eftusis, eleganter riibris. Sporidiis
minimis subcoccineo-ruberrimis.

2838. 28. C. U. Azaleae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 470, minima frequens in foliis Azaleae nnditlorac,
Bethl. et Salem.

C. maculis obliteratis, acervuhs in pagina aversa, primum subconicis, minutis, aurantiacis, demiini
eflusis. Sporidiis minutlssimis, dccolorantibus, et inacqu.alibus, pyriformibus nenipe immi.xtis glo-
bosis.

3. Fuscesccntes ct JVigreiltnes.

2839. 29. C. U. Am tihgikici, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Caludii, 480, Lk. n. 21. Non est Caladinm sed
Arum in quo invenitur frequenter, et in Pennsylvania.

2840. 30. C. U. Sper^iacoces, L. v. S., Syn. Car. Puccinia 502, Lk. n. 57, elegans. Sporidiis non
septatis, et Philad.

*2841. 31. C. U. CnAEnoPHTLLi, L. v. S., in foliis Chacrophylli aut Myrrhis Claytoni Penns.

C maculis obliteratis: acervis rotundis, sparsis et aggregatis etiam subconfluentibus, epidermide de-
mum rupta, apertis. Sporidiis efi'usis globosis, ex tabacino nigris, splendentibus.
*2S42. 32. C. U. Hypehici, L. v. S., in c.auUbus Hyperici ignoti rarius in Carolina; non idem cum C
hypericorum, Lk.
C. maculis in caule piloso-strigoso, purpureis : acervis sparsis, acuniinato-ovatis, bullatis, clevatis,
epidermide rupta cinctis. Sporidiis fusco-purpureis, demum effusis.
2843. 33. C. U. HEuciiEnAE, L. v. S., Lk. 79, Syn. Car. 479, non in Pennsylv,
"2844. 34. C. U. apiculosum, Lk. p. 90, in Phaseolis Bethl. Syn. Car. 478.

2845. 35. C. U. appmdkulosum, Lk. 91, Syn. Car. 477, et. Betlil.

2846. 36. C V. puncluosum, Lk. 93, Syn. Car. 474, scutcUata etiam Bethl. in Euph. Iiypericlfolia.

2847. 37. C. U. Lcguniinosorum, Lk, 92, Syn. Car. 476, Viciae in Vicia Faba, Bethl. et Salem.
*2848. 38. C. U. Lobeliae carbin-alis, L. v. S., rarius in pagina aversa foliorum Lobel. card. N'az.

C. maculis obliteratis, acervis effuso-confluentibus, non elevatis nee epidermide cinctis. Sporidiis
effusis, pedicellatis, chocolatino-purpurascentibus.
*2849. 39. C, U. Tualictui, L. v. S., rarissime sed pulchrum in foliis Thalictri cornuti, Bethl.

C. macula nulla. Acervis pulvinatis subrotundis — diamctro lineari et ultra, late aggregatis, epidermide
subcinctis. Sporidiis grossiusculis e chocolatino-fuscis.
*2850. 40. C. U. BEcssECM, L. v. S., in folio ignoto ex coUectione clarlssimi Collins, Philad.

C. macula lutescente, in pagina superiori. Acervulis applan.atis, diflbrmibus, v.arie confluentibus.
Sporidiis minutis, brunneo-fuscis, primum conglutinatis.
•2851. 41. C. U. Chelidohii, L. v. S., rarissimum. In foliis Chelidonii ex New York missis.

292 SYNOPSIS OF

C. macula lutescenti. Acervulis difformibus, aggregatis confluentibus. Sporidiis majusculis fuscis et
nigris, ovalibus, laxim Uiffusis.

4. Jllhugo.
2852. 42. C. U. candidum, Lk. 102, Syn. Car. 481 et 482, in folils cruciferarum; in Povtulacca olera-
ceae, &c. frequens et Pennsylrania.
''285o. 43. C. U. A:«AnASTui, L. v. S.,in aversa pagina foliorum A. paniculatae, Bethl. passim.

C. aSine Candida sed multo majus; acervis pseudo-peridiosis confluentibus, buUatis, subconcentricis)
plerumque ruptis. Sporidiis ex albo-lutescentibus, majusculis.

5. Sporidiis inaerjualibus.
•2854. 44. C. U. gyrosum, Lk. 105, in foliis Rubi Idaei, Bethl.
•2855. 45. C. U. cylindricum, Lk. 108, in Populo italica, Bethl.
•2836. 46. C. U. epiteum, Lk. 112, in foliis Salicis nigrae fere totum arborem occupans, Bethl.

/3. SuncEN. AECIDIUM.

*2857. 47. C. A. Convallariatum, Lk. 114, in foliis Smilacinae racemosae, Bethl. rarlssime.

2858. 48. C. A. UvuiABTATUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 453, vix ut vult Link. n. 116, ad C. Alhatum.
Maculis nempe parvis, nunquam ^ unciam excedentibus, etiam candidis ab AUiato diflert.

2859. 49. C. A. Smilacinatum, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 452, Lk. 117, nondum obvium in Pennsylv.

2860. 50. C. A. AnoiDATUM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 457, Caladii in Aro virginico Salem.

•2861. 51. C. A. Dracontinatum, L. v. S., frequens in foliis et petiolis etiam in scapis Ari dracontii,

Bethl. Non idem cum priori. Etiam Salem.
C. maculis pallidis, late extensis in folio, fere totum saepe occupantibus. Pseudoperidiis magnis,

sparsis, crebris, sine crdine in macula dispositis. Sporidiis aurantiacis.
'2862. 52. C. A. rubdlatum, Lk. n. 120, rarius in variis Rumicibus, Salem et Bethl. Plerumque

macula sterili.

2863. 53. C. A. Lysimachiatum, Lk. 125, Syn. Car. 438, omnino idem. In Pennsylvania plerumque
in L. raceraosa,

2864. 54. C. A. Pentstemoniatum, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 449, Lk. p. 47, solummodo in Carolina ob-
servatum.

2865. 55. C. A. Afoctnatum, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 448, Lk. n. 135, nondum in Pennsylv.

2866. 56. C. A. Convolvdlatom, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 454, frequentissimum etiam in Pennsylv. in
C. pandurato.

2867. 57- C. A. Composiiatum, Lk. n. 139, et in Pennsylv. frequens.
a Prenanthis in Krigia, Salem, Syn. Car. 434.

/S Eupatoriae, Bethl. in E. purpureo frequens.
•2868. 58. C. A. IIieuaciatdm, L. v. S., passim in foliis H. panicul.atl et maculati, Bethl.

C. maculis ime purpureis late effusis. Pseudoperidiis clrcinatis, in centro maculae, marginibus ele-
ganter fimbriatis. Sporidiis aurantiis.
•2869. 59. C. A. EiuGEnoNATUM, L. v. S., rarius sed maximum in E. heterophyllo, Bethl.

C. maculis maximis lutcscentibus, quasi crassis. Pseudoperidiis densim sparsis sine ordine elevatis.
Sporidiis lutcscentibus.

2870. 60. C. A. AsTEnATCM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 444, Lk. 143, vulgaris praesertim in A. paniculate.
Optima cum hoc jungit Linkius C. Solidaginis, Syn. Car. 446, et C. Verbesinae 445. Sed C.
Helianthi non hujus loci.

2871. 61. C. A. IIeliantiiatcm, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 450 in H. molU frequens. Rarum in Pennsylv.
*2872. 62. C. A. Trachelifoliatum, L. v. S., passim in foliis Helianthi tr.achclifolii, Bethl.

C. maculis late effusis lutcscentibus aut rufis, confluentibus magnis. Pseudoperidiis in centro den-
sissime aggregatis quasi stipatis et invicem adpressis, et inde subangulatis, satis elevatis; non fimbriate
margine. Sporidiis flavis demum decolorantibus.
•2873. 63. C. A. GNArnALiATUM, L. v. S., memor.abile et v,alde vulgatum sero autumno in foliis, (aversa
pagina) etiam in caulibus lanatis Gnaphalii polycephali, Bethl.

C. hypophylluni, in lana foliorum et cauhs primum involutum. Maculis plus minusve eff"usis lutcs-
centibus. Pseudoperidiis tantum paucis, sed densim approximatis, saepissime etiam simplicibus.

NORTH AMERICAX FUNGI. 293

long'issimis, candidissimis, cyliiidricis, apice fimbriatis. Sporidiis aurantio-lvitcis. Est affinilas formae
peridii cum C. Pini.

2874. 64. C. A. Clematitatum, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 447 — et in Pcnnsylv. Icctum — species bona.

2875. 65. C. A. Rarmnculaceatum, Lk. loO. Frequens Carolina (Syn. Car. 440) et Pennsylv. in variis
Ranunculis, v. c. R. abortive et aliis.

•2S76. 65. C. A. Cr.MiciFCGATr.ir, L. v. S., pulcherrinium, r.irius in foliis Cimiclftig'ae racemosae, lictbl.
In plantis talibus, fere omnia folia infestat.
C. maculis magnis orbiculatis luteis buUatis. Pseudoperidiis in pagina inferiori, concentricis, longissi-
mis, cylindricis, apice primum clausis, demum subfimbriatis. Sporidiis aurantiacis albescentibus.
•2877. 67. C. A. Hibisciatum, L. v. S., in foliis Hibiscl militaris, Bethl. cult, non rarum.

C. maculis orbiculatis lutescentibus, confluentibus. Pseudoperidiis, irregulariter sed densira sparsis
tenuibus luteis. Sporidiis non compactis sed laxis lutescentibus.
•2S7S. 6S. C. A. Hetaticaium, L. v. S., vix ad C. quadrifidum, Lk. n. lo2. In foliis degeneratis i.
e. non trilobis, sed quasi reniformibus et multilobls Anemones hepaticae passim, Bethl.
C. Maculae omnino expers; folium autem cui insidet degeneratum. Pseudoperidiis maximis latis,
margine exacte quadrifido revoluto, laciiiiis latis, brunneis. Sporidiis fuscobrunneis. Totum
folium occupat.

2879. 69. C. A. Gcmniulum, Lk. 156, in foliis Geranii maculati et G. carolinianae. Omnino idem cum
europaeo. Syn. Car. 443.

2880. 70. C. A. I.MrATiENTATUM, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 442, Lk. pag. 57, in nota etiam Bethl.
28S1. 71. C. A. Bcrhcridutiini, Lk. 157, in Berbcride canadense Carolina.

•2SS2. 72. C. A. grossuluriatum, Lk. 162, valde frequens in variis speciminibus Grossulariac montibus
Pennsyb'.

2883. 73. C. A. HrrF.nicAxuM, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 451, Lk. 159, passim etiam prope Philadelphia.

2884. 74. C. A. Violatum, Lk. 158, Syn. Car. 439, in foliis variarum Violarum Carolinae et Pennsylv.
V. c. A'. cucuUatae, obliquae, hastatae et talium.

"2885. 75. C.A. tedatatum, L. v. S., quibusdam annis pervulg.atum in foliis pctiolisque Violae pedatae
Bethl.
C. maculis minutissimis valde elevatis et pro ratione crassis purpurascentlbus, fere undique tecti.s
pseudoperidiis majusculis subaltis, subcyhndricis. Sporidiis pallidis.
*2S86. 76. C. A. sagittatdm, L. v. S., in foliis Violae saglttatae Bethl. Vix idem.

C. macuhs purpureis, sed lutescentibus in aversa pagina. Pseudoperidiis parum elevatis, sine ordine
sparsis in maculis buUatis, pallidis. Sporidiis concoloribus.
2887. 77. C. A. lvminatum, L. v. S., Syn. Car. niiens, 458, etiam frequens in Pennsylvania in Rubo.
Folia quae cum tota planta ab hoc Aecidia infestantur (semper quidem ejusdem anni) omnino de-
generata.
2888. 78. C. A. Podopeiillatu.u, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 435. Linkius ob verba mca inaccurata in Syn.
Car. — "sporidiis bilocularibus," inserta Calami lapsu, ex descriptione Pucciniue Podophylli — fungi
omnino alius — hoc Aecidium, omnium ingentissimum inter Puccinias locavit perperam. Occurrit
saepe nostrum, maculis crassis buUatis, et folia lata Podophylli torta et deibrmata reddens — diametro
4 — 5 unciali. Pseudoperidiis in centro locatis, parum elevatis densissime stipatis, satis magnis et
innumeris. Margine autem maculae semper sterili. Sporidia non bilocularia sunt.
■■2889. 79. C. A. tenue, L. v. S., in fohis Eupatorii ageratoidis rarius, Bethl.

C. macula lutescenti, evanescente, tenulssima. Pseudoperidiis sparsis, parum elevatis, sed, quod
peculiare, m ambabus paginis prorumpentibus — clausis in superiori, apertls in inferiori. Sporidiis
pallidis.
"2890. 80. C. A. EnpHonniAE HTPERiciroiiAE, L. v. S., in foliis E. hypericifoliae frequens Salem et
Bethl. Non est idem cum C. euphorbiatum Lk. nee folia degenerata reddit.
C. maculis parvis, ime purpureis in pagina superiori, Uitescentibus in inferiori. Pseudoperidiis aggre-
gatis subconice elevatis et quasi excavatis. Sporidiis aurantijs.
*2S91. 81. C. A. IIoi-sToxiATUM, L. V. S., rarius, sed ubi invenitur copiosissimc in foliis eaulinis el
pedunculis Houstoniae coeruleae, Bethl.
C. sine distincta macula. Pseudoperidiis elevatis pallidis subconicis, apice contracto, et quasi exca-
vato. Sporidiis aurantiacis. Infecta et sudegenerata planta tamen floret.

Vol. IV.— 3 Y

294 SYNOPSIS OF

•2893. 82. C. A. Clattosiatdm, L. v. S., in C. virginicae ex New York. Dr Torrey commiinicavif.
C. fere simplex et sine macula, occupans tola folia. Pseiuloperidiis latis sparsis. Sporldiis aurantiacis.
*2893. 83. C. A. PrnoLATUM, L. v. S., in pagina aversa folioriim Pyrolae rotundifoliae. Dr Torrey.
C. emaculata. Pseudoperidiis sparsis, totum folium occupantibus sednon transformantibiis, pulvinato-
elevatis pallidis aut aurantiis cum sporidiis. His dcmum excussis, linquuntur cavitates pezizomor-
phac in folio.
*2S94. 84. C. A. MrniCATDM, L. v. S., in follis et praesertim in petiolis Myricae ceriferae mihi commu-
nicatae ex New York ab amicissimo Dr Torrey.
C. maculisin petiolis valde intumescentibus atropurpureis, in siccis nigris ex quibus propullant crebra
pseudoperidia, m.ajuscula, latius aperta, brunnea, sporidiis lutescentibus repleta.
'2895. 85. C. A. OsMUNDATUM, L. V. S., in frondibus Osmundae spectabilis invenit et communicavit
Torrey, sed siccitate tarn destructum ut non possit rite describi: species tamen evidenter distincta,
sporidiis ferrugineis.
*2896. 86. C. A. Pyratum, L. v. S. rarius in foliis Pyri coronariae Betlil. Omnino non idem cum C.
Roestellti.
C. maculis in pagina superiori orbiculatis, rubris in ambitu ochraceis, centro nigrcscentibus. In aversa
pagina apparent pseudoperidia creberrima, subconcentrica, parum tantum elevata margine eleganter
multifido-fimbri.ato; fimbriis rectis, nuUimodo revolutis, divergentibus, pallidis. Sporidiis fuscis.
•2897. 87. C.A. sambuciatum, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 441, frequens in petiolis et foliis Sambuci canadensis,
etiam Bethleliem. Diagnosis ulterior sequens.
C. raacidis intumescentibus saepe maximis (i. e. 2 uncialibus) in petiolis, pallescentibus. Pseudoperidiis
magnis, crebris elevatis, aurantiacis aut p.allidis, margine fusco. Sporidiis aurantiofulvls, decolo-
rantibus. In follis omnia multo minora — pseudoperidiis densim aggregatis.

2898. 88. C. A. Urticatum, Lk. n. 169. Syn. Car. 436, in Urtica rarissime. S.alem, etiam ibidem
in CjTioglosso amplexicaule.

>. SuBGEN. ROESTELIA AUT CERATITES.

2899. 89. C. R. Cylindrites, Lk. n. 172. Syn. Car. 432, sub hoc nomine complectuntur sequentia
Caeomata specie forsan separanda.

=t.C. Crataegi punciatae, pseudoperidiis divergentibus fibrosis, medio intumescentibus — albidis. Penn-
sylvania.

^. C. Crataegi arhorescenth m.acidis parvis rubris pseudoperidiis non fibrosis, difl^ormibus fuscorubris.
Prope FayetteviUc Caroliiiae.

y. C. Oxyacanlhae maximum, valde frequens prope Philadclplli.^ in saepibus.

tf. C. Mali in foliis Pyri mali ct coron.ariae, miaculis pan'is sed effusis. Pseudoperidiis minutls.

2900. 90. C. R. i?o&s/t7/te, Lk. 173. Aecid. canccUatum, Syn. Car. 433. Bethlehemis estpomarium
antiquum, gaudens arboribus Pyri mali ingentibus. Sero autumno pluria folia horum arborum per
6 — 7 annos, ita tccta vidi ab hoc fungo, ut e longinquo folia rubra videntur.

2901. 91. C. It. FiiAxiNiTEs, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 430, Lk. 170, .\ecidiumfraxini. Potius huclocandum,
passim Beth, in fraxinis foliis.

2902. 92. C. R. Bo-mYAriTEs, L. v. S., rarissime obvium in foliis Aroniae botryapium Bethlehem; sed
ubi occurrit — satis frequens.

C. omnino distinctum — macula flavescent; ochracea satis eftusa. In aversa pagina observantur pseu-
doperidia centralia aggrcgata ut tuberculi, globosa, luteoviridia, primum obtuse conica et quasi
clausa, demum subaperta et in ore multo-fimbriata, fimbriis spadiceis flexuosis. Sporidiis parcis
umbrinis. Pseudoperidiis paucis, imo interdum unico.

<f. SuBGES. PEIUDERMU.M.

2903. 93. C. P. Pincum, Lk. 175, Syn. Car. 456. In Pennsylvania prope Philadelpliia et alibi non
rarum. Specimina ampla, pcdalia, in ipso trunco Pini inopis mihi obvia, analogon praebucrunt (iyni-
nosporangis Junipcrini.

*2904. 94. C. P. GEiiMiNALE, L. v. S., rarissime in germinibus Rosae. Clarissimus Collins milii commu-
nicavit.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. :295

C. pseudoperidiis longlssimis, cylindraceis, subcompressis denium candidis, fimbriatis, fimbi-iis ;id
funduni fissis subsoUitis. Sporidiis efTiisis pallidis. Pseudoperidia orientia ex fovcolis in germinc,
sine ulla macula, saepe tres lineac loiiija sunt.

Genus 212. Puccinia. Lk. et Dicacoma, Fr.

2905. 1. p. Grammis, Lk. n. 1, Syn. Car. 492, Viilgatissima ctiam Pennsylvauiae in graminibus.
*2906. 2. P. slriiih, Lk. n. 2, in variis Cyperaceis et graminibus Betblchem.
2907. 3. P. Aruxuisabiae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 43", Lk. p. 68, in nota. Optima spcciesetiam in Micgia
(Arundinuria) culta in Horto Bartranil Philad.
*290S. 4. V. punctum, Lk. n. 3, in Caricibus et .Scirpis, Betlil.
*2909. 5. P. Scirpi, Lk. n. 4, in variis Scirpis, IJethl.
*2910. 6. P. SoRGHi, L. V. S., frequens in foliis Sorglii et Zeae cultae, ISethl.

P. emaculata. Acervislatisdiflormlbus varie lobatis, primum cpiderinide toctis, demum denudatis sed
in margine cinctis et turn epidermlde lacerata Acervis saepe etiam, quasi versus centrum internum
lobatis — 2 — 4 lineas long'is latisque. Majores accrvi .ad nervos foliorum occurrunt. Sporidiis aterri-
mis grossis, brevitcv pedicellatis.
•2911. 7. P. Asdhopogi, L. V. S., frequentissima autumno in foliis culmisquc etiam vagiuis variarum
specierum Andropogi, Bethl.
P. maculis obliteratis, acervis dense aggreg'atis, elevatis, fuscis, obtusis, linearibus, abbreviatis. Spori-
diis fuscis. Quanquam non confluit, tamen fere tota folia occnpat.
■■2912. 8. P. EMACULATA, L. V. S., passim in foliis Panicorum, pruescrtim Panici pubescentis in campis
Bethl. et Philad.
P. omnino emaculata; primum acervis tolls tectis rarioribus sparsis erampentlbus; demum saepe con-
fluentibus, minutis, .abbreviatis, angustis, par.allclis, utrinque plerumque acuminatis. Sporidiis
aterrlniis, minoribus; .aquae immersis, fuscescentibus.
*2913. 9. P. JuNcr, L. v. S. in culmis J. efTusi, Bethl. freq.

P. vix maculata; acervis irrcgularibus prorumpentibus epidermide subtcctis, latiusculis, applanatis. Spo-
ridiis grossis nigrofuscis.
*2914. 10. P. WiNrsoniAE, L. v. S., in foliis Windsoriae (Poae) qninquedentatae, Bethl.

P. maculis lutesccntlbus, demum evanidis. Acervulis longis, linearibus, undulatis, prominulis, ex
epidermide prorumpentibus, non confluentibus. Sporidiis compactis e piu'pureo-atrofuscis, longe
pedicellatis.
*2915. 11. P. ZrzAsiAE, L. v. S., in foliis dejectis Zizaniae. Kaign's point prope Phil.ad.

P. emaculata, miiiuta, primum tecta, demum lineatim prnrumpens epiilermide in ambitu acervulorum
persistente, acervis elongatis, abbreviatis, atris, luce obversis, fuscescentibus. Sporidiis laxis, circum
circa saepe sparsis, breviter pedicellatis, tenuibus, et multo minoribus quam in affinibusspeciebus.

2916. 12. P. Smilacis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 494, etiam in Pennsylv.

2917. 13. P. Folygonorum, Lk. n. 6, Syn. Car. 488, in P. pennsylvanico, et P. virginico etiam Penn.
'2918. 14. P. coNCENTnicA, L. v. S., frequeutissima sub finem autumni in foliis seniivivis et emortuis

P. coccineae. Betid.
P. maculis maximis, confluentibus ruberrimis in pagina superiori, pallidioribus in aversa. .\cervulis
creberrimis concentrice in his .aggregiitls, primum subsohdis, nigronitcntibus, demum sporidiis solutis
minutis fusco-nigris. Verisimiliter est P. Polygoni ampliibii DecandoUei — sed certissime specifice
diversa ab antecedente.

*2919. 15. P. BULEATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 501, Lk. n. 8. In Pennsylvania obvia ingens, bi- imotritin-
cialis, in caulibus prasertim Venioniae novaeboracensis.

*2920. 16. P. Pycnasthemi, L. v. S., satis uffinis P. Clinopodii, in P. incano frequens, Bethl.

P. maculis purpiu'cis minutis persistentibus. Acervulis parvis, fuscis. Sporidiis laxis longe pedi-
cellatis.

•2921. 1". P. cortiposilururr,, Lk. n. 19, vulgata Bethleliem praesertim in caulibus ct foliis Cnicorum aut
Cirsiorum (P. caH/('«co/a) emortuorum.

"2922. 18. P. maculosa, Straus. Bethl. passim in foliis Prenantlils aut Hieracii. Omnino distincU i
priore maculis latis albis, sporidiis multo pallidioribus.

296 SYNOPSIS OF

2923- 19- P- HELiiSTiionuM, L. v. S., Syn. Cai'. 495, Lk. p. 74, bene distincta — frequens in varlis
Helianthis et Pennsylv. maxime evoluta in emortuis foliis. In H. tuberosa culta, tota plerumque
folia occupat aversa pagina.

2924. 20. P. Heiiofsidis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 493, Lk. p. 74, et Pennsylvania — optima distincta.

2925. 21. P. Vehbesinae, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 496, Lk. p. 74, nondum in Pennsylvania — bona species.
•2925. 22. P. Vernoniae, L. v. S., vulg-atissima in A^ernoniis Bethl.

P. emaculata. Acervis pulvinatis m.ijusculis et colore sporidiorum amoene ferrugineo differt ab P. He-
lianthi. Occurrit etiam interdum in Helianthis.
292". 23. P. XANTaii, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 500, Lk. n. 23. Etiam frequens in Xanthii foliis in Penn-
sylvania. Pulclu'a et e longiuquo conspicua. Acervis plerumque concentricis, et in centre macu-
lae aggregatis.
*292S. 24. P. Heiesii, L. v. S., rarior sed egregia in foliis Helenii autumnalis, Bethl.

P. maculls flavo-lutescentibus espansls. Acervis pulvinatis s])arsis et in^■icem approsimatis, convexis,
primum brunneis, demum cleganter castaneis. Sporidiis satis grossis compactis.
'2929. 25. P. SiLPiiii, L. v. S., ex Carolina missa in foliis S. Trifoliati ab amico Denke.

P. maculls mlnorlbus purpurels. Acervis crassls pulvinatis, confluentibus, aggregatls, nigrls. Spori-
diis compactis concoloribus.
"2930. 26. P. AsTERis, L. v. S.,formosa species frequens in foliis A. paniculatae Bethl.
P. maculls bullato-impressis, luteis, non valde expansls. Acervulls creberrimls, subconcentrlce sltls,
eleganter fuscls. Sporidiis sulaxis concoloribus.
'2931. 27. P. KcHSiAE, L. v. S., vulgata in foliis Kuhnlae, Bethlehem.
P. absque uUa macula. Acervis amphigenls pulvinatis densim aggregatis, nlgrofuscis. Sporidiis ma-
jusculis laxis, longe pedicellatis. An l^hragmldium'
*2932. 28. P. isvESTiTA, L. v. S., frequens observata cum .\ecidio gn.iphahtatum in foUis tomentosis
Gnaphalli polycephali. Bethl. Tomento oninino involuta.
P. absque macula; acervulis minutis sparsis subrotundls nigerrimis.vlx initio per tomentum conspicuis,
interdum etiam aggregato-confluentibus. Sporidiis compactis, aterrimls. Acervulorum superficle
quasi rugulosa,
2933. 29. P. Galii, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 499, Lk. p. 76, rara species sed satis distincta — non Sclerotuim
"2934. 30. P. Mrnnuis, L. v. S., in foliis et caulibus Myrrlils procumbentls. Bethl.

P. emaculata. Acervis crebris minutis, epidermide rupta cinctis, pulvinatlm applanatls. Sporidiis
lasisslmls luteofuscls.
*2935. 31. P. Bullaria, Lk. n. 32, in cauUbus Hyssopi nepetoldis rara, Bethl.

•2936. 32. P. anemones, Lk. n. '23, in foliis A. quinquefoliae rarlsslma obvia, sed dlstlnctissima,
Bethl.

2937. 33. P. soLiDA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 486. Anem. virginlan., frequens In foIlls Anemones vir
ginianae Salem et Bethl.

P. emacuLita. Acervis sparsis, majuscuhs, tarn compactis ut solida se exhibeant, nlgris. Sporidiis
demum subsolutis. AceiTi dlspersl per totum folium, prlmura lutescunt et quasi impressl sunt.

2938. 34. P. circaeae,lA.. 43, Syn. Car. 491, vulgaris et. Bethl.

2939. o5- P. ACULEATA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. 489. P. podophylll, ctlam vulgaris in Podophyllo. Ob
sporidia aculeata optime distincta.

2940. 36. P. LEspEnEZAE pbocumbextis, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 497, Lk. p. 83, species exlmia et in
Pennsylvania.

2941. 37. P. Lespedezae violaceae, L.v. S., Syn. Car. 498, Lk. p. 83, multo frequentior in L. vio-
lacea quam L. polystachla, etiam Novae Cesareae.

*2942. 38. P. PuASEOLi TniLOBi, L. v. S., in follls P. trllobi e.x New York missis. Affinls videtui
P. fabae.
P. acervulls minutis, hypogenis, epidermide subtectls. Sporidiis nigris, m.acula nulla.
"2943. 39. P. Fubue, Lk. n. 45, in follls V. fabae, Nazareth.
*2944. 40. P. Htssoti, L. v. S., in fohls H. scrophulariaefolii, Beth!, passim.

P. maculis lutescentibus effusis. Acervis aggregatis compactis, fuscls, quasi circinatis et uiululatini
inter se confluentibus, prlmura nigresccntibus, parvulls sed copioslni in folio oceurrentibus. Sporidiis
fuscls, demum luxloribus,

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 097

•2945. 41. P. PoTENTiLLAE, L. V. S., non Phragmidiam, Lk. in foliia e.xsoletis P. canadensis aversa
paijina, Bethl.
P. acervis minutis. Sporldiis fuscis demura nigrls prorumpentibus, brevipedicellatis. Macula feve
evanida.
'2946. 42. P. Ari TmrnTLLi, L. v. S., in pagina aversa foliorum A. triphylli, Rcthl.

P. m.iculis pallidis, latissimis, in margine folioi-um. Acervis majiisculis, saepe confluentibus, primum
tcctis .ab epidermide, mox rupta. Sporidiis brunneofuscis, laxim affixis et Urediniformibus — sed
tamen vera Piiccinia.

Genus 213. Piirag-aiidium.

Memorabile dlctu, nunquam Phragmidium mihi obvium in foliis Uosarum aut Uuborum Americae, sod
sequens species vulgatissima ad Pbragmidia pertinet sine dubio.
'29i7- 1. P. Hedtsjiri, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 503, frequens occurrit in foliis H. paniculati et aliorum,
Bethlehem et Salem.
P. acervulis minutis sed crebris per totum folium sparsis, epidermide innatis. Sporidiis longe pedi-
cellatis, pedicello articulate, pellucido, ceterum opacis, ovatis, obtusis, non cylindricis, obscure sep-
t.atis, nee articulato-constrictis, fusco-nigris.

Genus 214. Spilocaea.

•2948. 1. S. frudigcna aut Pomi, Lie. p. 86, n. 1. Non rara in pomis " Newton Pippin," New York ct

Bethl.
•2949. 2. S. Scirpi, Lk. n.2, in Scirpoacuto, Hope, Jersey, et Philadelphia.

2950. 3. S. coscENTRicA, L. V. S., incortice Pcponum putridorum, Bethl, Optime aut evoluta mense
Octobri prope Philadelphia in talibus.
S. maculisaterrlraisfere totam cortlcem sub epidermide occupans, acervis inter se confluentibus, demum
epidermide eleganter quasi in pluribus circulis concentricis runipente-subundulatis, in conspectum
veniunt massae nigrae subsiccae, conglutinatae ex sporidiis pcUucidis cyhndricis minutis, non sep-
tatis. Macula quaeque diametro gaudet subunciali.

Genus 215. Septaria.

*2951. 1. S. Ulmi, Lk. p. 87, n. 1, in foliis Ulmi fulvae Bethl. acervis majusculis compactis, amphige

nis. Saepe occurrit, sed rarissime mihi obvia bene evoluta.
*2932. 2. S. Oxyacanthae, Lk. n. 2, in foliis Pyri, Betlilehem.
2953. 3. S. siGRicixs, L. V. S., Lk. p. 83, nota, Syn. Car. 513. Stilboipora epiphylhiin. Procul

dubio hue pertinet. Vulgatissima et Bethl. in foliis castanearum.

Genus 216. Hypodermiuji, I^k. Schizoderma, F. S. V. p. 1

94.

*2954. 1. H. sparsum, Lk. p. 88, n. 1, in foliis Abietis nigrae in Horto Prince, New York.
*2955. 2. H. sulcigenum, Lk. n. 2, in foliis P. inopis, Jersey.
•2956. 3. H. EFFusuM, L. v. S., in foliis Pini Strobi dejectis, Bethl.

H. acervis tenulbus effusis, folium plerumque transversim maculantibus, nigrofuscis.

Genus 217. Melanconium.

2957. 1. JL orn/um, Lk. p. 90, n. 1, non rarum cum varietate /jyn/orrae in corticibus, Bethlehem et
Carol. Stilbospora ovata, 509.

Vol. IV.— 3 Z

298 SYNOPSIS OF

•2958. 2. M. apiotarpum, Lk. n. 2. In ramulis putridis, Bethl.

•2959. 3. M. ovoidmm, Lk. n. 3, in ramis passim, Bethl.

•2960. 4. M. effusum, Lk. n. 4, in cortice Pruni hiemalis, ibid.

2961. 5. M. sphacrospermtim, Lk. n. 6, Syn. Car. Stilbosp. 512, etiam in Horto Bartrami, Philad.

2962. 6. M. sphaeroideum, Lk. n. 7, Syn. Car., Stilbosp. 510, et Bethlehem In junioribus ramulis.
•2963. 7. M. congtomeratum, Lk. n. 9, in ramis Mori albae Betlilehem.

•2964. 8. M. viscoscM, L. v. S., in ramulis emortuis Robiniae viscosae frequens et cum iUis viscosa,
Nazareth in horto.
M. acervis sporidiorum provectiori aetate cum epidermide assurgentibus, sphaeriaemorpliis, et quasi poro
centrali apertis, quamvis expertis uUius veri perithecii, sed epidermide solummodo inclusis. Spori-
dils cylindrico-ovatis effusis demum per viscositatem ramuli, subpcUucidis non septatis.
"2965. 9. M. Sassafras, L. v. S., in junioribus ramis caesorum arborum Lauri Sassafras, totam epider-
midem circumcirca fuligineo-fusco colore tingens, Bethl.
M. acervulis globosis, cum epidermide assurgentibus ut tubercula sparsa, demum ruptis, et longe lateque
spargentibus sporidia opaca ovata.
•2966. 10. M. GitisEUM, L. v. S., in ramis et stipitibusRubi Idaei Hortor., Bethl.

M. acervulis minutis, atris, prorumpentibus ex epidermide, demum disco applanalo. Sporidiis minu-
tissimis globosis, subpellucidis, colore griseo epidermidem tingentibus, in quam sparguntur denique.
•2967. 11. M. DoTHiDEA, L. V. S., in variis ramis praesertim Mori, Bethl. Distinctissima.

M. acervulis majoribus prorumpentibus, epidermide cinctis, disco aut superficie unJuIatim tubercu-
losa— Uothideam Sambuci referentibus, aterrimis, compositis sub microscopic ex Sporidiis m.ajusculis,
peUucidis non septatis, cylindricis, apice utrinque rotundato, fuligineis.
'2968. 12. M. TnuNCATUM, L. v. S., in epidermide Sambuci canadensis passim, Bethl.

M. acervulis minoribus, sphaeriaemorphis, prorumpentibus ex epidermide, apice truncatis, aterrimis,
demum subrotundis, effusis. Sporidiis pro ratione majoribus, ovatisetsubdifformibusfuscis. Affine
M. conglomerate. Gregai'ium quidem, sed non confluens.
•2959. 13. M. PERiTHEciATCM, L. V. S., increscit ipsoligno denudato passim, Bethl.

M. referens Spliaeriam udam. Ligno impositos acervos, aggregates efformans; e pseudoperitheciis

pluribus conicis aut irregularibus compositi sunt acervuli, quasi acutim interdum ostiolatis, demum

pertusi.s, saepe lineatim confluentibus. Aqua immersa, tota massa diffluit in Sporidia majora globosa

aut ovata, nigro-fuscescentia non septata, nee vestigium adest pseudoperithecii.

Nota. — Acutissimus Linkius summo jure de nostris fung-is in Syn. Car. 506 et 511, sub nomine Stil-

bosporae maximae, et S. pulvinatae an verae Stilbosporae i. e. Melanconia dubitat. S. maxima videtur

verum Exosporium Linkii, et S. //u/ti/nata nilest quam.Mjm/ja/usconigrahujuslibelli. Non rite intellexi

olim Genus Stilbosporum

Genus 218. Didvimosporium.

•2970. 1. D. complanalum, Lk. p. 93, n. 1, in ramis dejectis passim, Bethl. Eximiuni in Hyperici
frondosi ramis.

*2971. 2. D. elevatum, Lk. n. 2, in cortice betulino, Salem et Bethl.

*2972- 3. D. pEzizoiDEUM, L. v. S., passim occurrit in cortice puti'ido ramorum Mori albae, gregarie
crescens, Bethl. An novum genus'
D. Sporidochio p'ezizoideo, marginato, cinereo-atro; in acervis densim aggregatis, et epidermide
stellutim rupta cinctis. Disco 1 — 2 lineari diametro, impresso. Forma acervulorum cum sporido-
chio quasi angulata, ob mutuam pressionem. Juniore aetate sporidochium undique sporidiis crebris
nigris, uniseptatis onustuni. Denique sporidia fere coalescunt cum sporidochio indurato et subcor-
neo intus, sectione, albido. Ad pedalem longitudinem aggregati acervi ambiunt ramos. Cum
cortice fibroso faciliter evelli possunt.

• 2973. 4. D. Celtis, L. v. S., in ramis valde corruptis Celtis occidentalis, Bethl.

D. sporidochiis subfasciculatim fere ut osliola Sphaeriarum circumscriptarum et cortice prominentibus,
diffomiibus, nigpis. Sporidiis compactis, didymis, utrinque subacutis, fuscescente-nigris creberrime
profluentibus, lignum et corticem inquinantibus

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 299

'297i- 5. D. EFFosFM, L. V. S., in cortice suberoso putritio Ulmi fulvae, Bethl.

D. Sporidochiis subelongato-ovatis, convexis, sub Ilystcriomorphis, interdum rotundatis, disco im
pi-essis, nigris, pleriimque prorumpciitibus ac confluentibus, epidermide cinctis, sed etiam omnino
liberis. Sporidiis copix)sis pellucidis, didymis profluentibus, lateque effusis.
•2975. 6. D. EncMPKSs, L. v. S , in r.imis Celastri per epidermidcm erumpcns, IJcthl.

1). sporidochiis ovato-ellipticis, enimpcntibus epidermide cinctis, disco impresso et passim colliculosoi
saepe confluentibus et aterriniis. Sporidiis crebris, oblonijis, didymis. Sporidochio 1 — 2 lineari.
*2976. 7. D. MiNUTissiMOM, L. v. S., vulg'uris in cortice Populi italicac et Platani, Betid.

D. sporidochiis in acervis minutissimis longe Uiteque ex epidermide more Sphaeriarum erumpentibus
nigris, epidermide subtectis, subglobosis. Sporidiis minutissimis g-lobosis sed uniscptatis aut quasi
ex duobus liemisphaeris.
*2977. S. D. ACUMINATUM, L. V. S., non rarum in cortice juniore ramorum Betulae, Bethl.

D. sporidochiis in acervis minutis subcorticalibus transversim prorumpentibus. Sporidochio intus albo
spurio, Sporidiis didymis crebris uU'inque acuminatis. Structura interna non dissimiUs D. elevato,
sed multo minor.
*2978. 9. D. Caltcanthi, L. v. S., passim in ramulis Calycanthi emortui, Bethl.

D. acervis elliptico-difformibus, confluentibus, longitudinaliter erumpentibus, epidermide cinctis.
Sporidochio irregulari, subconvexo, applanato, fusco-nigro. Sporidiis oblong'is, utrinque subacutis,
didymis.
*2979. 10. D. coRTicALE, L. V. S., tenuissime efli\isum in cortice glabrato Rhois, Bethl.

D. aceiTidis tenuissimis applanatis, plerumque orbiculatis insuper sporidochiis spurns minutis, tuber-

culos referentibus. Sporidiis didymis, nigris, quasi ex duobus globulis.
N.B. D. Hedysari, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 505, nullimodo hujus loci est.

Genus 219. Astrosporium. Kz., S. V. F. p. 192.

2980. 1. A. I'u/ij'-are, Kunz. in Regensb. Bot. Zeit. ISIO, p. 2-5 et Syn. Car. n. 507. Fungum distmc-
tissimum in Carohna repertum, nondum in Pennsylvania observavi.

Genus 220. Stilbospora.

2981. 1. S. macrospora, Lk. p. 95, n. 1, Syn. Car. 508 et Bethl.

•2982. 2. S. angustala, Lk. n. 2, in cortice ramorum Quercus non frequens, prope Nazareth.

•2983. 3. S. auinnisEPTATA, L. v. S., copiosim propuUans ex epidermide majorum ramorum et trunci
Platani occidentalis caesi nee jam corrupti, Bethl.
S. acervis primum sub epidermide inde varioloso-bidlata eff'usis, sporidochio spurio nigro centrali; de-
mum prorumpentibus et circa circum sub epidermide et in ea spargentibus magnam copiam spori-
diorum subconglutinatorum. Sporidiis oblongis, fuligineis, semipellucidis, eleganter quadriseptatis,
aut quasi ex quatuor globulis internis conformatis.

*2984. 4. S. MULTisEPTATA, L. V. S., rara, in ramis querneis obvia, distinctissima, prope Naz.

S. acervis in cortice satis eff'usis, parum elevatis; sporidochio peritheciato cortice ime ad lignum usque
immerso, subsphaeriaemorpho, et quasi evacuato, post effluxum sporidiorum. Sporidiis magnis
lineari-subulatis, utrinque incurvis acuminatis, multiseptatis, et lignum aut corticem inquinantibus,
ceterum atemmis subpellucidis.

•2985. 5. S. Staphyleae, L. v. S., frequens in junioribus ramulis Staphyleae, Bethl.

S. acervis minoribus, rotundatis, nidulantibus sub epidermide elevata; demum rima dehiscente pro-
fluunt crebra sporidia, cano-fusca, subpellucida, elongato-elliptica, utrinque subacut.a, multiseptata.
Acervis ceterum gregarie sparsis, nunierosis.

Genus 221. Cryptosporhtm.

•2986. 1. C. airum, Lk. p. 96, n. 1, passim in culmis graminum, Bethl.

300 SYNOPSIS OF

*2987. 2. C. aurantiacum, Lk. n. 2, in receptaculis Zinniarum in Hortis mihi obviiim, Bethl.
'2988. 3. C. PsEUDOACAciAE, L. V. S., an hujus generis' In foliis Robiniae, Bethl.

C. acervulis 1 — 2 linearibus, rotundis, panim elevatis nigris, maculam efficlentibus, superficie quasi

punctulatis. Aquae immersum, solvitur in sporidia minutissima fusca. Insuper folium nee sub epl-

dermide crescit.

Genus 222. Fusidium.

'2989. 1. F. aureum, Lk. p. 97, n. 4. Rarum, in Sclerodermate putrido obvium in monte Pocono.
•2990. 2. F. Buxiy Lk. n. 3, non infi-equeus in foliis Buxi, Bethlehem.
*2991. 3. F. griseum, Lk. n. 1, non rarum — in foliis aridis Quercuum, Bethl.
*2992. 4. F. CAESIUM, L. v. S , satis frequens in emortuis foliis Castaneanim, Bethl.

F. acervis late effusis tenuibus, caesiis. Sporidiis lasiter affixis, longiusculis, fusiformibus vis septalis.
*2992. 5. F. TESuissiMFM, L. v. S., occurrit passim in foliis deciduis querclnis, Bethl.

F. acervis tenuissimis late effusis, g'riseis aut cinereis. Sporidiis fusiformibus, cinereis, minutissimis,
non septatis. Folia quasi pruina tenuissima afflata sese ostendunt.
*2993. 6. F. EpiDEBMiDis, L. V. S., rarius in epidermide gl.ibro ramorum, Bethl.
F. acervis m.ijuscuhs, subdcterminatim orbiculatis, confluentibus, candido-lacteis, demum pallescentibus.
Sporidiis compactis fusiformibus.
'2994. 7. F. Fahina, L. v. S., late effusum in epidermide non corrupta, Salem.
F. acervis long-e lateque effu.sls, candidissimis, indeterminatis, crasslusculis, farinam densim instratam
mentientlbus. Sporidiis subcompactis, fusiformibus, septatis, uno apice sensim incrassatis.
'2995. 8. F. FciTAGo, L. v. S., late effusum in foliis vigentibus Uibidis, Nazareth.

F. acervis effusis, aterrimis, omnino Cladosporium Fumago revocantibus. Sed lente adhibita, com-
positi sunt, ex innumeris nudis atrispellucidis sporidiis, brevibus fusiformibus curvatis, obscure sep-
tatis, utrinque interdum subacutis, interdum obtusatis.

Genus 223. CERATospoRuni. L. V. S. Novum Genus.

Sporidia majuscula (J lin. ) clavata, pluribus basl coalitis, quasi cornu damae assurgentia, fusca, splendentia
sicca opaca, madida subpellucida, midtiseptata, aut pluria granula quasi in sporangiolo peUucido
inclusa exhibentia.

•2996. 1. C. FcscEscENs, L. v. S., in epidermide corrupta Rhois t^^liinae et glabrae et insuper Sph.aeriab
ejusdcm fosciculatim crescit, Bethl.
C. longe lateque effusum. Sporidiis basi coalitis, interdum quasi ex horizontal! trunco, clav.alis, saepe
flexuosis, apice subattcnuatis.

Genus 224. Mtxosporium.

2997. 1. M. croceum, Lk. p. 99, Syn. Car. 293, sub nomine Nemaspora crocea. Vidgatum etiam Betlil.
in raniis, Fagineis, Betulinis, &c.

Genus 225. Clasterisporium. L. V. S., Novum Genus.

Sporidiis maximis, simplicibus, falciformibus, brevi-pediccUatis, teretibus, multiseptatis, aut quasi in spo-
rangiolo pellucido pluria granula complectcntibus; primum opacis, demum pellucidis, atrofuscis cum
nitorc- Quasi Coryneum non conjunctum.

"2998. 1. C. cAiuciNUM, L. v. S., valde frequens autumno n foliis majorum Caricum, v. c. C. lacustri,
&C. Bethleliem.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI, 301

C. acervis minovibus ac majoribus, cffiisis, sa?pe ad bi vel Iriuncialem longltiidiiicm conflncntib\is
occiipat folia, omnino cetenim libere impositis ncc uUimodo innatis, iiij^rdfii^cis. Sporidiis tarn
maxlinis, lit nudo oculo disting-ucntiir sibi indeterminatim iiicumbciuibus iiigeiiti copia. I'edicello
pellucido. Apice spoi'idiorum obtuso.

Series II. Tuberculauini.
Genus 226. Tubercularia.

2999. 1. T. vii/i;nns, Lk. p. 99, n. 1, Syn. Car. 295, ublqiie.

•3000. 2. T. lulescrns, Lk. n. 2, in raniis Araliae, Bctbl.

3001. 3. T. minor, Lk. n. 3, frequens in Castancis, Syn. Car. 298, etiam Betbl.

•3002. 4. T. mulahilis, Lk. n. 4, in Mori raniulis, Betbl.

3003. 5. T. granulata, Lk. 5, Syn. Car. 296, frequens et Betbl.

3004. 6. T. DUBiA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. nigrcscens 301, Lk. n. 7, non rara in v.ariis ramis ct Betbleliem.
Colore atro bene distincta. Sporidia aquae immersa diffluunt ut in ceteris.

•3005. 7. T. ^occosa, Lk. 8, in IJbois typbinae ram., Betbl.

*3006. 8. T. nigricans, Lk. 9, in lignis emortuis Litiz.

*3007. 9. T. ciliala, Lk. 10, (non Syn. Car. 300) in lig-no carioso etin r.amulis Vitis, Betblchem.

*o008. 10. T. liccoides, Lk. n. 11, in duro caule Brassicac, Betblebem.

•3009. 11. T. hcrbarum, Lk. n. 12, in caulibus emortuis Artemisiae emortuae, Belbl.

*3Q10. 12. T. meiiispermi, Lk. n. 13, in ramis Menispermi ct .aliorum sarnie iitosorum Fruticuni,
Betbl.

•3011. 13. T. ca)77?CT/o)-i«7i, Lk. p. 104, in Zea Betbl. Stratum sporidiorum vidl — et sine dubio est hiijus
loci.

•3012. 14. T. piisiHa, Fries, et Kunze, minutissima, in junioribus ramulis teiierrimis, Betbl.

•3013. 15. T. pEzizoiDEA, L. v. S., amicissimus Ur Torrey ex New York misit speciemvalJe mir.abUem
— in ramis populinis?
T. Sporidocliiis, fascicul.atim conflucntibus, maximis, pezizoideis, undulato-plicalis, ex cpidcrmlde pro-
rumpentibus et .ad uncialem long-itudincm irregulariler confluentibus, pede crasso sufVultis, subst.an-
tia indurato-cornea, slrato sporidifero compacfo inc.arnato purpureo, subnitente, sed superb cie sub-
pruinosa. Intus .albescunt et aetate subpulveridenta ev.adunt sporidocbia. Talis cupula non con-
fluens diametrum plus quam biline.arem babet et Pezizam margiiie obtuso, undulate plicate disco
rcfert.

•3014. 16. T. suBPEDicELLATA, L. V. S., in ramis emortuis Lycii hortonmi obvia, Betbl.

T. Sporidocbiis, minutis pallide l.ateritiis, longiuscule pedicellatis, epidermide circum pedicellum ele-
vato, capitulo aequali ex epidermide protuberante globoso. Pedicello quasi linea rubra a capitulo
scparato. Strato sporidifero, ruguloso.

•3015. 1". T. Celastiii, passim copiosim propullans ex r.amis et sarmentis Celastri, Betblebem.

T. Sporidocbiis majusculis regularibiis, subrotundo-turbinatis, breviter pedicellatis. Strato sporidifero
primum fusco, mox alro, intus rubescente. Pedicellis cortici interiori adnatis, arctim ab epidermide
cinctis, cinereis. Capitulo imprcsso, applanato, rugoso, tuberculoso cum str.ato sporidifero coalito,
quod ubi pedicellum intus demum pulveraceo-fatiscentem .attinget, linea nigra circnmscriptum.

•3016. 18. T. BiFFOBMis, L. V. S., in spinis Crataegi cujusdam in Ilorto Botanico, I'bilad.

T. Sporidocbiis prorumpentibus, difformibus, aggregatis et confluentibus, fusconigris, rugosis, Str.ato
sporidifero crassiusculo concolore. Sporidocbiis minoribus, intus fusco-ferrugineis.

*301~. 19. T. RAiiicALis, L. V. S., in efossis radicibus arborum — magna copia, Betbl.

T. Sporidocbiis multiformibus, majusculis, prorumpentibus ex epidermide radicuni, difl'ormibus nem-
pe et rotundatis, granuloso-tiiberculosls, 2 — 3 linear! diametro, applanato-depressis et tortis. Str.ato
sporidifero rubro fuscescente, demum nigricante, intus albido. Basi saepe Hoccosa. Adsunt spo-
ridocbia alia minora, in ipso bgno, convexa nigra et longitudinaliter confluentia.

Vol. IV.— 4 A

302 SYNOPSIS OF

•301S. 20. T. TATiscENs, L. T. S., in tenera cpidermide ramorum dejectorum, Bethl.

T. Sporidochiis minutis, pulvlnatis, sessililjus, incarnatis demum exalbescentibus, et fere orrmino in
pulverem fatiscentibus, intus fuscis et subconfluentibus. Strato sporidifero magis colorato, crassl-
usculo.
*j019. 2 1. T. CiLtcANTUi, L. V. S., vulgatissima in rainis Calycanthl in hortis Uethl., satis affinis
T. vulgari.
T. sporidochiis regularibus, g-lobosis, rubris, mag'nitudine T. vulgaris, suffultis pedicellis nigrescenti-
bus subcnpularibiis. Strato sporidifero ut in T. vulg-ari.
"3020. 22. T. suBDiAi'HjNA, L. v. S., rarior in putridis stipitibus Vitis, Bctlil.

T. Sporidochiis subrotundis, gloliosisve, priniuni palfide rubris, subdiaphanis; demum nigricantibus
aut fubcescentibus. Strato sporidifero satis crasso. Basi strigoso-Hoccosa. Aetate demum
fatiscit.

Genus 227. Fusariuji.

*3021. 1. F. paUens. Lk. p. 105, n. 1, vai: piilvinalum, in cortice ex New York comniunicavlt Dr ToiTey.
*3022. 2. F. rosetim, Lk. n. 2, in caudicibus Araliae spinosae, Betldeliem in hortis cultae.
3023. 3. F. cilialuni, Lk. n. 3, Syn. Car. 300. Tubercularia et Bethleliem obvia in Cucurbitis putri-
dis; etiam in genuine Rosae putrido.
'3021. 4. F. stUbaslcr, Lk. n, 4. Rarissimum in radiculis mihi obvium, Bethl. Optima species.
*3025. 5. F. oxysporum, Lk. n. 5. Vulgare in effoetis leguminibus Phaseoli, Bethl.
*302c. 6. F. luteritium, Lk. n. 6, in Iruncis et ramis, Bethl.
302". 7. F. /(fto'fts/jonjm, Lk. n. r, Syn. Car. 32L Schrotium PaspuU. Frequens etiam Pennsjdvania
in seminibus immaturis Paspalorum.
'302S. 8. F. PYniNrji, L. V. S., in Germania aequo ac Pennsylvania rarius repertum in putridis Mails
per liiemem in arbore expositis.
F. Sporidochio expanse coccineo, sicco quasi vernicoso, satis crasso — aqua adliibita difflucnte in spori-
dia minutissima fiLsiformia.
*3029. 9. F. EPFusuM, L. v. S., in ramulis cmortuls Hyperici frondosi Hortis, Bethl.

F. Sporidochio subgelatinoso, latissime effuso, tenuissimo Thelephoram refcrente, pallidorubente. Spo-
ridiis densissimis fusiformibus ac cylindricis pellucidis.
'3030. 10. F. ixsEPTATUM, L. v. S., in cortice Daphnidis Mezerei emortui, Hort. Bethl.

F. Sporidochio verrucoso, expanse, praesertini transversim sito, luteseenti-rubro, rotundato, margine
sublibero. Sporidiis fusiformibus inseptatis pellucidis.
*303L 11. F. cocciNEuji, L. V. S„ in cortice castaneo passim observatum, Nazareth.

F. Sporidochiis aggregatis, granulatim tuberculosis, ditlbrmibus g-elatinosis, coccineis, demum indur.a-
tis, basi cxpansib in niassam quasi Thelcphoroideam. Sporidiis globosiusculis, uno latere acutis, mini-
mis, diaphanis. Caespitcs efformat ^ uneiides, circum basin floccosas.
*3032. 12. F. CAPiTATUM, L. V. S , in ligno putrido Pini canadensis prope Factory, Pennsylv.

F. sporidochiis induratis, capitato-gyroso-expansis, (ut fere Tremella) ex auranlio rubris, majusculls,
subconipi'essostipitatis. Aquae immersa, omuino solvuntur in sporidia majuscula, diaphana, teretia
et vermiformia aut flcxuosa, apicibus obtusatis.

Genus 228. Deujiosporium.

N.Ii. 1). Jluiucans, mihi notum ex bonis speciniinibus europaels — nondum in America inveni. Sequcntes
novae species autem congeneres esse persuasus sum.

"3033. 1. U. iiEcoLonANs, L. v. S., rariiis ad caules plantarum maximarum v. c. Umbellat., Bethl.
D. S))oi-idocliio globoso, sparso, parvo, subapplanato, subpellucido, primum pallido, demum ochraceo,
Sporidiis minutissimis globosis, non itadensini inslratis ut in i). Jhivicuiili. Pruinam simulant.
*3034. 2. U. iiusEL'M, L. V. S., in ligno carioso passim obvium, Bethl.

KORTII AMERICAN FUNGI. 303

D. duplo minus priori et D. flavicanti. SporiJocliiis sparsis, turbinatis, rosco-pellucitlJs. Sporidiis

oblongis lit pruina circum circa inspcrsis.
•3035. 3. I). ATRUM, L. V. S., lig'no denudato increscit plagis pcdalibiis in trunco Hickory (Carya to-

mentosa ant sulcata) Nazareth, ct truncuni quasi nit^rescit. Omnino hujus i^encris.
D. Sporidocliiis densissime ag'gregatis, atcrrimis, humido tempore autcm subfusccscentibns, oblongo-

globosis, magnitudine Sphaeriae millegrana, qiuim refert. Denslm undiquc tccta sunt sporidochia

sti-ato sporidiormu concolorum ac vix pcllucidorum, sed opacorum.

Genus 229. Sphaerosporium. L. V. S., Novum Genus.

Sporidochiis obliteratis planiusculis, strato densissimo, pulvinatini clcvato incninlicnte sporidioriim non
simplici sed coacervato. Sporidiis majoribus pcUucidis, globosis, intus includcntibus massani globu-
losam, grumosam, opacam.

'o036. 1. S. LiGNATiiE,L. V. S., in frustulis majoribus pulveris vaporariae, et in cortlcibus putridisQucr-
cuum, etiam Salicum, Bethl.
S. strato pulvinato sporidiorum ex ochracco rufo — pulvinatim super sporidochium elevato. Acervis
2 — 3 llnearibus, aggregatis, ovatis, aut longissime confluentlbus. Globulus exterior sporidiorum in
aqua, omnino pellucidus; interior subopacus. Sicco tempore tota sporidiatum subangulata, ochracea
et opaca deveniunt. Acervos Bactridii primo obtutu ret'ert.

Genus 230. Ericoccuii.

'oOSr. 1. E. yiigrum, Lk. p. 107, n. 1 frequcns in caulibus, maxima specimina in caule Uicini longe

lateque confluentia reperta sunt Bethlebeniis.
•3038. 2. E. purpurascens, Lk. n. 2, in caulibus ^Vsparagi, Bethl. et perpulchrc in culmis Zizauiae,

Pliiladelph.
"3039. 3. E. CAnicicoLA, L. v. S., frequcns in foliis majorum Caricum, Bcthl.

E. macula stroniatica vix ulla. Sporidocliiis sparsis applanato-globosis, demura pezizoidcis, impressis

nig'rofuscis. Sporidiis creberrimis subglobosis nig-roi'uscis, demum folium conspurcantibus. Pune-

riforme sese nudo oculo praebet.

Genus 231. Aegerita.

3040. 1. A. Candida, Lk. p. 108, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1274, vulgaris ad cortices udos, etiam, Pennsylv.

3041. 2. A. caesia, Syn. Car. 1275, et Bethlehem. Mihi videtur species bon.a, non rara in lignis siccis.
Sporidochiis nempe non globosis, sed ovatulis, multo minoribus, et caesiis.

•3042. 3. A. LtiTEScExs, L. V. S., in lignis siccis carie consuniptis, Bcthl.

A. sporidocliiis globoso-applanatis, sparsis, majoribus quam A. cauLUdae, lutescentibus. Basi subcon-
ti'acta.
*3043. 4. A. ovcLi, L. v. S., in lignis cariosissimis frequens, et. Salem et Bethl.

A. major. Sporidochiis ovalibus ex candido pallidis, densini aggregatis, laxissime affixis, longc latcquc
aggregatis, interdum diflbrmibus, Exacte rcferunt congerlem ovulorum insectaruiu. Sporidia non
difficiliter diffluentia sub aqua.

304 SYNOPSIS OF

Series III. Cephalotrichei et Scoriadei, Fr.

Genus 232. Periconia. Fr. ad sequens Genus.

3044. 1. P. hyssoides, Lk. p. 109, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1288, frequens in Paeoniae et Malvacearum caullbus
et Pennsylv.

3045. 2. P. suhulata, Lk. n. 2, Syn. Car. 1289, P. stenionitis rarior et in Pennsylvania.
*3046. 3. P. nana, Lk. n. 3. Solummodo obvia mihi in foliis Pini inopis prope Camden Jersey.
•3047. 4. P. EPiPHTLLA, L. V. S., in variis foliis dejectis observata, Bethl.

P. sparsa, pluribus tamenapproximatis. Sporidochio breyiusculo, superne attenuato, nigro. Capltulo
pro ratione inagno, fnsco, globoso. Sporidiis nigris densini inspersis.
*3048. 5. P. GHACiLis, L. V. S., in putridis capsidis Stapliyleae, Betbltlicm.
P. sparsim cresccns. Sporidochio subnlato, gracili, nigro. Sporidiis fuscobrtinneis in capitulum
globosum collectis caducis. Ceterum e.x minutissiniis, nudo oculo vix detegendis.
*3049. 6. P. FAScicuLATA, L. V. S., non infrequens in stipitibiis caulibusque Salem et Betlil.

P. in maculam epiderniide denudatam aggregata. Sporidocliiis.aterrimis rigescentibus, basi fasiculatitn
junctis. Capitulis ex aggregatione sporidiorum, nigris subclavatis, compactiusculis sed faciUime
deciduis.
*3050. 7. P. MAcuLAnis, L. V. S., rara ad ligna deorbata, Salem et Bethlehem. Hue citanda P. lichen-
osa, Syn. Car. 1287.
P. Sporidochiis denslsslme in maculam aggregatis, simplicibus, .atcrrlmis. Sporidiis in capitulum
subovale compactum, tenue, deciduum nigrum et subfuscescens coUeciis, etcopiosim sparsis circum
circa.
*3051. 8. P. BuiBosA, L. V. S., in stipitlbus minoribus .ac majoribus, Bethl.

P. gregibus vastis, longe lateque aggregata. Sporidochiis simplicibus, longiusculis, nigrocinereis,
strictis aut flexuosis, e.x bulbo sphaeriaemorpho basilar!. Capitulo turbinato, deciduo, subfusces-
cente.

Genus 233. Cephalotrichum.

"3052. I. C. rigescens, Lk. p. Ill, n. 1, passim .ad lig'na v. c. Rhododcndri niaximi, Bethlehem.

3053. 2. C. mDiiiliuiihs, Lk. n. 2, Syn. Car. Isaria l.)U4, Bethlelicm inveni in ingenti truncoPini cana-
densis a fluminis Lehigh inundatione nobis adportato, per plures annos, plagis ing-entibus.

Genus 234. Isaria.

3054. 1. I. crnssa, Lk. p. 112, n. 1, Syn. Car. 1295, frequens in chrysalidibus et Pennsylvania — cum
var iruncat. 1296.

3055. 2. I. SpiiiNGOpiiiLA, L.v. S., Lk. n. 5, Syn. Car. 1298, in Phalaena, Bethlehem obvi.a.

3056. 3. I. ruALANGioniiLA, L. V. S., Syn. Car. arane.arum 1299, solummodo in Carolina mihi obvia.
*3057. 4. I. arachnophila, Lk. n. 3, r.arissime in aranea, Bethlehem.

S05S. 5. I. agariciiw, Lk. n. 7, Syn. Car. 1297, etiam Belhleliem frequens in Ag-.aricis.

3059. 6. I. epiphi/l/u, Lk. n. 8, Syn. Car. 1300. Frequens in foliis dejectis, et. Bethl.

3060. 7. L cluvata, Lk. n. 9, in frustro atramenti cxsiccati putrido, Betlikbcm.
"3061. 8. I. i!i//;os«, Lk. 10. Bethlehem rarissimc.

*o062. 9. I. /lyd/widca, Lk. 11. P.assim Bcllileliem, in truncis. Ilydnum calvuni, A. et S.
•3063. 10. 1. g/aucucrpkula, Lk. 12. Bethlehem in ramulis. Optime quadrat cum descriptione Linkii.
sed nostra nuiltoties m.ajor.
3064. 11. I. unihrina, Lk. n. 13, Syn. Car. 1301, rarior, et. Bethlehem.
'3065. 12. \. farcillalti, Lk. n. 15, in .asseribus putridis repcrta, Bethlehem.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGt. 305

0O66. 13. I. cilrina, Lk. n. 14, Syn. Car. 13(JC>, iioiuliim in rcniisylvaniu obscrv.'ita.
*306". 14. I. FrncATA, L. v. S., rai-issime imenta ex chrysalidibus foliis tectis excrcsceiis, Tlcllilcheni.
I. maxima, 2 — 3 uncias longa. Sporitlochio pallido crassiusculo torto, basin versus glabrato, apicc in
clavulam furcatam candidam diviso, densim tcctam sporidiis pulvenilentis, floccis interspcrsis.
■'30CS. 15. I. NiGRiPEs, L. V. S., ctiam ex chrys.ibdibus defossis, Salem reperta.

1. Sporidochio simplici, altitudine semiunci.am aequantc; stipite quasi tenui tereti ni^-o gflabro ad
dimidium usque turn abiente in clavulam simpliccm obtusam, cinerco-alljam pulverulenlam, sac])C
falcatam. Sporidiis compactiusculis.
*3069. 16. I. carnca, Pers. et Consp. Nisk. ctiam Syn. Car. 1302, Link. p. 118, in notis. Nostra Uctli-
leliemis passim in stipitibus et foliis dcjectis — bona species — qaam lioc loco describendam coactus
sum ob Linkii observationcm.
I. Sporidocliiis minutis fasciculatis, e fascicidis divcrgcntilius quasi stipitibus basi connatis, formal is, pal-
lidofuscis, capitulo aut clavula laxissima floccosa. Sp<iridiis creberrimis cleg'anlcr carncD-nibris
inter floccos inspersis. Vix scmillneam excedlt, scd sporidocliiorum fasciculis conflucntib\is, semi-
unciam occupantibus.
*3070. 1". 1. cAsiiinA, L. v. S., in ligno putrldo passim, Bethl.

I. gregalis, minuta, A linearis, erecta, subfasciculata, sed saepius simplex. Sporidochiis rcctis albis,
clavula fere ad basin extensa, cylindrica, ex agg-regatione Sporidiorum majusculorum candidorum,
subpedicellatoruni, quibus laxim obsitaest. Stipite igitur brevi sufiulta videtur.
•3071. 18. I. GioBosA, L. v. S., locis ericetosis in Rhododendretis ad terram, Bethl.

I. Sporidochio stipitiforme crassiusculo firmo, 1 lin. longo, in capitulum globosum crassum dilatato.
Stipite carneoluteo. Capitulo sporidiis densis candldis profuse intersperso. 'I'olus fungus allitudi-
nem 2 — 3 linearem attinet; sparsim proveniens.
•3072. 19. I. BicoLon, L. v. S., ad stipltes dejectos in terra jacentes, Bethl.

I. caespltosa. Sporidochiis stlpitiformibus, basi attenuatis, irregulariter compressis, in capitulum spo-
rldiferum dilatatis, subdivisum in i-amos corniculatos rufesceiites, ceterum laxuni, compressum et
diflorme. Sporidiis ferlnosis candidis. Rami difformiter comprcssi. Fungus 3 — 4 lin. alius.

Gcnus234. Anthina. F. S. V. p. 1G9.
•3073. 1. A. cernnoidcs, Lk. Obs. (Isaria) in stipitibus in terra jacentibus, Bethlehem.

Genus 235. Ceeatiuji.

'3074. 1. C. hydnoides, Lk. p. 118, Syn. Car. 1292, et. Bethl.

3075. 2. C.pyxklaUim, Lk. n. 2, Syn. Car. 1293, et. Bethl.

3076. 3. C. i>orioides, Lk.3, Syn. Car. 1294, nondum in Pennsylvania observatum.

Genus 236. Scorias. Sys. Veg. Fr. p. 171.

3077. 1. S. spoNGiosA, L. v. S., Syn. Car. 1311, Botrytis. Non sine numinc celebcrrimus Friesius
liunc fungum maximum, tam abnormem loco citato Systemati suo incorporat. Evidenter est hujus
vicinitatis— et multa habet communia cum Podisomate. In Pennsylv.ania quaque in sylvis fagmeis,
plerumque in terra jacet,— nee ctiam his regionibus a me unquam statu non induratomventa.

(icmis 237. Dacrina. F. S. V. p. 172, Dacrydiuni, Necs.

3U78. 1. D. m7(iaiarmum, Nees. Syst. passim et Bethh ad ligna occurrlt. Syn. Car. 1336, Dema-
tiuni praesertim sub cortlce Juglandls tomentosae, SiC.
•3079. 2. D. hydnohhum, Consp. Fung. Nisk. A. et S. sub nomine Hydnum sudans. Optime quadrant
speclniina nostra in llgno Rhododendri, Bethl.

Vol. IV.— 4 B

306 SYNOPSIS OP

Genus 23S. Botryosporidm, L. v. S., Novum Genus.

Sporidocliio obsoleto. Sporidiis quasi botrytim in binis aut pluribus seriebus ordinatis in sporisoriispel-
lucidis pyriformibus, sufFiiltis pedicello pellucido septato, atris, compresso-globosis, minutls sporiso-
riis fasciculatim prorumpentibus.

3030. 1. B. piioncMPENs, L. v. S., in Euphorbiae epidermide (et magis confluens etiam in Dianthi) ex
crusta qiiadam cinerascente, more Cl.">dosporii prorumpens, Bethleliem.
R. acei'vis minutis, copiosis, subconfluentibiis, aterrimis, ex fasciculatis sporisoi'iis pedicellatis.

Series IV. Sporodermei.

Genus 239. Sporidesmium.

*.3081. I. S. cil.-um, Lk. p. 120, n. 1, in lignis piitridis, Naz.

3082. 2. S. xiTESs, L. V. S., in truncis et ramis deniid.atis Spii-aeae opniifoliae satis vidgare, Bethl.

S. Stromate apjilanatim pulvinato, acervis minutis semillneaiibus tantum passim confluentibus, lig-num
longe lateque pnnctuans. Sporidiis densim aggregatis clavatis, fusiformibus et subtortuosis, fusco-
atrls cum splendore nitente.

Genus 240. Exosporitjji. Lk. p. 120, parte ininore.

E. Vermiculariis in Genere No. 58, supra descriplis, liuc ct non ad Pyrenomicetum pertincre mihi videntur

E. TiUue, No. 1833, hujus libelli:

E. clavuligera. No. 1834: adde quoque

3083. 3. E. MAXIMUM, L. v. S. Stilbospora maxima Syn. Car. 506, quod autem in Pennsylvania milii
nonobvium. Magnitudine sporidiorum, oculo nudo perceptibilium valde insigne.

Genus 241. Seiridium.

*3084. 1. S. «?f/)-^i"na/um, Lk. p, 126, n. 1. Planta nostra pervulgata in Rosa corymbosa, incolainunda-
torum locorum, icone .ac descriptione Neesi exacte convenit. Sedabhorret magnitudine. Plerum-
que nempe occurrit in ramis vivisaut subviventibus acervis ingcntibus crassissimis, biuncialibus, am-
biens ramos, et saepe multi accrvi confluunt. Sporidiis tam m.agnis ut optime possint observari nudis
oculis, aut saltern per lentem quam mininie augentem.

•3085. 2. S. SiMiLACis, L. V. S., passim ex caulibus Smilacis caduci et .aliorum specicrura erunipens,
Bethlehem.
S. acervis, longissinie confluentibus, tamcn multominoribus, nee tam incr.assatis. Sporidiis cylindricis,
atrofuscis, obtusis, pedicellis longissimis contortis albi.s.

Genus 2 12. CORYA'EUM.

'5086. 1. C. depnssum, Lk n. 4, in ramcdis jihododendri, liethlehem.
'3087. 2. C. hradiyuruiH, Lk. n. 3, passim in lignis ramorum. Bethlelieni.

3088. 3. C HEDvsAnr, L. v. S.. Syn. Car. 50J, Didyinos|>orium in foliis vigentlbus Hedysarori'.m in
Carolina cvidentcr hujus loci.

3089. 4. C. couTicALE, ly. V. S., Syn. Car. SI!, elegintulum, non frequens sed distinctissinium in
epidermide Platani occidentalis.

NORTH AMERICAN TUKGI. 307

•o090. 5. C. KHOnoDEsmi, L. v. S., passim in foliis lihododendrl maximi, Uetlil.

C. Sporidocliiis mimitis, sparsis, per epidei-midem folii pronimpentibus, convcxidis, atris, intus albes-
centibiis. Sporidiis dispersis, dcmum nudiiisculis. Sporidiis ovatibus aut p\rifbrmil>iis, pcdicellis
breviusculis, crassis, septatis.
*o091. 6. C. Smilacis, L. v. S., in epidcrmide Sniilacis rotundifolii dispcrsnm, lictbl.

C. Spovidochiis tectis sub epidevmide elevata, tantuni poro, ant rima centrali apertis. Disco minuto
turn conspicuo, densim obsilo sporidiis nigris ac fuligincis pedicellatis, obloni^is aut subcylindricis,
scptatij — demum efHuenllbus.
3092. 7. C. i;ripnTLLUM, L. v. S., vulgave in foliis Castaneis. Sparsini ct nitfiificans, lictblelicm.
C. sporidocbiis obliteratis, acervulis parvis, irrcgnlai-ibus densim aggregatis in pagina avcrsa. Spori-
diis numerosis, ovalo-cylindricis, subfalcalis, septatis, fnscis. Aqua infusa apparent ])cdicelli long-i-
usculi, pellucidi, pluribus versus basin coalitis.
•3093. 8. C. jipriGDnATUM, L. v. S., snbtectum sub viUositate pag-inae aversac foliornm Quercns
macropae, Nazaretli.
C. sporidocbiis atris diflbrmibus aut stellatim confluentibus. subclTusis, applanatis. Sporidiis pyri-
formibus, mulliseptatis, brevissime pedicellatis. Prime obtutu affine quodammodo Uotiyosporio
nostro.

Genus 213. GyjiNospoRANGiujr.

"■3094. 1- G. Juniperi, Lk. p. 127, n. 1. lufrequens sedbene distinctuni a I'odisoniate Juniperi inventum
prope Easton Pen.us) Ivaniae in Junipcro virg'iniaiui.

Gcr.us21-1. PODISOJIA.

•3095. 1. P. /"(J/yjm, Link. p. 127, in unico .Tnnip. Sabina mild nola, in his reg-ionibns — copiosim pro-
puUat.
3096. 2. P. MAcr,opus,L. V. S., Lk. p. 127, perperam sub Gymnosporang-io. In Carolinae supe-
rioris reg-ionibus mihi optime notis, rarior Cungus. In Pennsylvania vulg'atissimus, apprimc
infestans .luniperos virg-iuianas sub cuUro horlnlanorum gementes, et vulgo notus nomine " CtT/fir
apple," sub quo in forum afi'ertur, ut potens, quanquani fabulosum remedium anthelminticum. Link-
ius dolet me non in analomen sporidocUii inl'erioris incjuisivisse. Quae nunc de hoc milii innotne-
runt hoc loco lubenter addo. Primum, basis iUa veMatissima, nulUmpdo pro sporidocliio habenda, si
hoc nomine deslgnare vis idem quod in Podisomate .luniperi sic audit. Est corpusculum ilhtj, gela-
tinosum e stipitibus sporiuiorum implicatis formatum exacte cum ligulis treniellosis noslri P. macro-
podis congruum. Casilare capitulum autem de quo quaeritur oninino alius indolis. Nunqnam autem
deest. Iiiitium contra semper praebet nostro fung-o; primo juventute in tenerrimis ramulis .1. virgini-
aiiae se ostendens, maguiludine capitis aciculae majoris, sensim crescens, plerumque ramulo pene-
trante immutato et in capitulum plus minusve regulariter turbinatum et plicatum intumcscens;— ad
uncialem vel Immo biuncialemdiametrum attingens. Substantia in sicco et obsolete fibroso-suberosa
est, ut Eistulinae, sed non succoso-carnosa, quasi ex flbris ex pedicello late obconico radiantibus —
ceterum turn servans habitum sublignosum. Capitidum vigens contra faciliter, ut pcmum, se-
candum immo comedendum est — durum exsiccatione devenit. Exlus cortice gaudct epldermidis ad
instar, colore ex lilaceo fuscopurpurascente, omnino tamen exsr.cco ut pomorum epidermide. In tola
superficie regularia apparent foveola, polygona, plerumque pentagon.^, primum tantum applaiiala,
mox impressaet umbonata; turn cortice in centro, rupto, tempore madido, protruduntur sporido-
chia ligulosa tremellosa, colore pulcb.errimo aurantio uncialia — tolas arbores per unam vernalem noc-
tem pluviosam tanquam ditissima messe Aurantiorum maturorum exornans. Si tempus madidum con.
tinu.atur per multos dies, per tantos hoc statu invenitur, ligulis tandem diffluentibus. Mox sub sole
autem exsiceauturligulae — nee unquam revivificantur. Capitulum persistit per annum. Vetusta spt-
cimina, interne non dissimiha excrescentiis arborum. Nullibi capitulum tamen sine ligulis salteni
initialibus, ligulae sine capitulo invenientur. Solenne est, ubi arbores juniperinas cultri ope in for-
mam py ramidatam aut aliani cocrcuntur, fuug-um i:ostruni incredibiU copin eascontegerc — ?ed secup.-

308 SYNOPSIS OF

dum observationes meas per decern aiuioscautim notatas, tales arbores non destmit, ne quidemvide-
tiir illis nocei-e. Sunt igitur ex populo inulti, et non pauci non ex plebe, qui persuasissimi haerent
fuiigum bunc aut inflorescentiam aut fi'uctum verum Jiiniperorum esse. Basin nibil habere commune
cum opere insectifero per asslduum studium edoctus sum. Non valde fungosam esse etiam fatendum
est. Milii videtur abnormissima formatio de qua melius nil adseverare — sed ulterius e.xaminare.
^'ota. — Anatomia baseos hujus fungi in statu juvenilj, antequam ligulam tremellosam protrudit, casu
oniissa loco suo, indicat sequentia. Substantia baseos tum intus omnino est similis substantiae Pomi ma-
turi — si basin cultro secare velis — ex albido-virens, sesc monstrat, omnino ut pomum immaturum; gru-
moso-cellulosum, habitu quodam ex stipite radiante. Mox color viridis mutatur in fulvo-aurantium colc-
rem — et tum observantur fibri albidi rarlores radiantes ramosim ex stipite. Ligulis seniel prolrusis, quod
fit tempore pluvioso basis non amplius cresclt; si autem ver non pluviosus sit, indies avigentur bases.
Epidermis juniorum ante evolutionem sporidochiorum, texturam quandam filamentoso-furrurace.am habet,
et crassitiem epidei-midis pomi. Ligulae in statu perfectissimo onustae sunt sporidiis, omnino ut in P. ju-
niper!— sunt autem lig'ulae plerumque longiores ncc conicae sed saepe subfiexuosae et potius versus
apicem attenuatae.

Genus 245. Sarcopodium.

\309". I. S. clrcinnulum, Lk. p. 12", n. 1, non rarum sed faciliter ob similitudinem cum initio Thele-
phorae (et Fries, in Elencbo p. 226 ad Thelephoras trahit) super visum. Ad caules, Eethl.

Genus 246. Lichenopsis. L. v. S. , Noviun Genus.

Genus omnino aberrans. Angiogastres, praesertim Spliaerobolas cum ultimis (iymnomycctibus, ut Podi-
soma, apte jungcns, et ob crustaceam maculam in ligno — ad Lichenes quoque certo modo spectans.

Sporidochio, in cupula subglobosa ime recondita in ligno lichenosim circum circa albocrustato, quasi im-
merse; tapetio cupulae subcarnoso excavate, et cupula primum operculo albopulveraceo tecta, de-
mum operculo deciduo, orerotundo contractomagnitudine capitis aciculae m.ijnris, apcrta. Incen-
ti'o hu)us cupulae globosae assurgit Sporldochium cylindrlcum apice truncatum, lutescens, ex coa-
litisfloccis hyalinls tenuissiralscomposltum, diffluentibus in aqua, in sicclsconjunctisin corpusculum
mduratum subcornevmi; flocci, qui evidenter sunt pedicelli, ut in Podisomate, sporldiorum, quibus hoc
corpusculum coronatum est in disco suo; sporidia autem ovalia multiseptata, aterrinia. Sicco statu
sporldochium ad instar columellae in centro cupulae assurgit, luteum, ex nigris sporidiis in super-
ficie punctato-nigi-um. Verisimilitcr, ut mihl videtur, sporldochium demum ejicitur, ut globus
Sphaeroboli. Non vldi hoc factum, sed cupulae saepe Inanes occurrunt. Operculum plerumque
umbonatum.

"3098. 1. L. spnAinoBoLoiDEi, L, v. S., satis frequens occurrlt Bethleliemls in ramis Corni floridae,
Celtis, et aliorum in ligno et cortice.
L. Cupulis immersis ligno (Stictidem majorem revocantibus) lineari diametro, intus tapetio pallide
luteo subcarnoso vestitis extus albescentibus, percrustam albescentem subdetermlnatim eftusam pro-
rumpentibus. M.aculas licljenosas blunciales efficlt.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

309

INDEX

GENERUM ET SPECIERUM A ME PRTMUM I.\ AMERICA DETECTARUM.

' Signo notatae jam

ill Syiwpsi Fungortim Carolhiae dcsmptae sunt.

Acladium densissimum.
Acremonium nigTOspermnm.
ActkUum caric'mum.
Actinothyrium cauUncola.

mag'noliae.
Aecidium (Caeoina) apocynatum.

aroidatiim.

astcratum.

cimicifiig-atum.

claytoniatum.

clemati latum.

convolvulatiim.

dracontioiiatura.

erigei'onatiim.

eupUorbiae hypcricifoliac.

gnaphalUatum.

hepaticatum.

helianthatuni.

hibiscatum.

houstoniatum.

hieraciatum.

liypericatura.

impatientatum.

luminatum.

rnyricatum.

osmundatum.

pedatatuni.

pentstemoniatum.

podophyllatum.

pjTatum.

pyi'olatiim.

sambuciatum.

sag'ittatum.

srnilacinatum.

tenue.

trachelifoliatuni.

uvulariatiim.

Vol. IV.— 4 C

Aegerita hitescens.

ovula.
Aethalium ferrincola.
Ag'aricus denticulatus

farinosus.

illudcns.

indigo.

lamellosus.

nigripes.

pc-ctinatus.

pubescens.

rbodoxanthus.

sctisedus.

siccus.

tcnuipes.

tubaeformis.
Anixia intcrrupta.
Arachnion album.
Arcyria globosa.

lutea.

minor.
Ascobolus conglomeratui.
Aspergillus purpureofuscus.
Asterophora effusa.
Atractobolus lutescens.

Bactridlum effusum.
Boletus alboater.

betula.

pocono.
Botrytis laxa.

lateritia.

leucosantha.

Ulacina.

mimitala.

pellicula.

pulcberrima.

Bovista Candida.

craniiformis.
Botryosporium pi'oi'umpens.
Bulgaria rusa.

Caeoma (Ured.) agrimoniae.

amaranthi.

andropogi.

anemonis.

ari virginici.

azaleae.

brunneum.

cbacrophyllis.

cbclidonii.

elcphantopodis.

helianthi.

heucherae.

hyperici.

ipomaeae.

iridis.

junci.

lobeliae.

smilacis.

solidaginis.

spcrmacocis.

syntherismae-

tereblntliinaceae .

teucrli.

thalictri.

zeae.
Calocera fiisciculata.

pibpes.
CompsotricUum splendens.
Caulliarellus cinnabarinus.

confluens.

cupressi.

fascicularis.

310

SYNOPSIS OP

■ CanUiarellus floccosus.

helolioides.

incarnatus.

odoratus.

olivaceus.

roseus.

spathulariae.

viridis.
Capillaria malvacearum.

I'hizomorphina.
Cenang'ium aenig-iriosum.

andromedae.

apertum.

castaiieae.

ccphalanthi.

clavatum.

compressum.

confusum.

ci'ustaceum.

enteroxanthum.

e]wspliaeria.

fatiscens.

fibriseda.

molluscum.

iiigi'ofLiscum.

palmatum.

populuuim.

pyrinum.

rliois.

rosae.

sphaeriomoi-phum.

staphyleae.

triangulare.

tumonim.

tui-gidiim.

viburni.
Ceratites (Caeom. ) botryapites.

fraxinites.
Ceratosporhiin t'liscescens.
ChaetomKim Douglass!.

typhinum.
Chloridium candidissimum.
Cli'cinoti'icbum candidiim.
Cladospor'uim big-noniae.

epispbacria.

iridicola.

lifjiialUe.

maculans.

simplex.

sparsum.

tyjdiae.

virtjuUoTOm.
Cktslerispiir'iiin cai'icinum.
Clavavia aurantio-cuiiiabarina.

Clavaria compressa.

corona ta.

gigaiUea.

merismato'ides.

subcorticale.

sulpliurascens.

tenax.

tenuis.

tetragona.

trichomorpha.

vernalis.
Coccotricbum erubescens.
Coniospoi'ium ati'um.

strobilinum.
Coremium coccineuni.

concentncum.

fimelarium.

flavovirens.

frag'ariasti'um.

subiculatum.
Coryneum eorticalc.

effig-uratum.

epipbyllum.

hedysari.

rhododendri.

smilacis.
Craterium flonforme.

porpbyrium.
Crlbraria minutissirna.
Ci'vptosporium pseudoacaciae.
Cypbella pendula.
Cytispora ceanothi.

difformis.

pei'sicarum.

quercina.

robiniae.

rubi.

Daci'omyces azaleae.

capitatus.

cinnabarlnus.

dift'omiis.

epipb)'nus.

involutus.

pcIUicidus.

viticola.
Uactylium ci'ustaceum.

giamineum.

melanopus.
Daedalea discolor.

mcrulioides.

subtomentosa.

zonata.
Dematium cinnamomeum.

Dematium cpisphaeria.

ramosum.

smilacis.
Depazea (Spli. ) catalpicola.

dryopliila.

kalmicola.

smilacicola.

tulipiferae.
Dermea craterium.

cydoniae.

populnea.

spiraeae.
Dermosporium atrum.

decolorans.

roseum.
Dichaena caespitosa.

smilacina.
Didymosporium acuminatum.

calycanthi.

celtis.

corticola.

effusum.

erumpens.

minutissimum.

pezizoides.
Dothidea afBata.

ambrosiae.

annonae.

asclepiadis.

asteromorpha..

biacbystemonitis.

bumeliae.

capreolatae.

castaneae.

cepae.

chalybea.

chenopodii.

cinerascens.

conferta.

Crustacea.

delmicola.

delicatula.

deuigrans.

diospyri.

dioscoreae.

dispersa.

eflusa.

elegans.

elliptica.

encoeliura.

exasperans.

fdicum.

fothergillae.

frigoris.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

311

Dotludea fmctig'ena.
gentianae.
glyeineos.
gramma,
heliopsidls.
hjbiscicola.
hyssopi.
impatientis.
ineleg-ans.
jug'laudicola.
lauri borboniae.
lam-icola.
lineola.
liriodendri.
maculans.
missouriensis.
nigrescens.
nodicola.
orbiculata.
ornans.
panlci.
peniciUata.
petiolaris.
phlogis.
phytolaccae.
polygalae.
polygoiiati.
pomig'ena.
radicalis.
ramosa.
riiois.
rhuina.
roblniae.
rosac.
sassafras,
saepincola.
sllpliii.

subcuticularis.
tosici.

viburni dentati.
viticola.
zeae.
Dryophilum pezizoides.
umbonatum.

Enteridium cinereum.
Epicoccum caricicola.
Eriiieum anomalura.

lineola.

pruni.

quercus canescentis.
Erysibe ambrosiae.

asterum.

ceanothi.

Erysibe chelones.

densissimum.

gerai'diae.

Uriodendri.

mors uvae.

nonnecator.

phlog'is.

quercimim.

quisqulliarum.

syringae-

v.accinii.

verbenac.

viburni.
Eurotium obliteratum.
Excipula cpidcrmidis.

glandicola.

liliorum.

majuscula.

nitidula.

rumicicola.

ulmicola.

viticola.
Excidia applanata.

auriformis .

crenata.

lurida.

spicuLata.
Exosporium maximum.

Favolus abnormis.
Fibrillaria crocea.

complanata.
Fistulina radicata.
Fusarium capitatum.

coccineum.

efi'usum.

inseptatum.

pyrinum.
Fusidium caesium.

epidermidis.

farina.

fumago .

tenuissimum.
Fusisporium l.agenariae.

Geastrum fibriUosum.

minimum.
Geoglossum farinaceum.

rufum.
Glonium accumulatum.
Gucpinia helvelloides.

Haplotrichum subpulvinalum.
virescens.

llelminthosporium brassicola.

corniculatum.

coi'ticale.

crustuosiUTi.

dubium.

fasciculatum.

hcrbarum.

sorglii.

virg'uUorum.
Ilelvella costata.
Hydnum aeruginosum.

adustum.

byssinum.

canum.

cinnabarinum.

coriaceo-membranaceura.

croceum.

delicatum.

cpiphyllum.

himantia.

luteopalUdum.

moUe.

olivaceum.

ramosum .

rliois.

subresupinatum.

sulpluu'cum.

viticola.
Hymenella cili.ata.
Hypodermium effusum.
Hysterium abbrcviatum .

andromcdae.

azaleae.

betulignum.

castaneae.

cinerascens.

confluens.

expaliens.

fibritectum.

flexuosum.

griseum.

insidcns.

kalmiae.

librincola.

mori .

nucicola.

osmundae.

plantarura.

polygonati.

praeloiigum.

pteridis.

rhododendi'i.

rimincola.

rufescens.

312

SYNOPSIS OF

Hysterium rugulosum.
smllacis.
syringae.
teres,
tortile,
vaccinii.
verbasci.
vulvatum.

Xllosporium caesium.
Institale ma.ximum.
Irpex cinerascens. .

epiphylla.

fuscescens.

niveus.

ochraceus.

tulipiferae.
tsaria bicolor.

Candida.

carnea.

fiircata.

globosa.

nig'ripes.

phalanglophila.

sphingopliila.

Labrclla nitida.
Lachnobolus cinereus.
Leangium stipatum.
Lematis olivaceovircns.

quercina.

nifo-olivacea.
Lentinus Lecontii.

pelliculosus.

strigosus.

Schweinitzii.
Leotia clilorocepliala.
Leptostroma acerinum.

acteae.

aspidiorum.

ccreale.

donacis.

fructigena.

hyperici.

inundatum.

marginatum.

piceum.
Leptostroma rhuinum.

scandcntium.

zizaniae.
Licea cp'ipliylla.

niacrospora.

nitcns.
Lidicnupsis spbacroboloidca.

Lopliium naviculare.
sassafras.

Melanconium dotbidea.

griseum.

peritheciatum.

sassafras.

truncatum.

viscosum.
Merulius brassicaefolius.

pallens.

strigosozonatus.
Mitremyces lutescens.
Mitrula iuflata.

exigua.
Monilia fusconigra.

globosa.

punctuans.
Slorcbella foraminulosa.
Mucor capitato-ramosum

echinophila.

Naematelia nucleata.
Nidularia fascicularis

juglandis.

melanosperma.

pulvinata.

rugisperma.

stercorea.

Oidium candldum.

inquinans.
Ostracodermum spadlceum,
Ostropa cinerascens.

hysterioides.

rugulosa.

spUaerioides.

Pachyma cocos.
Patellaria nigrocinnabarina.

rhododendri.

verbasci.
Perichaena marginata.

vaporaria.
Periconia bulbosa.

epipbylla.

fasciculata.

gracilis.

macularis.
Pcridermium (Cacom.) germinale
Perisporium caladil.
Peziza araclinoidea.

ascoboloidea.

atrofusca.

Peziza candidofulva.
clilora.
chlorascens.
cinnamomea-lutescens.
cinnabarina.
cinereofusca.
citrinella.
clypeata.
comata.
concbella.
concrescens.
confluens.
crocea.
daedalea.
discincola.
erinacea.
eupatorii.
floccosa.
fulvocana.
fuscobarbata.
glandlcola.
griseopulvei'acea.
liydrangeae.
incarnescens.
irregidaris.
leguminum.
lentaginis.
leontina.
luteo-alba,
maculincola.
megaloma.
membranacea.
mitrida.
mollisiaeoides.
obtecta.
occidentalis.
ocliracea.
opullfolia.
pastinacae.
penicillata.
pliiladelphi.
prolificans.
pruinata.
rosco-alba.
rufiberbis.
rufula.
solitaria.
sphaerincola.
subliirta.
subiculata.
torta.

turbinulata.
vitis.
vixvisibilis.

NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

318

Phacidium capsulare.
cauUncola.
corticalis.
exasperans.
tVaxineuin.
glandicola .
platani.
quercinum.
rhododendri.
Phlebia cinnabarina.
coccineo-fiilva.
hyanoidea.
Phlebomorpha ai-buscula.
Phoma andromedae.
calycanthi.
culmicola.
prunicola.
tulipiferae.
Phragmidium hedysari.
Phyllopta parasitica.
Physarum atrum.

caespitosum.
elegans.
effusum.
luteovalve.
polyaedron.
vermiculatiim.
Podisoma macropus.
Podosporium rigidum.

glandicola.
Polyactis grisea.
Polyporus aesculi.

candidissimus.

caryae.

cervinum.

cinereiis.

conchifer.

connatus.

decipiens.

decolorans.

favesceiis.

fimbi'iporus.

gilvus.

graveolens.

hirsutnliis.

internus.

isabellimis.

juglaiKlinus.

labyrinthiacus.

lilacimis.

lobatus.

nigi'omargin.atus .

nigropurpurciis.

nigropurp\u'ascens.

Vol. IV.-

Polyporus parviilus.

pallido-cei'vinus.

papyraceus.

pilotae.

pini canadensis.

pulchellus.

radicatus.

rhododendri.

sassafras.

scntellatus.

spissus.

su])erficialis.

symphj'tum.

tenuis.

unicolor.

undulatus.

virgineus.

viticola.

xantholoma.
Porolheleum pezizoides.
Pterula pUimosa.
Puccinia acule.ata.

andropogi.

arl trlpiij Hi.

ai'undinariae.

asteris.

bullata.

concentrica.

emaculata.

gaUi.

helenii.

helianthi.

heliopsidis.

junci.

kalmiae .

lespedezae procumbentis

lespedezac violaceae.

tnyrrhis.

pliaseoli trilobi.

potentillae.

pycnantbemi.

silphii.

smilacis.

solida.

sorghi.

verbesinae.

vernoniae.

windsoriae.

xanthii.

zizaniae.
Pyremum celiac.

liadulum hydnans.
investiens.

Radidum pini canadensis.
Uhizoctonia baltatus.

himantia.

placenta.

radiciformis,
Rhytisma aceris eriocarpae.

adglutinatum.

asteris.

bifrons.

cacti.

confluens.

decolorans.

elevatum.

ilicincola.

ilicis canadensis.

juglandina.

magnoliae.

prini.

sasafras.

seriale.

sllpbii.

smilacis.

solidaginis.

vaccinii.

vitis.

Saccidium bignoniae.

vegetum.
Sarca brassicola.
Schizoxylon tuberculatum.
Scleroderma lycoperdoides.
Sclerotium aesculi.

anemones.

applanatum.

convexulum.

diftorme.

erumpens.

frustulatum.

fuscomacuLitum.

gallarum.

gregarium.

hysteriilbrme.

lauricola.

lignatile.

liliorum.

meduDare.

nicandrae.

orobanches.

petiolorum.

platani.

prunorum.

reniforme.

sassafras.
Scolicotrichum candidum.

-4 D

314

SYNOPSIS OF

Scorias spongiosa.
Scii-idium smilacis.
Septoria nigricans.
Sparassis spathulata.
Sphaeria abbreviata.

aculeata.

aculeus.

aequilinearis.

afflata

aggregata.

albocrnstata.

albofai'Cta.

agrostidis.

albomaculans.

albopi-uinosa.

ambigua.

amoi'phostoma,

amorphula.

ampelos.

ampliata.

andromedae.

andromedicola.

andropogi.

andi'opogicola.

angellcae lucidae.

annulans.

aperta.

apertiuscula.

aristidae.

artemisiae.

asclepiaidis.

assecla.

atropunctata.

azalcae.

badia.

bignoniae

boleticola.

bi'assicola.

bnmnea.

cacti.

caespitulans.

callostroma.

canaliculata.

Candida.

cannabis.

capsularum.

caries.

caryophaga.

castaneae.

catalpae.

ceanothi.

celastri.

ceplialanthi.

cinerascens.

Sphaeria cimicifuga.
cladosporiosa.
clavulata.
coccineomaculata.
coUapsa.
collecta.
colliculosa.
ColUnsii.
Comptoniae.
concolor.
concomitans.
concrescens.
confertula.
confusa.
conseptata.
conspersa.
conspurcata.
consoi'3.
contorta.
convexula.
coptis.
corni.
corticium.
crataegi.
cornudamae.
cuticiilata.
daphnidis.
daturae.
decorticata.
deformata.
dematiosa.
denudans.
denigrata.
diderma.
diffusa,
diospyri.
discincola.
discreta.
distincta.
divergens.
driiparum.
driipivora.
durissima.
ecliinophila.
effigurata.
elevans.
elliptica.

elongato-compressa.
emergens,
enteroleuca.
enteroxantha.
ei'umpens.
eupliorliiciila.
eviilsa.

Sphaeria exarata.
excavata.
excipulans.
excussa.
expers.
fibriseda.
flabella.
flabelliformis.
fragariae.
fi-axicola.
frustrura coni.
fumosa.
fuscata.
fuscescens.
fuscopurpurea.
gaUae.
geoglossum.
gregalis.
glaiidicola.
gleditsiae.
goniostoma.
gossypii.
grisea.
gyrosa.
Halseyana.
herbicola.
herculea.
hibi.sci.
hibiscicola.
hyalina.
bydnicola.
hydrangeae.
hyperici.
hysterloides.
jasmini.
illita.
imposita.
incanescens.
inchnata.
inconstans.
in distincta.
insidens.
inspissa.
intermedia,
inundatorum.
Investiens.
investita.
involuta.
iridis.
iridicola.
juglandicola.
junipericola.
kalmiarum.
kalmlcula.

\

NORTH A3IERICAN FUNGI.

315

Sphaeria lactescentium.
lactifluorum.
lactucorum.
laevigata,
lecythea.
lespedezae.
ligustri.
lilacina.
limaeformis.
lineolans.
liquidambaris.
liriodendri.
luteomaculata.
magnoliae.
malvicola.
marginata.
mela.
meliae.
meloplaca,
inezerei.
mlUegrana.
modesta.
mollissima.
monstrosa.
morbosa.
mori albae.
mori rubrae
muci'onata.
naviculare.
nervisequia.
nidulans.
nigi'ella.
nigrlta.
nigrobrunnea.
notha.
obscura.
obtecta.
obtusa.
obtusata.
ochroleuca.
oligostoma.
olivaceohlrta.
oUvascens.
orbicula.
palliata.
pannosa.
panici.
papilla,
papyrifera.
parasitans.
parsimmons.
pastinacae.
penicillata.
peponis.

Sphaeria perforata,
pericarpii.
perigynicola.
petiolonim.
phellos.
plaiitaginicola.
platani.
platypus,
platystoma.
pocula.
pomoriim.
polygonal!,
polygon! sagittati.
potentlUae.
pruina.
pubens.
pugillus.
punctum.
purpureofusca.
putaminum.
p)Taraidale.
quadrata.
quadrifida.
quercuuiD.
radicalis.
radicum.
rattus .
rccondita.
rhois.
rliuina.
rhizina.
rivulosa.
ribesia.
rimincola.
robinlae.
rosae.
rubicunda.
rubincola.
ruborum.
nifescens.
sacculus.
samarae.
sambucivora.
sarraceniae.
sassafras,
scabriscta.
scapincola.
scirponim.
scoparia
sclerotim.
setosa.

siliquosorum.
silpliji.
smilacis.

Sphaeria smilacicola.
solidaginis.
spliaerincola.
sphaeriostoma.
spliaeroccphala.
spina,
spissa.
squamulata.
stapliyleae.
stercorum.
stcrilior.
stilbosporans.
stipata.
subaffixa.
subbullans.
subconcava.
subconfluens.
subconnata.
subfasciculata.
subiculata.
sublobata.
subrtigosa.
subsimplex.
sulcigena,
sulphurea.
sumachi.
tageticola.
tecta.
tenell.a.
tenuissima.
tenerrima.
thapsi.
tjgrinans.
tingens.
tondenda.
toxici.
transversa,
transversalls.
truncatula.
tuberculosa,
tubericola.
tulipifera.
tumorum.
turbinulata.
tj'phae.
ulmea.

umbcllatarum.
vaccinicola.
Van Vleckii.
variabilis,
variolaria.
variolosa,
verbascicola.
vernicosa.

316

SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Sphaeria verrucosa.

viburni.

vivescens.

vlridiatra.

viticola.

vitis .

xanthostroma.

yuccae.

zeae.

ziiiniae.
Sphaerobolus corii.

crustaceus.

minutissimus.

sparsus.
Sphaeronema catalpae.

caulincola .

rhododendri.
Sphaerosporum lignatile.
Spermodermium rufum.
Spilocaea concentrica.
Sporidesmium niteiis,
Sporotrichum aeriiginosum.

alutaceum.

cohaerens.

gratum.

himantia.

incarnatum.

intertextum-

lutescens.

solubilc.

subvinosum.

viticola.
Spumaria liclieniformis.
Stachytidium fulvum.

lutescens.

roseuni.
Stemonites crypta.

digitata.

maxima.
Stictis caulincola.

ceracea.

fimbriata.

hydrangeae.

hyssop't.

ligusti'i.

philadelphi.

prominula.

rubi.

Stella.

Stictis umbellatarum.
Stilbospora multiseptata.

quadriseptata.

st.ipbyleae.
Stilbum inquinans.

roseum.

Thelephora albidobrunnea.

albidocarnea.

albobadia.

caespitulans.

Candida.

candidissima.

cantharella.

cladonia.

cinerascens.

coccinea.

episphaeria.

fimbriata.

grisea.

helvelloidea.

imbricatula.

insinuans.

lilacina.

lutosa.

multipartita.

ochraceoflava.

pallescens.

pallida.

pedicellata.

regularis.

rubropallens.

sistotremoides.

spongiosa.

styraciflua.

subzonata.

vialis.

viticola.
Torula Crustacea.

cucurbitarum .

meduUare.

olivascens.
Tremella aurantia.

corrug.ata.

crassiloba.

palmata.

virens.
Trichia angulata.

difformis.

Trichia miniata.

punctulata.
Trichoderma rubropallens.
Tubercularia calycanthi.

celastri.

difFoi-mis.

fatiscens.

pezizoidea.

radicalis.

subpedicellata.
Tympanis cinerascens.

fasciculata.

fraxini.

plicatocrenata.

seriata.

turbinata.

viticola.
Typhula mucerdae.

ramealis.

Vermicularia acuminata.

albomaculata.

angiistata.

arctii.

balsamitae.

denudata.

eftusa.

epiphylla.

filicina.

gerardiae.

iuvolucrl.

ipomaeorum.

liLiaceorum.

ovata.

petiolorum.

polygon.ati.

polygoni virginici.

punctuans.

scandentium.

silphii.

staphyleae.

subeffiguratum.

thecicola.

truncata.
Verpa caroliniana.
Vibrissea truncorum.
VoluteUa quercina.

Zythia compressa.

EXI'LR'AI'IO U'ONLIM NOVOUUM (iKNliKUM.

Fit;. I I'oDospoiuiJM nitJinuM, L. v. S.

(I. Jliiimilu.^ (-uiii I'titUi^iiunn iiiai;iiituilM]r iiutuivili.

b. Floi:ci plurcs, s|ioiiiIm.s omistls, luudicc auctis.

c. rioocus j^iiiguliis ; v;il(lc aucluti, ^erciis spondKi

d. [(Iciii, s|)(iiKliis j;ini dojcclis.
c. Sporidia iiiaxiiiic aucta.

/. [dem .

Fig. 2. BoTRVOSPOUUIM PKOKUMl'ENS, L. V. S.

a. Frayiiicntuui caulis, acerviilis i'uiigi pioruiii|iuinibus ex C[)idciuiide, iiiugmludiut; naturuli.

b. Spoiodocliiuui oiiuslum I'asciculis spoiisoiioiuiii, valdo aucl.

c. Sporisoria pcllucula coiitiiioiitia sporidia.

Fij^. 3. Ceuatosporium fuscescens, L. v. S.
a. Coiticis rruslruiii, cm injacoiit sporidia oliusa mag. nal.
h. Modice aucta ajwridia iii cpiderinidis li'uslro.

c. Sporidia subpcllucida scptata iiiagis aucta.

d. Sporidia valde aucta.

e. Sporidium simplex auctissiinum.

Fig. 4. CLASTBRISPOniUM CARICINUM, L. V. S.

a. Folii Cancis Iragincntum m quo cfi'usum Ciasterisporium niagnitudine naturali

b. Modico auctum.

c. Sporidia pediceilata inaxmic aucta.

Fig. 5. SpHAEROSPORIUM LIGNATILE, L. V. S.

a. Frustrum ligni, acervis t'uugi onustuni, mag. naturali.

b. Modice auctum.

c. Accrvulus sporidiorum pcllucidoruui, cum globulo interno grumoso inaxime auctorum.

d. Sporidium singuiuin pcUucidum madelactum.

e. Sporidium siccum.

Fig. 6. LiCHENOPSIS SPHAEROBOLOIDEA, L. V. S.

a. Ligni frustrum cum lungo naturali niagnitudine.

b. Fungus super corticem elcvatus — modice auctus.

c. Idem operculo tectus.

d. Sectio perpendicularis cupulum et sjiorodocliium cylmdricuin internum monstrans

e. Cupula' sectio — maximc aucta.

f. Cupulani inanem cortice ciiictam in ligno mdulantcm uioiistrans.

g. Sporodocliium scgregatum maxinie auctum.

h. Sectio fungi junioris, cupulani, sporodocliium et operculum monstrans.

i. Floccoruin fasciculus, sporidiis iiigris t;oronaloiuin.

k. Magis audi Flocci.

I. Sporidium auctissimum.

m. Operculum

Vol.. IV.— 4 Di

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317

ARTICLE IX.

Descriptions of the Specimens of Inferior Maxillary Bones of Mastodons
in the Cabinet of the American Vhilosophical Society, with Remarks
on the genus Tetracaulodon ( Godman), S^'c. By Isaac Hays, M.D.
Read May 20, 1S31.

MY friend, the late Dr Godman, communicated to the Society ahout
eighteen months since, an account of an extinct fossil animal, closely
resembling the 3Iastodon in most of its characters, but dilTering from
it, in possessing tusks in the lower jaw. This difference Dr Godman
thought of sufficient importance to constitute a new genus, to which
he gave the name of Tetracaidodon.^

The immediate subject of Dr Godman's description having been a
young animal.t a distinguished naturalist^ of New York suggested the
opinion that the Tctracaulodo'ji was nothing but the young of the gi-
gantic Mastodon, and that the tusks were merely milk teeth, which
were lost as the animal became adult. ^ The same opinion has since
been confidently advanced by others. ||

Had Dr Godman been able to examine the specimens in our cabi-
nets with his own eyes, instead of being obliged to rely upon those of
others, his own memoir would doubtless have contained all the proofs
necessary for refuting the opinion that he had committed the error of

* See Vol. III. N. S., p. 478.

t Dr Godman states, however, that there are two adukjaw bones ol' the same animal in ilie
cabinet of the University of Virginia. Vol. III. N. S., p. 484.
% William Cooper, Esq.

§ See Silliman's Journal, Vol. XIX. p. 159, 160, October 13.30.
II See Ferussac's Bulletin for August 1830, &c.

Vol. IV.— 4 E

318 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

describing, as a new animal, the young of a known species. The
account of the Tetracaulodon was, however, written by the author,
literally on his death bed.*" There is no need of the Society's being
reminded of the generous and lofty ambition, by which Dr Godman
was always actuated, or that he was compelled through life, to struggle
against difficulties, which no ordinary man could have overcome ; and
they will at once understand his expression to his friends, on announcing
that he was preparing an account of a new fossil animal, — " I have
all my life," said he, " been compelled to labour for bread, I shall now
do something for my fame."

These remarks will account for such imperfections as may have
occurred in Dr Godman's memoir, as also explain my anxiety to secure
to him the credit which appears to me to be his due.

It is not my purpose to inquire into the value of the tusk, in the
low'er jaw, as constituting a generic distinction between the 3faslodon
and Telracaulodon.f Generic divisions in science are, for the most
part, as yet too arbitrary — the characters upon which they are founded
too ill determined — and our materials at present too scanty, to induce
us to venture any remarks upon this subject, even had we not deter-
mined to restrict ourselves to a detail of facts.

A more important subject of inquiry, is whether the Tetracaulodon
is merely the young of the gigantic Mastodon, and the tusks in its
lower jaw only milk teeth, which are lost when the animal becomes
adult and are never replaced. Fortunately the cabinet of the Society
furnishes us with materials for at once settling this question. It con-
tains portions of three lower jaws, which 1 have the honour of exhibit-
ing, and which will be particularly described hereafter. The first is
that of a young Mastodon, M. giganteum (Plate XX.), entirely destitute
of tusks or alveoli for tusks; the two others appertain to aged adult
animals (Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.), and exhibit distinct sockets for
tusks. A more complete refutation then of the assertion that the Tctra-

* Dv Godman died before the number containing his memoir was published.

t Air Titian R. Peale, who was tlie first naturalist by whom the Tetracaulodon was seen,
suggested to Dr Godman that the tusks in the lower jaw might be merely a sexual character.
It is impossible, in the existing state of our knowledge, and with our present materials, cither
to (•onfirni or positively refute this suggestion.

■/m,-r /'////n,- Ji','.- /'/.,f,XX n//,

318 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR BIAXILLARY BONES

describing, as a new animal, the young of a known species. The
account of the Tetracaulodon was, however, written by the author,
literally on his death bed.* There is no need of the Society's being
reminded of the generous and lofty ambition, by which Dr Godman
was always actuated, or that he was compelled through life, to struggle
against difficulties, which no ordinary man could have overcome ; and
they will at once understand his expression to his friends, on announcing
that he was preparing an account of a new fossil animal, — " I have
all my life," said he, " been compelled to labour for bread, I shall now
do something for my fame."

These remarks will account for such imperfections as may have
occurred in Dr Godman's memoir, as also explain my anxiety to secure
to him the credit which appears to me to be his due.

It is not my purpose to inquire into the value of the tusk, in the
lower jaw, as constituting a generic distinction between the 3Iastodon
and Tetracaulodon.-f Generic divisions in science are, for the most
part, as yet too arbitrary — the characters upon which they are founded
too ill determined — and our materials at present too scanty, to induce
us to venture any remarks upon this subject, even had we not deter-
mined to restrict ourselves to a detail of facts.

A more important subject of inquiry, is whether the Tetracaulodon
is merely the young of the gigantic Mastodon, and the tusks in its
lower jaw only milk teeth, which are lost when the animal becomes
adult and are never replaced. Fortunately the cabinet of the Society
furnishes us with materials for at once settling this question. It con-
tains portions of three lower jaws, which 1 have the honour of exhibit-
ing, and which will be particularly described hereafter. The first is
that of a young Mastodon, M. gigantcum (Plate XX.), entirely destitute
of tusks or alveoli for tusks; the two others appertain to aged adult
animals (Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.), and exhibit distinct sockets for
tusks. A more complete refutation then of the assertion that the Tetra-

* Dv Godman died licfore the number conUiininfj liis memoir was published.

t Mr 'riii:in R. I'eale, who was tlio lirst naturalist liy whom the Tetracaulodon was seen,
suggested to Dr Godman that the tusks in the lower jaw might be merely a sexual character.
It is impossible, in the existing state of our knowledge, and with our present materials, cither
to contirm or positively rel'ute this suggestion.

7hi'>^: . ////^.T/ff/^i.-./A-. rA-rrxy. ,w 4

t:Acii/js'/}"iianA'^.

OF MASTODONS, WITH REMARKS, ETC. 319

caulodon is only the young gigantic 3fas/odon,is hardly possible, and the
merit of having contributed to the Fauna of this country, one of its
largest antediluvian animals, is confirmed to Dr Godman.

The object which originally prompted this communication, being
thus accomplished, I might here close it; but from the great number
of specimens which I have been so fortunate as to have had oppor-
tunities of examining (about forty lower jaws, and upwards of two
hundred teeth), some facts have been presented, to which my friends
attach so much interest, as to induce me to lay an account of them be-
fore the Society.

The first specimen I shall describe is a fragment of the left side of
the lower jaw, consisting of the ramus, chin and portion of thecoronoid
process. (Plate XX., fig. 1 and 2) This fragment is sixteen inches
long, and weighs nine pounds. The teeth, as well as the loose tex-
ture of the bone, show it to have belonged to a young animal. The
condyloid process and angle of the jaw are deficient, and the chin is
slightly broken, so that it is impossible to determine whether it had
the foliated termination so conspicuous in the adult. (Plate XXIII., s.)
The coronoid process rises nearly perpendicularly as in the gigant cum;
but the ramus of the jaw is rather more cylindrical than in the adult
of that species.

This fragment contains two teeth. The posterior one (Plate XX., .-/)
had just commenced to pierce the gum ; its crown is perfect, but its
roots are not yet formed. This tooth is four inches and one-tenth*
long, and two inches and seven-tenths broad. It has three wedge-
shaped denticules, each of which is divided, by a longitudinal groove,
into two processes, the inner of which is somewhat the wider ; and
each of these processes is superficially divided into two or more points
— the exterior points being the largest.

The anterior tooth (Plate XX., c) resembles that just described in its
general characters ; its crown is, however, somewhat worn, particularly
its anterior points. Its length is three inches and three-tenths, its
breadth is two inches and five-tenths.

* All the mensiirfs were taken with cnllitiers.

320 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

Anterior to this tooth are three alveolar depressions (Plate XX.,
m, n, o) which mark the place of teeth which have heen lost.

Beneath the anterior socket is a foramen for the passage of blood-
vessels and nerve. (Plate XX., fig. r.) At the anterior portion of the
chin are two foramina for the same purpose : that on the left side is
lower and larger than the other, pyramidal, and at a short distance bi-
furcates. A fine needle may be passed some distance into each of these
divisions.

In one of the lower jaws of an adolescent 3Iastodon in the Finnel
collection at New York, the foramen in the chin is two lines in diame-
ter and passes directly into the large foramen in the ramus of the jaw
occupied by the maxillary nerve and blood-vessels.

The next specimen to be noticed, is a fragment of the right side of
the inferior maxillary bone of an adolescent gigantic Mastodon, (Plate
XXI.) belonging to the splendid Wistar Museum of the University of
Pennsylvania. This fragment is two feet five inches long. The
general form of this jaw is similar to that of the gigantic Mastodon
represented in Plate XXIIL, but the ramus is rather more cylindrical,
in which respect it resembles the specimen just described (Plate XX.).
The upper portion of the coronoid, and the condyloid processes are de-
ficient, as also the angle. The chin is also broken, but there are
manifest indications of an expansion similar to that represented in
Plate XXIIL, s. Just above the base of the ramus internally are a
number of circular depressions, probably formed by the lobules of
the inferior maxillary gland.

This fragment contains two teeth, and anterior to these a portion of
the alveolus of a third tooth. The anterior tooth (Plate XXI. c) has
three dcnticules, with two points each : it is five inches and eight-
tenths long, and three inches and seven-tenths broad. The posterior
tooth (Plate XXI. y) has five denticules or pairs of points, and a trifid
heel. This tooth is eight inches and one-tenth long, and four inches
and three-tenths broad.

The cabinet of the Society does not contain any specimen of the lower
jaw presenting all the characters of the 3Iastodon gigantcum, except
a small fragment represented in Plate XXII. This fragment is twelve

FI..XX.

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H, I lluili >l V , U //Si' lint

OF MASTODONS, WITH REMARKS, ETC. 321

inches long, and consists of a portion of the ramus of the jaw, with the
base of the coronoid process. It contains one tooth, the posterior mo-
lar. This tooth has tive denticules with two points each, and a heel ;
it is six inches and nine-tenths long, and three inches and eight-tenths
broad.

I have the pleasure, however, of exhibiting to the society, one of
the most perfect specimens of the lower jaw of this species, that has
as yet been obtained. (Plate XXIII.) This jaw belongs to the Balti-
more Museum. It is the one dug up by the late Mr Peale on the
farm of Peter Millspaw, twenty miles west of the Hudson, which is
described by Mr Rembrandt Peale in his " Narrative of the discovery
and exhumation of the skeleton of the Mastodon,"* and drawings and
a description of which were communicated by Mr Peale to Baron Cu-
vier, and from which the latter drew many of his characters of this
interesting animal. When found this jaw was perfect; but about two
years since it was unfortunately broken by accident. The largest
fragment, consisting of the whole right side of the jaw, the coronoid and
condyloid processes, the chin and nearly two inches of the left side, all
in a remarkably fine state of preservation, are represented in Plate XXIII.

The length of this jaw is two feet six inches and a half, the height
of the coronoid process above a line drawn along the base of the jaw
fourteen inches and a half. '• ^ .: : • -

The articulating surface of the condyloid process is divided by a
superficial groove (x) at about two-thirds of the distance from its inner
edge. The direction of the condyle is inwards and rather forwards.

The coronoid process rises nearly perpendicularly ; the upper part
curves somewhat outwards; it is one inch and a half higher than the
condyloid process.

Just below the condyle a ridge (i) commences, which, after passing
downwards and a little forwards a short distance, becomes nearly hori-
zontal, and above this is a considerable depression, an inch in depth at
its deepest part.

That portion of the jaw which is covered by the masseter muscle,
is much flattened and rough ; the angle is also very rough.

* Copied in Godman's American Naniral History, Vol. II. p. 211.

Vol. IV.— 4 F

322 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

The ramus of the jaw is slightly flattened on its external aspect,
and somewhat excavated on its internal one. The anterior maxillary
foramina are two (Plate XXIIL, fig. 1,;^, q); there are several smaller
foramina near the chin for the passage of the blood vessels and nerves.

The chin terminates in a remarkable expansion, the edges of which
are exceedingly rough. (Plate XXIIL s.) There are no alveoli for
tusks, nor any trace of there ever having been any.

This jaw contained but one tooth in each side. The sockets for the
molars anterior to these are completely filled up. The tooth which re-
mains (the last molar) was somewhat injured by the accident to which
we have already referred, but it appears to have had ten points and a
heel. The direction of this tooth in the jaw is outward anteriorly,
as is seen from fig. 2.

The foramen for the inferior maxillary nerve and blood vessels is
just below the condyle internally (fig. 2, y), and is one inch and a quar-
ter in diameter.; ; :-. ■^; ' "-

On the upper surface of the ramus, just at the base of the coronoid
process, is the commencement of a small groove, which immediately
divides and diverges. It is evidently caused by a blood vessel ; and
we mention it because a similar groove occurs in the fragment repre-
sented in Plate XXII. It is not to be found in any other specimen in
the collection.*

The lower jaw represented in Plate XXIV. differs considerably in its
form from the jaws of the M. giganteum we have described. Its base
is more curved antero-posteriorly — the external aspect of its ramus is
more flattened, and that portion of the jaw covered by the masseter
muscle less so. The groove for the tongue is deeper and narrower;
and the chin appears pointed, but the specimen being partly worn it
is impossible to determine the exact form of this part.

* There is in the Cabinet of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, a fragment of
an inferior maxillary bone, which agrees in all its characters with that just described, except
that the direction of its condyle is inwards and backwards, and that its posterior molar has but
four denticules. This bone was found in New Jersey, and is figured in Mitchell's edition of
Ouvior's Theory of the earth; and copied into Cuvier's Osscmens Fossiles ; Grand Musto-
donte, Plate III. fig. 5.

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OF MASTODONS, WITH KEMARKS, ETC. 323

The posterior molar (Plate XXIV. /) has but eight points, and the heel
is broad, whilst in our specimens of the M. giganteum the posterior
molar has ten points and a mammillaform heel. The direction of the
teeth is also very divergent anteriorly. Are these diflerences suffici-
ent to indicate its belonging to a difTerent species from the M. gigan-
teum ?

There is, in the cabinet of the Society, a portion of another jaw.
consisting of the left ramus, containing two teeth, and the chin ; which
is entirely similar to the above in its characters, but somewhat dis-
torted, no doubt from injury when the animal was young. There is
another specimen resembling the above in its general characters, among
the lower jaw bones of Mastodons belonging to J P. Wetherill, Esq.
and which are deposited in the valuable cabinet of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences of this city. 1 his fragment, however, has had the teeth
broken out.*

The cabinet of our Society contains a portion of an inferior max-
illary bone, (Plate XXV.) which differs in its form from any of those
hitherto described. This fragment consists of the chin, the right ramus,
with the posterior molarcs, and a portion of the left ramus. The
anterior molar (Plate XXV. e) has three denticules with two points
each; the posterior (fig. /) has four denticules, with two points
each ; and a ridge posteriorly. The ramus of this jaw is straighter.
and more cylindrical ; the height from the base to the edge of the al-
veole is less ; the groove for the tongue broader and shallower ; and
the direction of the teeth less diverging than in the maxilla figured in
Plate XXIV. The crowns of the teeth are also less elevated in the
former than in the latter.

In the collection deposited by Mr Wetherill in the Cabinet of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, there is a fragment of a lower jaw,
which exhibits the same characters as the one just described. This
fragment consists of the chin, about eight inches of the left and twelve
inches of the right ramus. The alveolar processes are much broken,
and the teeth are lost.

* This jaw was exhibited to the Society.

324 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXIELARY BONES

The inferior maxillary bone described by Dr Godman* is very
accurately represented in Plate XXVI., fig. 1 and 2. The chin, the right
ramus and a portion of the coronoid process, and about three-fourths
of the left ramus are perfect. The mental ridge, each side of the labial
groove, is sharp and smooth, without that remarkable foliated expansion
so conspicuous in the M. giganteum (Plate XXIII. s). In the left ramus
there is still the first deciduous tooth (Plate XXVI. fig. 2, a) ; on the right
side the corresponding tooth has fallen out, and its socket is partly obliter-
ated. This tooth (fig. 2) is one inch and five-tenths long, and one inch
and one-tw^entieth broad ; its surface is considerably worn, most so an-
teriorly. It had four points ; anteriorly there is a fold of enamel which,
commencing at the external edge of the base of the crown and passing
upwards and inwards, terminates in a point; posteriorly there is a some-
what similar and rather broader fold of enamel. Anteriorly the crown
is rounded ; posteriorly it is flattened from contact with its successor ;
its grinding surface is considerably worn. It has two roots, one ante-
rior, the other posterior.

We have seen in the cabinet of William Cooper, Esq. of New York,
a fragment of a lower jaw containing one of these teeth exceedingly
perfect ; its points are scarcely perceptibly worn. Another specimen
is in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.f

The second tooth (Plate XXVI. c) is one inch and eight-tenths long,
and one inch and eleven-twentieths broad. This tooth, like the preced-
ing, had two denticules, with two points each. On the anterior of the
crown there is a flat fold of enamel similar to that on the first tooth.
This tooth has also a heel which rises highest towards its inner aspect,
forming a small fifth point. The grinding surface of this tooth is
considerably worn. This tooth like the preceding one has two roots :
one anterior, the other posterior.

In the Finnel collection there is one of these teeth ; it is one inch
and seven-tenths long, and one inch and five-tenths wide.

• Vol. III. p. 478.

t This tooth is described in the " Fauna Americana," as appertaining to a new species of
Tapir to which the name T. MustodontoideKS is given. Mr William Cooper was we believe
the first to detect this error ; we have carefully examined the tooth, and there can be no doubt
of its being the first milk tooth of the animal we are describing.

,i'

1*1.. XXVI.

j;,,.,?.

To tr a can IoHimi vi'mui.

TM,. X W II

l.-|i-.i,-,llil,.,l,.n -l,l.>/,-j,;',il
1. linn, I I 'iu\,'rsiti ,il'l'ir

OF MASTODONS, WITH REMARKS, ETC. 325

The third tooth (Plate XXVI. c) is three inches and one-tenth long,
and two inches and two-tenths broad. This tooth has three denticules,
with two points each. On the anterior surface of the crown, it has a
fold of enamel rising up in a small point; and along the base of the
crown posteriorly there is an horizontal ridge, consisting of a number
of very small mammillaform processes. This tooth has three roots cor-
responding to its denticules.

The fourth tooth (d) is three inches and seven-tenths long, and two
inches and eight-tenths broad ; it has three denticules, each of which
is divided by a deep groove into two rather flattened points, of which
the inner is the broader; each of these is again superficially divided
by a slight groove. At the base of the crown, both anteriorly and
posteriorly, there is a ridge of very small mammillaform points. Each
denticulehas on its external point,both on its anterior and posterior sur-
face, a ridge of enamel, which commences at the base of the process
near the central groove and passes upwards and outwards. This ridge
appears to exist on all the teeth until it is worn down by use, and we
find traces of it also in the teeth of the M. gigantcum. The crowns
of all the teeth rise on their inner surface nearly perpendicularly, but
on the outer side they slope obliquely inwards.

The tusk belonging to this jaw is so accurately described by Dr God-
man, and so correctly represented in the plate to his paper, that there
is no necessity for my doing more than to refer to it. (See Vol. III.
N. S., Plate XVIII. fig. 2.)

The tusk represented in Plate XXVI. fig. 3, is that of an adult ani-
mal. It is eleven inches long, and its largest diameter is two inches,
its section is oval. This tusk consists of a central column composed
of thin plates nearly parallel to its base ; the whole covered with a coat
of enamel, which becomes very thick towards its projecting extremity.
The enamel is entirely worn off to the termination of this tusk, and even
the central bony column is evidently worn down and smooth, as if from
use by the animal; it is also worn at one side. This tusk belongs to
the collection of J. P. Wetherill, Esq.*

* There is in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, deposited by Mr J. Fisher,
by whom it was obtained at Big-bone lick, a tusk much smaller than the one we have de-
scribed— it is also much less perfect.

Vol. 1V.--4 G

326 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

The next specimen we shall describe is the right side of an inferior
maxillary bone, in a remarkably perfect state of preservation, belonging
to the cabinet of the Society. (Plate XXVIII.)

The condyloid process in this jaw is considerably higher than in the
M. giganteum (Plate XXIII.). The direction of the condyle also dif-
fers, being inwards and backivards.

The coronoid process appears to have risen nearly perpendicularly,
but its anterior edge and termination are broken. The semilunar notch
was evidently deeper in this than in the M. g-/oYm/ei«m, though its exact
form cannot be determined in its present injured condition.

The posterior angle is much rounder than in the 31. giganteum.
The outer surface, where the temporal muscle was inserted, is very
rough, being over a considerable space quite tuberculated ; and there is
a distinct semi-circular ridge of these rough elevations, as will be seen
on reference to the drawing. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 1, t, t', t.) Im-
mediately anterior to this semicircular ridge, there is an excavation,
distinctly striated with muscular impressions («). The ramus is
remarkably cylindrical, and its base much more curved than that of
the M. giganteum (Plate XXIII.). The anterior mental foramen {q)
is smaller, and nearer to the upper edge of the jaw, than in the other
specimens, and the posterior mental foramen is larger than in any of
the specimens hitherto described, its largest diameter being nearly
nine-tenths of an inch.

The ridge at the side of the labial groove is broken, but it appears
to have been expanded ; whether or not, as in the M. giganteum, and
with irregular terminations, it is of course impossible to divine.

This specimen contains but a single tooth. This tooth is six inches
long, and three inches and four-tenths broad. It has four denti-
cules with two points each. The enamel on the posterior face of the
crown is broken off, and the characters of the heel cannot conse-
quently be determined. The grinding surface of the crown is some-
what worn, and presents the same arrangement of enamel as in the M.
giganteum.

In the chin there is a small part of the alveole of the tusk remaining.
The direction of this alveole is outwards and considerably downwards.
It has been found impossible to give a good view of this alveole in the
plate, but its position is marked by the dotted lines representing a tusk.

I'l, . .\ W III

/■>,; .

*^"^^^«iS%i,#»,

'''■'i^iiiMM^

■■■ i',;

/,.i I.

'^^v I"" •41'" '*

^%;

r,ii>i,i, 1 .1,11 I iiii,'< .\j,-

I ' ( - X X I X .

Fin.-'.

* i

rJ i

.-.r

ll^l-

'I'.-IlM- .Mil.i.lon 0, 'Jill. nil
C.ilniu-I Jill riii/,is S.h-

OF MASTODONS, WITH REMARKS, ETC. 327

In the cabinet of the Society there is another fragment of a lower
jaw, but of the leftside, in all respects similar to the preceding, though
much less perfect. The upper parts of both the condyloid and coro-
noid processes are deficient, but the anterior edge of the latter is more
perfect than in the preceding specimen, and rises nearly perpendicularly
from the ramus. The chin in this specimen is entirely deficient, as is
also the whole of the inner table of the ramus, so that the niaxillai'v canal
is laid entirely open. This bone must have belonged to an animal nearly
of the same age as the preceding, or perhaps somewhat younger; the last
molar, as is seen from the alveole, for the tooth is wanting, not having ad-
vanced by upwards of an inch as far forward as that in the former jaw.

Whetheror not the specimen described by Dr Godman, and the jaws
last noticed belong to the same species, cannot be determined positively
without further specimens. The jaw next to be described, however,
exhibits differences, which would justify the suspicion that it is spe-
cifically different from either.

This specimen is represented in Plate XXIX. It consists of a
portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw, twenty-two inches and
a half long. It contains a single tooth, the posteiior molar.
The exterior aspect of this jaw, at its angle, is entirely smooth, without
any of the rugosities presented in the two preceding specimens. Be-
tween the posterior molar and the coronoid process there is a large
smooth excavation, x. The ramus of this jaw is much less cylin-
drical than that of the species figured in Plate XXVIII., it is much
flattened on its exterior aspect, and its base is almost straight. The
posterior mental foramen is exceedingly large, upwards of one inch and
a quarter in diameter. The posterior molar is seven inches and two-
tenths long, and four inches and one-tenth wide: it has eight points and
a broad heel consisting of a row of small mammilla, four of which on
the inside are very distinct. This tooth differs in various particulars from
the posterior molar belonging to the specimen figured in Plate XXVIII.
It is one inch and a half longer, and seven-tenths of an inch wider, the
denticulis are higher, and the inner points much higher above the ex-
terior ones. Thus in the former, the second denticuie (Plate XXVIII. v)
rises one inch and eight-tenths from its root, and the inner one two inches
and two-tenths; whilst in the latter (Plate XXIX. r) the corresponding

328 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

exterior point rises two inches and three-tenths from the root and the
inner one three inches and three-tenths, making a difference in the
former of half an inch, and in the latter of one inch and one-tenth.

The chin in this specimen contains about one half of the alveole for
the exserted tusk (fig. 2, z). This alveole is rather more than imo
inches in diameter; its direction is outwards and downwards, less
downwards however than in the preceding species ; indeed there is a
distinct difference in the position of these sockets in the two specimens.
The base of the socket is smooth and flat, and its position somewhat
oblique, so that it is rather deeper towards the exterior, than towards
the interior ; it is perforated by two small foramina for the nutrient
arteries, and the nerves of the tusk.

It is to be lamented that little positive can be ascertained, as to the
localities in which the bones belonging to the Society, and which we
have just described, were found, their position in the soil, &c. All that
can be collected is, the probability, that they are from the Big-bone lick,
and that they are those presented by our late president Thomas Jefferson,
Esq., and which are noticed in the communication of Professor Wistar,
in Vol. I. N. S., p. 376, of the Transactions.

Dentition of the Mastodon.

The specimens we have just described furnish some interesting in-
formation relative to the dentition of the Mastodon,vi\\\c\\ we shall now
proceed to lay before the Society. The form, and differences, succession
and number of the teeth are all subjects of great interest ; and in describ-
ing them we shall follow Cuvier, adding such additional information as
our investigations have brought to light.

The crown of the teeth more or less approaches the rectangular form,
slightly inclined however to rhomboidal, and rather narrower anteriorly
than posteriorly. It consists of two substances, the interior osseous, the
exterior enamel. The crown is divided by deep furrows into a num-
ber of ridges or denticules, and these denticules are subdivided by one
or more superficial and narrow processes or tubercles. The outer
face of the crown rises nearly perpendicularly, the inner face rises ob-
liquely inwards. In the lower jaw, the outer point is higher than the

WITH REMARKS, ETC. 329

inner ; in the upper jaw it is the reverse. As the teeth are used, their
points become worn down, and the enamel presents a lozenge form, with
bone in the centre. The roots of the teeth are formed alter the crown.
With the remains of the animal described by Dr Godnian, there were
found a number of points, evidently parts of very young teeth, of
which the bodies by which they Mere to have been connected together
had not yet been formed. These points are now in the Museum of
Mr Rubens Peale, New York.

The number of the roots may be said to correspond to the number
of the denticules. In the teeth with two denticulcs, the two roots are
distinct; in those with more than two denticules, the anterior and some-
times the second root are distinct, the others are united but marked
by distinct grooves. The roots are flattened anteriorly and posteriorly ;
externally they are slightly and internally deeply grooved.

The upper teeth may be distinguished from those of the lower jaw
by their roots being more divergent laterally, and by their crowns
being broader.

The teeth differ from one another principally in their size and in
the number of their denticules.

In the species of Mastodon which inhabited this country there are
three kinds of teeth.

The first nearlj^ square and having two denticules ;

The second rectangular with three denticules ;

The third longer, generally contracted posteriorly, and having four
or five denticules and a heel, of various forms.

The fust mentioned teeth are always anterior, next follow those
with three denticules, and lastly those with four and five denticules;
but we have never seen those with five distinct denticules in the upper
jaw, they appear to belong exclusively to the lower.

In the young jaw described by Dr Godman, we find, 1st, a small
square tooth, with two denticulcs; 2d, one rectangular with two den-
ticules; 3d, a tooth with three denticules; 4th, one rather larger, also
with three denticules. In the upper jaw there are corresponding teeth.
Each of the two adult lower jaws having tusks (Plates XXVIII. and
XXIX.) contains a tooth with eight points; and it is manifest that there
was a corresponding tooth in the upper jaw. The whole number of
teeth possessed by the animal described by Dr Godman {Tetraccmlo-
don) is then at least twenty ; and we think that it is at least probable
Vol. IV.— 1 H

330 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

that the animal possessed an intermediate tooth between the second
tooth with three denticules (Plate XXVI. d), and that with four denti-
cules (Plate XXIX. /), for we cannot believe the former tooth cor-
responds with that represented in Plate XXVII. e. Should we be
correct in our views, this animal possessed three teeth, with three den-
ticules in each side of each jaw, making the whole number of teeth
twenty-four; but to render this certain would require specimens of
intermediate ages to those hitherto described.

Cuvier attributes to the gigantic Wastodon hut sixteen teeth, eight
in each jaw ; of these teeth he saw the three posterior only of each side ;
but he indicates the fourth from an alveole in the young specimen pre-
sented to the French Museum by Mr Jefferson, and he asks, whether
this tooth had two or three denticules. In the young specimen belong-
ing to the cabinet of our Society, there are two teeth with three denticules
each; and anteriorly an alveole with three depressions, Plate XX. fig. 2,
m,n,o. Was there in this alveole a tooth with three denticules, or were
there two teeth with two denticules each, of which the anterior tooth
having sometime previously fallen out the alveole for its anterior root
has been obliterated ? We are inclined to believe that the latter was
the fact. It may also be asked whether the tooth represented in Plate
XX. fig. 1, d, corresponds with that in Plate XXL e, in Plate XXIV. e,
and in Plate XXV. e? We think not. Cuvier, it is true, considers
the tooth with three denticules, in the adult jaw represented in Plate
III. fig. 1, Grande Mastodonte,* to correspond with the posterior tooth
with three denticules in the young jaw represented in the same plate,
fig. 3 and 4 ; but the difference in the size of these two teeth, and even
in their shape, the former being proportionably broader, is very striking.
In all the jaws we have examined, this character is constant ; thus,
compare the tooth represented in Plate XX. d, with that in Plate XXI. e,
Plate XXIV. e, and Plate XXV. e. It would therefore seem that
the Mastodon has three teeth with three denticules; but to render
this certain will require further specimens.

The succession of the teeth in the Mastodon, takes place as follows :
— In all the jaws the anterior teeth will be observed to be most worn.
As the anterior teeth are worn down others are formed posterior ; the
anterior teeth successively fall out, their alveoles are obliterated, and

• Recherchcs sur les Ossemens Fossiles, Tom. I. Paris, 1831,

OF MASTODONS, AVITH REMARKS, ETC.

331

their successors advance forwards. The number of teeth which are in
use in the young animal represented in Plate XXVI. at the same time
seems to have been twelve, but probably at a more advanced age was
usually not more than eight ; and in old age only four. The fact of the
jaws represented in Plates XXVIII. and XXIX. having belonged to
adult animals is thus conclusively established, all the teeth having been
lost, except the posterior molar in each jaw, and that has advanced
considerably forward and is much worn.

We subjoin the admeasurements of various teeth, appertaining to the
lower jaw of the animals under notice.

Toolli.

Dimensions of Crown in inches.

SPECIMEN.

Length.

Breadth.

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

1.5
1.4

1.8
1.7

3.1
2.9
3.3
3.2

3.7

4.1
3.8

4.6
4.5
5.8
4.4
4.3
4.9

8.1
6.9
7,1

7.2

6

7

6.5

7

7.1

1.1

1

1.55
1.5

2.2
1.9
2.5
2.5

2.8
2.7
2.6

3.5
3.3
3.7
3.4
3.2
3.6

4.3
3.8
3.7
4.1
3.4
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.7

Peale's Museum, New York. PI. XXVI.
Academy of Natural Sciences — described in Fauna
Americana as the Tapir Mastodontoideus.

Peale's Museum, New York, PI, XXVI.
Finnel Collection, New York.

Peale's Museum, New York, PI. XXVI.
Cabinet of Mr Lea.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society, PI. XX.
French Museum,* figured by Cuvier.

Peale's Museum, New York, PI. XXVI.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society. PI. XX.

French Museum,* figured by Cuvier.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society, PI. XXIV.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society, PI. XXV.

Wistar Museum, PI. XXI.

French Museum, figured by Cuvier.

Philadelphia Museum.

Virginia University, PI. XXVII.

Wistar Museum, PI. XXI.

Cabinet of American Philosophic^ Society.

Baltimore Museum, PI. XXIII.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society, PI. XXIX.

Cabinetof American Philosophical Society, PI. XXVIII.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society, PI. XXIV.

Cabinet of American Philosophical Society, PI. XXV.

French Museum, figured by Cuvier.

Philadelphia Museum.

Same jaw.

332 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

Before concluding it may be interesting to offer a few general re-
marks on the animals, which are the subject of this communication,
with a brief notice of the species hitherto described.

For a long time the large animal whose remains are found in this
country, was considered as the same with the Mammoth of Siberia.
which is a true Elephant. It has been shown however by Baron
Cuvierthat they are generically different, the teeth of the latter consist-
ing of layers of enamel penetrating the whole extent of the tooth, with
bony matter interposed between them ; whilst in the former the enamel
forms only a covering to the bony substance, and does not penetrate it.
From the crowns of the teeth, in the species of this genus first known
to Cuvier, consisting of mammillaform processes, he named the genus
Mastodon, from ^=<o-t« mammilla, and «<rt«c dens.

Of this genus nine species are admitted by naturalists. Of these,
six are indicated by Cuvier, viz.

Species 1. 31. gigxinteum, the well known gigantic Mastodon of
this country.

Species 2. 31. angustidens ; remains of which are found at Simorre
in the south of France, in Germany, Tuscany, Switzerland and
South America. Cuvier indicates the following characters as distin-
guishing it from the M. giganteum. "Le principal et le plus gene-
ral est que les cones de leur couronne sont sillonnees plus ou moins
profondement, et tantot termines par plusieurs pointes, et tantot
accompagnes d'autres cones plus petits sur leur cotes ou dans leurs
intervalles : d'ou il resulte que la mastication produit d'abord sur cette
couronne plusieurs petits cercles, et ensuite des trcfles ou figures a trois
lobes, mais jamais de losanges." Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles,
Tom. I. p. 254. These difTerences will be at once perceived on com-
paring the partially worn tooth of the 31. giganteum, Plate XXL, and
Plate XXIV. e, with the teeth of the M. angustidens represented in
Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles, Divers Mastodontes, Plate I. fig. 4, and
Plate III. fig. 2 and 4.

Species 3. 31. Cor diller arum. This species is founded on a tooth
discovered near the volcano of Imbaburra, in the kingdom of Quito,
and two teeth from the province of Chiquitos, near St Crux de la
Sierra. The tubercles of these teeth are divided like those of the angus-

OF MASTODONS, WITH REMARKS, ETC. 333

iidens, whilst their proportions are the same as those of the gigatiteum
with three denticules. but they are distinguished by the figure (hrjle)
formed by the enamel in the partially worn tooth, being different from
the lozenge in the M. giganteum. See Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles,
Divers Mastodontes, PI. II. fig. 1.

Species 4. M. Humboldtn. This species is founded on a tooth ob-
tained byM. Humboldt at Conception du Chili. '1 his tooth is nearly
square, and smaller than the preceding. See Cuvier's Ossemens Fos-
siles. Divers Mastodontes, PI. II. fig. 5.

Species 5. M. parvus, founded on a tooth discovered in Europe,
and which M. Cuvier thinks too small to be referred to any of the
preceding species. It is represented in the Ossemens Fossiles, Divers
Mastodontes, PI. II. fig. 11.

Species 6. 31. Tapyroides. This is founded on a tooth obtained at
Montabusard, near Orleans. Its crown, simply indented, is not so ex-
actly divided into two points, as those of the preceding species, which
has led Cuvier to suspect that it may belong to a different species. It
is figured in the Ossemens Fossiles, Divers IMastodontes, PI. III. fig. b.

Species 7. M. Arvernensis. This species was founded by M.M.
Croizet and Jobert, Sen., upon a fragment of an upper jaw. a humerus,
&c. found in the department of the Puy de Dome, in France.* A
portion of the left side of the upper jaw and some separate teeth have
since been found at Eppelsheim, not far from Alzei, in the grand
duchy of Hessen, and are now in the museum at Darmstadt. t

Species 8. M. latidms. This species and the following are de-
scribed by Mr Clift, in the second volume of the Transactions of the
Geological Society of London, second series. They are founded upon
some remains collected by Mr Crawford along the course of the river
Irawadi, between Rangoon and Ava, in Asia. The teeth in the 31.
laiidens consist of "seven denticules, which are elevated, rounded, and
mammillated, the mammilla} being from three to four in number."
See Plate XXXVIII., Trans. Geolog. Soc. Lond. Vol. 2, New Series.

* Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles du Departement du Puy de Dome ; par I'Abbe
Croizet et Jobert, aine. Paris, 4to, avec un atlas des Planches.

t Ueber Mastodon arvernensis bei Eppelsheim. Von Herm. v. Meyer, M. d. A. d. N.
(Bei der Akademie eingegangen den 24 Juli, 1829.) Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat.
Cur. Vol. XV. Part II.

Vol. IV.— 4 I

334 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

Species 9. M. elephantoides. Distinguished by the teeth being
smaller, the denticules more compressed and closer together, and the
enamel thinn&r than in the preceding species. The denticules form a
series of plates, mucronate with small points. There is no apparent
commissure, nor any central depression, on the contrary, the plates rise
in the middle. The teeth have ten denticules, with from five to eight
mammillae. See Geological Transactions of London, Vol. II. Second
Series, PI. XXXVIII.

Mr Meyer, in his account of the remains of the Mastodon Arvernen-
sis, found at Eppelsheim, alludes to another species, the M. turicensis,
as occurring in the brown coal of the molass formation of Switzerland ;
but by whom this species has been described, or what are its charac-
ters, we have been unable to discover.

In the third volume of the Memorie delia Rcale Accademia delle Sci-
enze di Torino, professor Borson has described a tooth, found at Villanova
d'Astica, in Piedmont, and which he ascribes to the giganteum. After
a careful examination of the description and drawing, in the work
referred to, and of a cast of the tooth, in the Cabinet of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of this city, we feel persuaded that it does not apper-
tain to that species, the denticules having no longitudinal commissure.
It probably belongs to a new species, and we would suggest the propriety
of dedicating it to professor Borson, under the name of M. Borsoni.

If the differences presented by the specimens we have describ-
ed, be considered as sufficient to indicate a difference in species, or
should future researches confirm my suspicions on this subject, four
new species will be added to our Fauna ; and we would dedicate the
first to Baron Guvier, {M. Cuvieri, PI. XXIV.) to whom science is under
such immense obligations ; the second to Mr Jefferson, {M. Jeffersoni,
PI. XXV.) to whom the Society is indebted for the valuable specimens
of this animal in their cabinet ; the third to our vice-president, Mr Z.
Collins, {T. Collinsii, PI. XXVIII.) one of the most zealous naturalists
of whom this country can boast ; and the fourth to our lamented God-
man {T. Godmam, PL XXIX.).

In the Finnel collection there are several jaws, differing in many
respects from any we have described. There are the portions of two
inferior maxillary bones belonging to the left side, flattened superiorly,
and their rami exceedingly thick. They contain one tooth each, with

OF MASTODONS, WITH REMARKS, ETC. 335

five denticules, the tooth situated towards the inner side of the thick
ramus. 1 here is also in the same collection, a fragment of the ante-
rior portion of a lower jaw. with the chin rostrated somewhat, like
that of the Tetracaulodon, hut more expanded, and without alveoli.
It conveyed the idea to some of the naturalists who had examined it,
of its being the adolescent state of the animal described by Dr God-
man, the tusks having fallen out, and their alveoli being just obliter-
ated. We cannot, however, consider such a view as the correct one ;
the fact shown by our specimens, that the tusks exist in all ages of
the animal, is a sufficient disproval of it.

I must not close this communication without expressing the obli-
gations I am under to various gentlemen, for the liberality with
which they have facilitated my investigations, and even placed at my
disposal such specimens as I wished to collect together for the pur-
pose of minute comparison.

To the liberality of the trustees of the Baltimore Museum. I am indebt-
ed for the use of the splendid jaw of the 31. giganteum. belonging to that
collection. J. P. Wetherill, Esq., with his characteristic liberality, has
also placed at my disposal his valuable collection, deposited in the cabinet
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the most interesting specimens
belonging to which are submitted to the inspection of the members.
Mr Rubens Peale, the proprietor of the remains of the animal described
by Dr Godman, has also placed at my disposition those remains, and
the inferior maxillary is now in the cabinet of the Society. To the
trustees of the University of Pennsylvania and Dr Horner, I am in-
debted for the opportunity of figuring and describing a very fine frag-
ment of a lower jaw belonging to the Wistar Museum.* The pro-
prietors of the magnificent collection of bones, recently disinterred at
Big-bone Lick, by captain Finnel, and now exhibiting at New York,
liberally afforded me the greatest facilities in examining that collection.
and even allowed me the loan of a highly interesting tooth belonging
to it.f

* The trustees of the University of Pennsylvaiiia subsequently allowed this jaw to be
deposited, for several months, in the cabinet of the Philosophical Society.

t In this collection there are portions of fourteen inferior maxillary bones of the Mastodon,
about one hundred teeth, some enormous tusks, and the most perfect cranium that has ever
yet been discovered.

336 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

To William Cooper, Esq., of New York, I am indebted for the oppor-
tunity of examining the valuable collection of Mastodon bones, in the
cabinet of the Lyceum of Natural History of that city ; and still fur-
ther, for having communicated to me some highly interesting speci-
mens belonging to his private cabinet. This liberality will be at once
appreciated by the naturalist, when it is stated, that Mr Cooper has
himself been long engaged in the investigation of the history of the
Mastodon ;* that he has visited Big-bone Lick, for the purpose of ob-
taining materials ; and that upwards of a year since, he communicated
to the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, some observations on
the dentition of that animal.f

We have reason, further to hope, through the exertion of our friend,
Professor Patterson, of the University of Virginia, to be able to exhibit
to the Society, the lower jaw belonging to the museum of that univer-
sity, noticed by Dr Godman ; and also, to present a description and
drawing of that bone.

It may be allowable here to add, that great confidence may be placed
in the accuracy of the drawings, which accompany this paper, and
which were all taken wath the aid of a camera lucida, by Mr Dray-
ton,"whose skill and accuracy in his art, the Transactions of the Society
bear ample evidence.

Since I had the honour of submitting to the Society, in May last, the
preceding communication, I have been favoured by the liberality of
the visiters of the University of Virginia, with the loan of the inferior
maxillary bone of the Tetracaulodon, alluded to by the late Dr God-
man in his memoir, published in the third volume, page 478, of our

» The Society may expect to receive from Mr Cooper some of the results of these re-
searches, and we have no Joubt that he will supply many of the deticiencies in this memoir.
He will also probably describe many bones of the Mastodon, which it would have taken us
too far from our main purpose (which was to refute the belief, that Dr Godman's animal was
only the young of the gigantic Mastodon) to describe.

t These have not been published, the author being unable to satisfy himself in relation to
some points, which wc have been so fortunate as to establish from the specimens in the
cabinet of our Society.

OF MASTODONS. WITH REMARKS, ETC. 337

Transactions ; and I have now the 2;ratification of exhibiting; it to the
Society, and of presenting to them the accompanying description and
drawings.

This specimen consists of the right half of the lower jaw, two teeth,
the chin, and a portion of one tusk, with the socket for the other. Its
length is two feet three inches ; height, from the base of the ramus to
the upper edge of the alveolar process, six inches.

In general form, this bone corresponds in the most marked manner
with two of the specimens belonging to the Society, and one of which
is represented in Plate XXVIII. The muscular impressions and tuber-
osities, at the outer and posterior portion of the jaw, are, however, less
strongly marked in the former as was to be expected from the
difference in age of the animals. It will be also observed, that the
anterior and upper edge of the coronoid process projects forward in
the latter; but it must be recollected, that that part is mutilated in
the jaw represented in Plate XXVIIL

The condyloid process is deficient, and the upper edge of the semi-
lunar notch and of the coronoid process is slightly mutilated.

The posterior tooth is contained in a bony cavity, at the base of the
coronoid process, but is visible at the inner aspect of the jaw. It has
eight points and a large talon ; it is impossible, from its position in the
jaw, to obtain correctly its admeasurements.

Anterior to this tooth is another, possessing six points, slightly worn ;
it is four inches and nine-tenths long, and three inches six-tenths wide.

Portions of the sockets for the two teeth immediately preceding this
still remain, but, unfortunately, the teeth are lost. Had they been still
in the jaw, it would have enabled us to settle the point respecting the
number of teeth possessed by the animal.

The anterior surface of the chin is slightly mutilated. The plate ol
bone, forming the base of the sockets for the tusks, is deficient. The
left alveolus is empty, the right contains a fragment of a tusk. This
tusk extends, anteriorly, but slightly beyond the chin ; it projects some-
what inwardly, apparently driven in by violence ; its anterior extrem-
ity is smooth ; its base is cup-shaped.

The accompanying drawings are so accurate as to render further
description unnecessary.
Vol. IV.— 4 K

338 DESCRIPTIONS OF INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONES

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Ml the figures are one-fourth the natural size.

Plate XX. Two views of a fragment of the lower jaw, left side, of a young Mastodon, in
the cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.
Fig. 1. External view. Fig. 2. Superior view.
in. n. 0. Alveoli from which the teeth have fallen out.

c. Molar, with three denticules.

d. Molar, with three denticules.

)'. Mental foramen for nerve and blood-vessel.

Plate XXI. Three views of a fragment of the lower jaw, left side, of an adolescent Masto-
don, in the Wistar Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

Fig. 1. Exterior view. Fig. 2. Superior view. Fig. 3. Interior view.
/. Posterior molar, with five denticules and a heel.

e. Penultimate molar, with three denticules.

Plate XXII. Fig. 1 and 2. Two views of a small fragment of the lower jaw, right side, of
a Mastodon, in the cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.

Fig. 3 and 4. Two views of a molar tooth, upper jaw, of a Mastodon, in the cabinet of the
American Philosophical Society. This tooth appears to differ from any hitherto described.
It resembles the teeth represented in Cuvier, (Ossemens Fossiles, Plate IV. fig. 1, 3, 4, and 6,
Divers Mastodontes) in the enamel being crenulated; but it differs from them in the arrangement
of the enamel. It is probably an undescribed species, and we propose to dedicate it to our
estimable friend, the distinguished professor of the institutes and practice of medicine in the
University of Pennsylvania, and Vice-President of this Society, Dr Chapman.

Plate XXIII. Two views of a portion of the lower jaw, right side, of the Mastodon gigan-
teinn, in the Baltimore Museum.
/. Posterior molar.
p. q. Anterior mental foramina.
s. Foliated expansion of the chin.

X. Depression in the articulating surface of the condyloid process.
y. Foramen for the passage of the inferior maxillary nerve, and artery to the teeth.

Plate XXIV. Two views of a fragment of the lower jaw, right side, of a Mastodon, in the
cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.
/. Posterior molar, with four points and a broad heel.
e. Penultimate molar, with three points.

OF MASTODONS, WITH UEMARKS, ETC. 339

Plate XXV. Two views ol a I'ragmciU of a lower jaw, right side, of a MastoJon, ui tlie
cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.
f. Posterior molar, with four points and a broad heel.
e. Penultimate molar, with three points.

Plate XXVI. Fig. 1 and 'i. 'I'wo views of the Iragment of a lower jaw ot a young 'l"e-
tracaulodon, in Peale's Museum, New York, described by Dr Godman, in Vol. III. N. S. of
the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.

a. Anterior milk molar, with two denticules.

b. Second milk molar, with two denlicules, and a small process.

c. Third milk molar, with tliree denticules.

The tusk belonging to this jaw is accurately represciilcd in IMate XVIII. tig. 'i, iii Vol. III.
N. S. of these Transactions.

Fig. 3. Tusk of an adult Tetracaulodoii, in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Snences
of Philadelphia, deposited by J. P. WctlieriU, Esq.

Plate XXVII. Three views of a portion of a lower jaw, right side, ul an adolescent Tetra-
caulodon, in the Museum of the University of Virginia, and to which allusion is made by Ur
Godman, in his memoir in the preceding volume of these Transactions.
/. Posterior molar, with four denticules and a heel.

e. Penultimate molar, with three points.

Plate XXVIII. Two views of a portion ol the lower jaw, rigiit side, of an adult Tctracau-
lodon in the cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.

/. Posterior molar with four points

p. q. Mental foramina.

r. Radiated muscular impressions.

t. t. Tubercles, where the muscle was inserted.

V. Inner point of second denticule.

The socket for the tusk could not be exhibited, but its situation is shown by the doited line
representing a tusk.

Plate XXIX. Two views of a fragment of a lower jaw, right side, of an adult Tetracaulo-
don, in the cabinet of the American Philosophical Society.

X. Excavation between tlie coronoid process and posterior molar.

f. Posterior molar, with four points and a heel.
z. Socket for tusk.

Philadelphia, December 2, 1881,

340

ARTICLE X.

On Irradiation. By Benjamin F. Joslin, M.D., Professor of Mathe-
matics and Natural Philosophy in Unioyi College, Schenectady, New
York. Communicated by Dr Isaac Hays. Read July 15, 1831.

ASTRONOMERS generally admit the existence of a species o{
dilatation of the apparent magnitudes of luminous bodies, which is
called irradiation, the amount of which has not been exactly measur-
ed, nor the cause explained on any physical or physiological principle :
and as it produces an augmentation of the apparent diameter of the sun's
disc, they are compelled to make an approximate allowance for it in
the calculation of eclipses, whose time of beginning and duration,- as
calculated from the measured apparent diameters of the sun and rnoon.
it is thought sensibly to affect.* I am not aware that this amplifica-
tion has been suspected to be greater in one direction than another.
This may be one reason why its influence on particular phenomena
has not been more accurately ascertained, and why its assumed value
has been justl}'^ considered so unsatisfactory an element in astronomi-
cal calculations.

I shall state some of the laws of this phenomenon, which I think I
have established, and particularly the determinate directions in which
the maximum irradiation generally takes place in the human eye. I
shall also propose an hypothesis respecting the cause of this phenome-
non, or at least its connexion with a certain anatomical structure.

I know not whether there is any plausible hypothesis respecting the

• It does not however afl'ect the actual time.

ON IRRADIATION. 341

cause of irradiation. The subject is rarely mentioned in books, anc!
still more rarely is there found any thing but a bare mention of the
fact. M. Biot, in his valuable work on physical astronomy, avoiding,
as usual, every expression which might involve any hypothesis not ap-
parently warranted by known facts, has the following incidental notice
of this subject, with reference to the phases of Venus. "Ces diminu-
tions et ces accroissemens ne sont pas scnsibles a la vue simple, a cause
de i'irradiation qui dilate un pen les diametres apparcns des objets, et
d'autant plus qu'ils sont plus eclaires." This expresses the fact of the
dilatation, and its increase as the objects are more luminous. This is
probably the only law of the phenomenon hitherto known. I have
searched several works on physiology, optics and astronomy without
finding any thing written expressly on this subject, except a single
page in Delambre's complete work on theoretical and practical as-
tronomy, from which the following extracts have been made. " On a
suppose que les diamctres des objets lumineux etaient amplifies par
Yimpression vive que leur lumiere prodnit sur I'organe de la vue**^*"^
qu'il faut depouiller le soleil de cette couronne lumineuse qui I'en-
toure, non pas en realite, mais dans notre ceil ***** c'est un point (jui
n'est pas encore suffisamment eclairci."

From the last of these extracts (referring apparently to the existence,
precise amount and cause of this amplification), we learn that it re-
quires further investigation ; from the second, that it is believed to exist
only in the eye ; and in the first, there seems to be an intimation that
it depends upon the sentient part of this organ. It, therefore, appears
to be an interesting and legitimate object of physiological inquiry.

I am far from professing to be able at present to supply all the de-
siderata on this important subject, yet I cannot but hope that I may
have facilitated the attainment of this object, by the discovery of some
new laws of irradiation, and perhaps the anatomical structure, if not
the optical principle on which it depends.

One new law, which I think established by induction from nume-
rous facts, may be enunciated as follows. There are determinate
directions of maximum irradiation for every individual : these in man.
for ordinary vision, are generally three in number, and are at e([ual
angular distances, which are consequently one hundred and twenty
Vol. IV.— 4 L

342 ON IRRADIATION.

degrees, or one third of the circumference of the circle ; one direction
being, in the erect position of the head, directly upward in a vertical
visual plane passing through the centre of the luminous object, the
two other directions obliquely downward, in visual planes which re-
spectively make angles with the former and with each other of one
hundred and twenty degrees.

Every one has observed a radiated appearance of the stars, and of
the flame of a distant lamp or candle. In examining these objects at-
tentively, I discovered that three of these rays were far more conspi-
cuous than the others, and were equidistant from each other, and that
one of them was directed vertically upward. Among the heavenly
bodies this was more conspicuous in the larger and brighter planets,
and in the fixed stars of the first magnitude.*

By repeating similar observations on luminous objects at less dis-
tances, as the flames of lamps and candles at distances varying from a
few feet to several hundred, it was found that the dilatations in those
determinate directions were by no means confined to the narrow, faint
and elongated radiations which constitute the more obvious features
of the stellar appearance, but that the body of the flame itself assumed
a distinctly triangular figure, in consequence of a dilatation in precisely
the same three directions.

In order to divest the results of any influence produced by the ac-
tual figure of the flame, as w^ell as to determine the effect of different
magnitudes, a circular metallic plate was mounted on an horizontal axis
with liberty of motion in a vertical plane at right angles to the visual
ray, and pierced with unequal circular holes disposed in a circle con-
centric with the axis ; by the occasional rotation of the plate these
were successively brought between the eye and the flame, very near
the latter ; and their successive projections upon it afforded luminous
objects perfectly circular. Different wires, meeting at the centre of
the aperture, and stretched in a plane parallel to and near the disk,
and furnished with movable beads, afforded a simple instrument for
determining the direction and extent of the irradiation ; though the

* To the well known radiated appearance, especially that of the snn. the Latin writers
applied the term coma. Hence, sol auricoimts, tlie sim witli golden radiations.

ON IRRADIATION. 343

determination of the latter has not as yet been attempted with much
precision, but was found, as might be expected, to increase with the
intensity of the light.

With this apparatus the preceding results were verified, and others
obtained. At a distance of from five to fifty feet, the luminous object,
actually circular, presented the appearance of an equilateral triangle,
whose outlines were pretty well defined, especially when the metallic
disk was illuminated on the side next the eye by another candle, in
order to render the retina insensible to the extremities of the narrow^
and especially the irregular radiations. At greater distances, the aper-
ture being of the same magnitude, the narrow- radiations became more
conspicuous, the regular ones always predominating. An increase in
the magnitude of the object increases the distance requisite to produce
the distinct triangular appearance. With an object one-tenth of an
inch in diameter, it is most distinctly seen at the distance of six or
eight feet ; with one of one-fifth of an inch, at twelve or fifteen feet.
It is also seen pretty distinctly at double these distances respectively,
and with large objects at a great and probably indefinite number of
miles, provided their angular magnitude is sufficiently great to prevent
the preponderance of the narrow rays, and yet not so great as to ren-
der this change in form imperceptible. With an object whose light
is originally faint, or rendered so by traversing a great extent of at-
mosphere, the effect is less, and may become insensible.

The foregoing experiments were varied and the principal results
verified, by viewing opaque objects surrounded by luminous ones, instead
of luminous ones surrounded by an opaque one as before. A single
example may suffice. A circular opaque disk, projected on the Uame
of a candle, but extending beyond it laterally, appeared deprived of two
superior oblique segments, by downward and oblique dilatations of the
superior part of the flame in the same directions as in the former ex-
periments ; also of a kind of sector at the inferior part, by the upward
vertical dilatation of the inferior part of the flame. In consequence
of the encroachment of the flame upon the disk in these three direc-
tions, as the observer receded from it the disk was reduced in magni-
tude and changed in form, and finally, by the encroachment of the
inferior portion of the flame by upward irradiation, was divided into

344 ON IRRADIATION.

two lateral portions. This was in exact accordance with preceding
results.

The experiments hitherto related have, at my request, been since
repeated by others, and their verification, in almost every instance,
establishes the following general law. There are determinate directions
of maximum irradiation for every individual : these in man, for ordi-
nary vision, are generally three in number, and are at equal angular
distances, and consequently one hundred and ttventy degrees or one-
third of the circumference of the circle ; one direction being, in the erect
position of the head, directly upward in a vertical visual plane passing
through the centre of the luminous object, the other tivo directions ob-
liquely doivnward, in visual planes tohich respectively make angles tvith
the former and ivith each other of one hundred and tiventy degrees:
the decrements of dilatation in other directions are nearly sym^netricai
aiid equal with respect to these three directions, and the apparent form
of the object approximates more or less to that of an equilateral trian-
gle, according to its brightness, distance and magnitude.

Figures 1, 2 and 3 represent the apparent forms of an opaque circu-
lar body projected upon a luminous one ; and 4, 5 and 6, those of a
luminous circular body projected upon or surrounded by a dark one.

1 2 3 4 5 6

^</\j'</\>

In these last, as well as in the former experiments, the dilatation
increased with the distance ; it also increased with the intensity of
the light. In fact, on this last account, a straight horizontal rod,
by the apparent curvature of its lower edge when projected on the
(lame of a candle, becomes a tolerably delicate photoscope, for detect-
ing the less degree of illumination of the interior of the flame at
heights above the base where the difference between the interior and
exterior brightness is inappreciable by direct and simple observation.

During the experiments with the circular luminous objects, when
the head of the observer was inclined to the right or left any number
of degrees, the vertices of the luminous triangle, as also the long radia-

ON IRRADIATION. 345

tions, were found to undergo a change of absolute position exactly cor-
respondent in direction and extent with that of the head, whilst their
relative position remained invariable. This proved that the phenome-
non depended on no cause exterior to the human body. When an
opaque substance was interposed between either eye separately and the
object, the triangular appearance was preserved, but the inferior ver-
tex was more obtuse and the oblique radiation shorter on (he side of
the eye whose vision was obstructed. Tl:is proved that the elfect de-
pended in part, but not chiefly, upon the combined action of the two
organs. Moreover, as the appearance was unaffected by the careful
removal of the ciliae and eyelids from before the cornea, and as I had
long since examined the separate effect of the tears, it appeared evident
that irradiation depended upon none of the tutamina oculi, but was to
be referred either to the refracting or sentient parts of the proper or-
gan of vision.

Several considerations seemed to me to exclude the latter. If a
vivid impression on any spot of the retina could produce a similar af-
fection of adjacent parts, there is no obvious reason why this sympa-
thetic affection should be more widely diffused in certain determinate
directions which sustain no possible constant relation to the distribu-
tion of its fibres or to its structure in any respect; directions which are
constant both in the case of oblique and of direct vision, and on what-
ever part of the retina the image may be situated, with respect either
to the optic nerve or the centre of its medullary and membranous ex-
pansion. The views which were suggested by considerations of this
nature, were confirmed by subsequent experiments ; experiments which
proved the phenomenon under consideration to be independent of any
peculiarity in the sensation, and the retina to have no share in its pro-
duction, in any other sense than as it is essential to vision in general.

When most of the preceding experiments had been made, I, for the
first time, thought of the striking coincidence between this dilatation
of luminous bodies in three equidistant directions, and the three etjui-
distant sets of fibres and three equidistant radiated lines, exhibited in
the front view of the crystalline lens of the ox, as represented by that
eminent philosopher, the late lamented Thomas Young, M.D., in his
Vol. IV.— 4 M

346 ON IRRADIATION.

"Observations on Vision."* He afterwards learned that these three
sets had been previously seen, though less accurately observed, by
Leeuvvenhoek. Dr Young describes each coat as consisting " of six
series of fibres, intermixed with a gelatinous substance, and attached
to six lines which have somewhat of a membranous appearance. Three
of these lines or tendons are anterior, three posterior ,• their arrange-
ment is that of three equal and equidistant rays meeting in the axis of
the crystallineJ" He adds, " 1 have not yet had an opportunity of ex-
amining the human crystalline, but from its readily dividing into three
parts, we may infer that it is similar to that of the ox." Here I con-
ceived I had found a clue to the cause of the phenomenon, in a struc-
ture which seemed calculated to produce an action symmetrical with
respect to three equidistant radii of the crystalline lens; a structure to
which there appears to be nothing analogous in any other part of the
organ of vision. The deviations from this arrangement of the fibres,
which may have been detected by Dr Young and others, will not be
at present considered,! aii<^^- will not probably aflfect the proof of a con-
nection between irradiation and the structure of the crystalline, so long
as there exists the moic obvious division of this body into three similar
sphenoidal portions.

In the prosecution of these researches on the subject of irradiation, I
have made several other experiments, especially with the pupil preter-
naturally dilated. These w'ill not be at present detailed, but reserved
for a future communication. I shall, however, venture to state some
of the inferences which they appear to justify, which are the following.

1. That irradiation is produced directly and chiefly by the crystal-
line lens, but affected by the iris. 2. That the different fasciculi of
the fibres of the crystalline exert, in some respects, a similar though

* Young's Natural Philosophy, Vol. II. p. 525.

t The greater number of fasciculi which Dr Young subsequently detected, and their occa-
sional diversity and irregularity may perhaps explain the existence of intermediate radiations
in all eyes, and the absence of one of the more conspicuous and regular ones in some rare
instances. But I shall not venture to attempt an exact account of the optical and anatomical
structure of the lens, cornea and iris, and their correspondence with the other laws of irradia-
tion which I may have discovered, until I shall have had access to the papers of Dr Brewster
and Sir E. Home on the former subjects, only a brief notice of wliich has been inserted in the
scientific journals.

ON IRIiADIATION. 347

unequal action on light. 3. That the central and lateral parts of this
body conspire in dillerent degrees to produce irradiation; tiie ed'ect
increasing with the absolute distance of the incident ray from the axis
of the crystalline, and consequently with the magnitude of the pupil.
4. That there are two distinct species of irradiation, in consequence
of which the unequal luminous border superadded to the perfect image
on the retina, by this kind of aberration, is composed of two distinct
though partially superimposed parts, of different colours, the superim-
posed portions of which on any one point of the retina, are produced
by the action of opposite wedges of tlie crystalline.

A popular application of the foregoing results is, that ive never see
luminous objects of their true shape. Of the existence of this species
of optical illusion, any person may readily convince himself, by exam-
ining the flame of a candle when near it, and then withdrawing to the
distance of thirty or forty feet, or even across an ordinary room. How
frequently must we have been deceived in our estimate of form as well
as magnitude ! It is unnecessary to dwell on the importance of being
apprized of an illusion, which alTects in no small degree the testimony
of one of our most interesting and valuable organs of sense.

We learn also from the results which I have obtained, that the ap-
pearance of luminous objects, with respect to position, shape, and occa-
sionally colour, is materially affected by iheir brightness and distance,
and by the position of the head, and the magnitude of the pupil or
other aperture through which the rays are admitted into the eye ; and
that these effects are constant for the same individual, in the natural
state of the eye, and, with few exceptions, essentially the same for all.

On these principles we may probably explain the apparent projec-
tioti of a star upon the moon's disk at the time of an occultation, a
phenomenon which has occasionally astonished the ordinary and acci-
dental observer, and been " at all times an interesting and important
subject to the astronomer,"* to whom it has been perhaps scarcely
less inexplicable. It appears to me that irradiation affords a solution,
and that the laws I have detected may enable us to explain and even
to predict the apparent anomalies : viz. its being more frequent in the

* American Almanac for 1831, p. 34.

348 ON IRUADIATION.

case of particular stars, its not always existing in the occultations of
the same star, nor being seen by all individuals. If this theory be
correct, the existence of this phenomenon, and the distance to which
the star is thrown upon the moon's disk, depend upon the position of
the head of the observer, and the relative direction of the moon and
star at the time of immersion or emersion. The more frequent ap-
pearance of this phenomenon in the case of the brighter stars, and on
the luminous side of the disk, seems to depend upon the greater dilata-
tion of the more luminous bodies, whilst the duration will depend
upon the magnitude of the star, and the direction of the moon's mo-
tion. The effect of position will be understood from the following
experiment in connection with the foregoing statements. A circular
opaque disk, A, was placed between the eye and a
luminous circle, of which a part projected beyond the
edge of the disk. At «, b and f, the stellar or radia-
ted appearance was most conspicuous on the disk,
whilst at d, near the superior part, it appeared more
like a real luminous body on the disk, of a reddish
colour, and well defined, and almost or entirely projected on it. By
inclining the head, the places where these phenomena were most per-
fectly exhibited, suffered a corresponding change, their relative posi-
tion remaining invariable. The appearance at «, 6 and c is in accord-
ance with what has been herein stated with respect to the three
directions of maximum irradiation ; that at d will be explained by
experiments which I had previously made on the human eye, and
which will be hereafter published with a generalization of the facts.

Among the other astronomical applications of the laws of irradiation,
the following may be mentioned. During a partial solar eclipse, a
faint light is sometimes seen to be thrown on the moon near the horns
of the sun, and to be brighter and longer on one side than on the
other.* Moreover, I have observed one of the horns of the new
moon (though apparently not more luminous than the other) to pro-
ject farther than the other from the dark portion of the disk, according
as they were situated with respect to the directions of maximum irra-
diation.

* Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Vol. III. p. 393.

ON IRRADIATION. 349

The fixed stars appear larger when viewed with the unassisted eye
than when we employ a good achromatic* telescope. For a similar
reason, the planet Venus, being, from its vicinity to the sun, strongly-
illuminated, may appear larger than Jupiter to the eye, whilst Jupiter
appears larger than Venus with a telescope of such an aperture and
magnifying power as to diminish the brightness and consequently the
irradiation. If the construction is such as to admit but a small pencil
into the eye, another cause will be found to conspire, which is the lesa
amount of irradiation (and probably the different laws of it), for the
light which is transmitted near the axis of the crystalline lens. This
follows from the experiments already alluded to on the influence of
aperture.

I shall not, however, at present, anticipate any other results of those
experiments on the influence of aperture on irradiation, except to sug-
gest the possibility of applying them to the explanation of the tivink-
ling of the stars ; a phenomenon hitherto entirely referred to causes
purely physical, but the true cause of which is admitted to be " not
fully ascertained.'"!

As the fixed stars are highly brilliant bodies, subtending an exceed-
ingly minute angle, their apparent magnitudes depend almost entirely
upon irradiation ; and it is hence easy to conceive that any alternate
and transient changes in this affection may occasion oscillations in
their images on the retina. Is it not therefore possible, that this phe-
nomenon may be affected if not produced by transient remissions of
irradiation ? If irradiation shall be shown to depend directly or indi-
rectly on the crystalline and iris, it is possible that oscillatory motions
in either might produce such remissions. With respect to the exis-
tence of such motions, Dr Wollaston has shown that muscular effort,
when apparently continuous, consists, in reality, of a great number of
contractions repeated at extremely short intervals. It may be added,
that there are alternations of contraction and dilatation of the iris, which
are of sensible duration and extent, and visible by direct observation.

* Or rather aplanatic, free from both species of aberration.
t Young's Natural Philosophy, Vol. I. p. 490.

Schenectady, 3Iarch 4, 1831.
Vol. IV.— 4 N

351

ARTICLE XI.

Names which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians, ivho once inha-
bited this country, had given to Rivers, Streams, Flaces, S^'c. Sfc.
within the noiv States of Pennsylvania, Neiv Jersey, Maryland mid
Virginia: and also Names of Chieftains and distinguished Men of
that Nation; with the Significations of those Names, and Biogra-
2ihical Sketches of some of those Men. By the late Rev. John
Heckeivelder, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Communicated to tfie
Jimerican Philosophiccd Society Spril 5, 1822, and noiv published
by their order; revised and prepared for the press by Peter S. Du
Ponceau.

Philadelphia, September 16, 1833.
DEAR SIR,

I have the pleasure of sending to you the late Mr Heckewelder's
communication respecting Indian names, prepared for the press. When
he handed it to me to be presented in his name to the Philosophical
Society, he requested, that in case it should be ordered to be printed,
I would revise it in the same manner as I had done his account of
Indian nations published in the first volume of our Historical Trans-
actions. Such revisal was particularly necessary, as, the writer being
more familiar with the German than with the English language, his
Germanized style required correction, and at times he was not as clear
as he wished to be. I have therefore, availed myself of the liberty
thus given to me, but only in a moderate degree ; being desirous to
preserve the plain honest language of the venerable author, as far as
I could make it consistent with the English idiom. I have preserved

352 ON INDIAN NAMES.

his method throughout, and only expunged some repetitions, and struck
out some Indian names, of which he gave no explanation*, and which
only served to fill up space to no purpose. I have also left out an
abstract of the successive treaties made with the Indians, which, besides
that it has no immediate relation to his object, is to be found nearly
in the same words in the second volume of Smith's Laws of Penn-
sylvania. I have taken care to preserve the original manuscript,
which still remains in the Society's library, and will show in what
manner I have complied wnth the author's request.

In executing this task I have been particularly struck with the
etymology which Heckewelder ascribes to the name of the river Ohio.
I had imbibed, with many others, the idea that it was derived from
the Iroquois idioms, and in that persuasion, I had at first paid little
attention to the author's arguments. On perusing them again, they
appeared to me to have considerable force, and I determined to con-
sider the subject with more attention. In consequence I recurred to
the copious dictionary of the Onondago language, by Mr Zeisberger,
which is in our library. It has been said that the Iroquois called the
Ohio sometimes the fine or beautiful, sometimes the bloody river.
I therefore looked for the words jluss (river), blut (blood), and schoen
(fine, handsome, beautiful); I found geihate, geihufafatie for river,
and the word blood rendered by otquechsa. To neither of these
can the name of the river Ohio be traced. For heautiful (schoen),
I found two words, ivazxnaji and ojaneri (the j in the latter to be
pronounced like our y, so as to read oyaneri). The two first syllables
of this word bear indeed some resemblance to ohio, but in examining
the numerous examples given by Zeisberger of the use of these two
words, I found that the first, ivazxnaji, is alone employed to express
external beauty, as when you say, a fine or handsome person, a fine
leg, a fine field, and the like ; while the latter, ojaneri, is only used to
describe the ;nanner in which something is executed, and answers, in

* Among those is Tinicum, the name of an island in the Delaware, which was once the
seat of the Swedish government. The Swedes called it Tennahong, whicli we have changed
into Tinimm. It appears to me that ong in the Swedish name of that island is the locative
termination vnh, and I presume the remainder of the word may be Tskcnnuk, which means
a black bird, so that it sliould be Tskennahink, or Black Bird's Island.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 353

fact, to our word well. Thus you say ojancri zcmijawcnotc, to read
well ; ojaneri zaniiivachiato^ to write well ; ojaneri zanihch-ichivaa/ua,
he sings well, &c. It is not, therefore, from ojaneri, that the proper
name Ohio is to be derived ; it seems much more properly to be traced
to the Delaware, and to mean the white, or the zvhifc foamin!i; river,
and to have been abridged by the English traders from some of the
numerous words implying that signification, cited by Mr Heckewelder.
The French name Belle Riviere is clearly not a translation from the
Indian.

I have remarked, not v^fithout astonishment, from a passage in this
little work, that the Delaware Indians were acquainted with silk and
silk worms. There is a place, it seems, in Old Northampton county,
in Pennsylvania, which the Indians called Nolamattinlf, and which,
according to Mr Heckewelder, means "the place >vhere the silk worms
spritig iq)," that is to say, mount, in order to spin their cocoons. He
adds that the mulberry trees grew in that place spontaneously.

Keferring to Zeisbei'ger's Delaware Vocabulary, p. 59, I find that
nolemutees means a silk worm, whence NohmudHnk is evidently
derived. But what kind of silk worm is it that is a native of this
country, and feeds on the leaves of the mulberry? Mr Moses Bar-
tram, in the first volume of the American Philosophical Transactions,
p. 224, has given an account of a native silk worm, which he calls
the wild silk worm, and which he found on the banks of Schuylkill.
But that insect, as he describes it, differs very much from the Chinese
silk worm, and besides, Mr Bartram tells us that it fed on the leaves
of the alder and of the apple tree, and on those of the viburnum or
black haw bushes and of the wild crab tree ; while it seems, that the
worm mentioned by Mr Heckewelder, like that of China, fed on the
leaves of the mulberry, ^^'ithout wishing to enter into any further dis-
quisition upon this subject, I have thought it well at least to point out
this Indian name for further investigation. I am, respectfully, dear sir,

Your most obedient humble servant,

PETER S. DU PONCEAU.

Franklin Bache, M.D.

Chairman of the Puhlishing Committee.
Vol. IV.— 4 O

354 ON INDIAN NAMES.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

1. Most of the Indian names and words herein contained, are copied
from maps, books and records, while others have been received directly
by me from the Indians. In the former case, I use the common
orthography, and the names as tradition has given them to us, which
I have caWed pojiular iiames ; but I place next to them the same names
as given by the aborigines, and in every case I add the signification in
English whenever it is in my pov/er to do it.

2. The Delaw^are Indians want the letters /, r and v. It seems
that in the time of the Swedes, the tribes who lived on the banks of
the Delaware used the letter r instead of /. Those tribes were extinct
when I came to this country, and I have never know^n a Delaware
Indian that used the letter r. These facts have not always been
attended to in the English spelling of those names. Most of the faults
which exist in the common spelling of Indian names are owing to the
want of au Indian ear.

3. I have in the spelling of Indian names (where I do not copy
them from books, maps or records) adopted the German orthography,
conceiving that the powers of the German alphabet are better calcu-
lated than those of the English to convey the true sounds of a foreign
idiom.

4. The terminations ink^ enk and unk are indicative of place ; Shu-
kameksink or Shakameksung means at Shakamek.

JOHN HECKEWELDER.

ON INDIAN NAMES.

355

INDIAN NAMES OF RIVERS, STREAMS, AND OTHER NOTED PLACES
IN THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

PHILADELPHIA, DELAWARE, CHESTER, MONTGOMERY, AND BUCKS COUNTIES

Popular Names. Proper Names, witli Remarks.

Coaquaimock Cuwequenaku. The word .siirnificth the grove of loii'j; pinr

trees. The city of Pliiladelphia goes imcler this name by all
the Delaware Indians. See Proud's Hist, of Pennsylvania,
page 150.

Delaware River Lenapewihitluk, /;h//«;« J'iycr; and Khhrnmc, t!ie /(ir ires f ririr

in the part of the country.

Schuylkill Ganshowehanne, or (short) Ganshowehan {der rauxchendr

Struhni in German), the noisy «/)-fam, occasioned by i'all.s and
ripples. It is also called Meneiunk.

Manayunk Menemuk, our place of drinking (liquor), our place of assv/it-

bling to drink. It is another name for the river Schuylkill.

Playwicky Plauwikit. the habitation [village) of those u-ho are of the Tur-
key tribe.

Towassimok Da.w{is\m('>k, the feeding place for cattle, the pasture grounds.

Neshamanies Ncsluunhanue, two streams making one (by llowing together).

Neshammonys. The word is compounded of the words nisclia two, and

Neshamiiiy. amhanne river.

Makerisk Kitton. . . . These words, so dilTerently written in the deeds, appear to be
Maskeusk Kitton. designed to name a particular place on or in the river Dela-

Makerisk Hitton. ware. It is to me clear, that it is intended for the Trenton

Makeerick Kitton. Falls ; and I presume the words here given are meant to

answer to these falls. Maskane is strong, rapid ; maskhannc,
a rapid stream; kilhanne main, largest stream.

356 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Shakamaxon. ~ . Schachameksink, place of eels. Schachamek is the name of

that fish ; s is added for euphony.

Pemmapeeka I'em3.'pee]i, pond, lake or bat/ ; ivater having no continual cur-

Pemapack. rent; a nurroiv long pond.

Pemapeck.

Pennepack.

Poquesing Poquesink, /Ae yj/ace abounding ivith mice; the place of mice.

Poquessan. Poques, a mouse.

Chickhansink Tschikhaiisink, luliere it ivas taken from us; the place where

ive ivere robbed.

Macopanackhan. . . . Mschoppeiiackhan, the large jJotato stream; the stream, or

creek, on tvhich the large potatoes are (or grow).

Pakihoma Pakihm-omenk, or pakiomink, the cranberry place; the place

Pakioma. where the cranberries grow. Pakihm is the name of that

Perkioming. fruit.

Wissahickon Wisamekhan, catfish creek. Wisawikhan, also Wisauchsican,

Wisahiccon. denote a stream of yellowish colour.

AVingohockmg. . . . Wingehacking. The word implies, choice land for planting or

cidtivating, a favourite spot, fine land, &c.

Wisinaming Wischanemunk, ivhere we iccre frightened, put to flight.

Manatawny Menhatlauink, where we drunk [liquor). Menatewink, on the

island.

Skippack Schki-peek, standing, stinking pool of icater.

Serechen Silehend, Sinuehend, the dairy, the place u'here milch cows

are kept.

Qunig-Quingus . . . Quiquingiis, the species of duck which we call tlie grey duck,

the male of which has a green coloured head. Kikitschimais
is that species of the duck which we call the tvood duck.
because they build their nest in hollow trees. The word
implies, the calling duck; it calling loudly to its mate.

Tohickon Tohickhan or Tohickhanne, the stream over U'hich ice pass by

7neans of a bridge of drift u'ood.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 35'

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Nockoinixon Nachanixink, at the three houses, or ichcre the three houses are;

Nockanixon. nacha, three ; wikwam, a house : ink, hira! lennhuiliim.

Lackamissa Legauinisa, Icgauiksa, the sand;/ i^roioid. the sam/i/ spot oj

land.

Cohocksink Cnwcuhdckink, pine lands, where the /indirr is principtilli/ pine.

NORTHAMPTON AND LEHIGH COUNTIES.

Saucon Creek Sacunk. This word properly denotes the outlet of a smallir

Saconna. stream into a larger one. It is common, and i.s nsed in ilie

same sense among many tribes of Indians conncetetl witli
the Delawares. The C'hippcways say Sagginow.

Macungy Machkunschi, the harbouring or fecdina; plare nf l/ear

hechauhnnne, the forks occasioned by the conjlu.v of two rivers.

as where the river Lehigh falls into the Delaware at Easlon.

Lehikton Lawithanne. The proper name for the I$up1i Kill by Easion.

Leheigton. The word signilies a stream between others.

Lehieton.

Easton Town Lechauwitank, the town within the forks.

Lehigh Neither of these words is the proper name of this river, whiuh

Lecha. is only known to the Indians by the great crossing place on it.

The Indians have three general words whereby they distin-
guish that whicli resembles a fork, and are very j)articidar
therein. Lechaiiwak is the standard word for every thing
tliat is forked, excc])t with rivers and roads, where a ter-
mination is added to that word to distinguish it. Thus,
lechau-hanne is the forks of streams; lechau-wichcn, the
forks at parting of roads, or U'here these meet together.
They say lecliauweki, or lechauwekink, when they speak of
tlie country which we call the forks, which word alludes to
their great crossing place at the Lehigh (which by purchase
of the Bethlehem tract fell within it at its lower end). At
this great crossing place various large paths centred on each
side of the river; and so, on each side, these took otf to the
difl'erent sections in their country, and to their scattered
villages within the same. See Lechawaxcn.

Vol. IV.— 4 P

358 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Monakessi Menagassi, or menakessi, signifies a stream containing several

Monockisy. large bends.

Hockendocque Creek. . Hackcundochwe, they are searching for land. Probably at an

earlier period some surveyors were discovered looking at or
surveying land on this creek.

Traxler's Spring .... Tl:m])T^ekha.m\e, a streain Jloiring froin large springs, a stream

Drcchsler's Spring. from springs issuing from the earth.

Toamensing.

Achquanschicola. . . . Achquoanschicola, the brush-net fishing creek, or the creek
Achquanschicolo. ichere ice catch fish by means of a net made of brush.

Sankinak Sankhanne, Jiintstone creek, or the stream on ivhich flint stones

are found.

Mahoning Mahoni, « deer lick; mahonink, at the lick.

Pokono Pockhanne, pokohaune, a stream issuing from a mountain, or

running between two mountains ; hence the Broad mountain
has received the name of Pocono mountain.

Nesquihoning Nfeskaht'mi, black lick, or the lick of tohich the trater is of a

blackish colour; nKskahunink, at the black lick.

Quakake Cuweukeek, or Kuwekeek,;j;Hi/ /«H(?.s. The creek which nms

through these lands bears the name of Kuweuhanne.

Mauch Chunk Machktschiink, the bear's mountain.

Pauponaming Papennamenk, the place where we were gazing {looking at a

strange object something new occurred to our sight).

Pohopoka Pockhapocka, tioo mountains butting tvith their ends against

Puchcahuchka. each other, with a stream between them (as is here the case

at the Lehigh water gap).

Catosoque Gattosaqui, gattosachgi, the earth is thirsty [icants rain); pro-
bably it had been the case at that time and place.

Tunkhanne Taukhdnne, the small, or smallest slrea?n of the several streams

Tunkhannock. ivhich flow in one and the same direction either to fall into

a river or to form a river when they become united.

Tobyhanne Topihanne, alder streain, or a creek on the banks of which that

shrub grows spontaneously.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 3.59

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Wechquetank Wechquetank, or vviquitaiik, the name of a shrub ; from which

an Indian town built near where it jrrcw was so named: ihis
town was eight miles beyond the Blue mountain, in a north-
westerly direction from Bethlehem.

Muddy Creek Masgcekhhme, a creek u-ldch Jlows through sicampy <,'rou,ul

(on the Broad mountain).

. . . . Meniolagamika, the name of an ancient Indian town lying on
Achquanschicola creek, north side, and dose under the Blue
mountain, north west course from Nazareth. The word or
name implies, rich, or good spot of land within that irhirh
is bad or barren.

. . Welagamika, the name of an ancient Indian town which once
existed on the Nazaretli tract, and was forsaken about the
year 1748. Tlic word implies, fine rich soil, and when the
Indians speak of the place Nazareth, they say Welagaraikink.

. . . Nolamattink. By this name the Indians call the tract of land
on which the settlements of Gnadenthal and Christian's Spring
are. The word implies, the place where silk worms spring up,
or mount, silk worms' place. The black mulberry tree grew
at that time here and on the Nazareth tract spontaneously.

Menesink Minissink. The word implies the habitation of the JMinsi tribe

of Delaivares.

WAYNE AND PIKE COUNTIES.

Walenpapeek Creek. . . Wahlinkpapeek. The word implies deep and dead water.

Probably there is such a place or places in the creek or
river. \

Shahola Schauwihilla, weak, faint, depressed.

Lackauwaxen Lechauweksink, the forks of the road, or the parting of the

Lechawaxen. roads; where the roads take off in various directions. There

is on the Lehigh, in Northampton county, a place bearing

the same name, for the same reat^on.

Equinunk Equinunk, the place ivhere tve were provided with articles of

clothing, where wearing apparel teas distributed to us.

360 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Mashope Maschape, or raashapi, beads of glass. Probably this article

was given them at that place or sold there.

Shohokin Schohacan, glue. Probably this article had been manufactured

there either by the Indians or white men. The Indians
make an excellent glue out of the deer's horn to glue on the
feathers to their arrows.

BERKS AND SCHUYLKILL COUNTIES.

Tulpehoccon Tu\pe\vih7icki, the land aboimding with tiirtles, the turtle country.

Cocoosing Gdkhosing, the place of Olds, resort of the otvls.

Manakasy Menagassi, creeks ivith some large bends.

Menatawny Menetonink, ivhere ive drank {were drunk).

Maxatawny Machksithanne, beards path creek, or the stream on which the

bears have a path.

Sacony Sacwnk, the outlet of a stream or creek.

Moselem Creek. . . . Maschilamekhanne, trout creek.

Oley. . Olink, wolink, olo, or wahlo, signifies a cavern cell, sink hole;

a dug hole to bury any thing in, as also a tract of land
encompassed by high hills (which is liere the case).

Wapwallopen Waphallackpink, the place of white hemp, or the place tvhere

Who])ehawly. that kind of {wild) hemp grows in abundance which when

dressed becomes ivkite.

Catawissa Gattawi'si, becoming fat. Probably a deer had been shot there

at the season when they begin to fatten.

Tombicon Tombicanall, crab apple, place of crab apples; tombikhanne

crcdj apple creek.

Mahantango. . . . . Mohaiiikngo, where we ate plmtiful of meat.

Mahonoy. .... Mahoni, a lick {deer, buffalo or elk lick).

Mohony.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 361

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Taraaquon Tamaquehiinne or (short) Tamftkhanne, the Indian name, as it

stands on record, of Little Scliuylkill. The word signifies
beaver stream, a stream on wliich tlic beavers were nume-
rous, where they built dams and mud liouscs to dwell in.

LUZERNE AND SUSQUEHANNA COUNTIES.

Wyoming M'cheudmi, or m'cheuw^imi, which signifieth exhnsive level

flats. In consequence of the large falls on this river it is
called " M'chwcuwami Sipu" by the Delawares and by the
Six Nations; it is for the same reason called " Quahonta,"
which two words or names signify a river having large flats
on it.

Hoppeny Creek. . . . Hobbenisink, potato creek, the creek on which the irilil potato

groirs in abundance.

Tankhannok Tankhanne, the smaller stream.

Whopehawly Woaphallachpiuk, //(p /;/</(■« n/' ;r//i/ /;fmyj.

Lackawannok Lecha\vahhannek,/o)'/-.s of the river; also, Lechauhnnnc. /b/-A-s

of a river.

Quilutamende is the name given to a certain spot or place a
short distance above the mouth of Lechawahlianne ; which
place lies between a steep mountain and the Susquehanna
river, in a narrow bottom, and where, as they say, in their
wars with the Five Nations, they fell by surprise upon their
enemies. The word or name of this place, quihitamend. is.
therefore, where we came imaifares vpon them, &c.

Nescopeck Naeskchoppeek, means blackish, deep, and still a:aler: and is

so called from a place of that description on the Susquehanna.

Meshoppen Creek. . . Mashapi Creek is so called from a distribution of glass beads be-
ing here made among them. Mashapi signifies glass beads.

Appolaccon Creek. . . Apelogacan, or apalochgacan (Minsi), the place irhcnrc the

messenger returned.

Choconat Creek. . . . Tschiihnot (a Nanticoke word).

Vol. IV.— 4 Q

362 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, wiih Remarks.

Coshecton Gichiechton.^m'sAerf, completed.

Conewanta Guneunga, they staid long away.

ONTARIO, TIOGA, AND LYCOMING COUNTIES.

Wyalusing Creek. . . . M'chwihillusink (properly) is, at the dwelling place of the

hoary veteran. An ancient warrior having resided on that
creek about one mile above the town, was the cause of this
place being so named, in remembrance of him.

Wappasuning Creek. . . Wapasiunink means, at the place where the white shining

stone (or metal) is. They call silver wapachsinn.

Wisaukin Creek. . . . Wisachgim, grapes ; v/isachgimi, the place ivhere grapes groiv

in plenty.

Towanda, Tawandee. . . Tawundeunk, the burial place, or tvhere we inter the dead.
Awandee. The Nanticokes buried the bones of their dead at this place.

Shummonk Shummonk, the place of the large horn.

Cowanesque Gawunschesque, briary, thorny, full of prickles.

Tioga Tioga. This name was given by the Five Nations to that par-
ticular spot or neck of land where the east and west branches
of the Susquehanna form a junction. The word signifieth
gate, entrance, place to enter in at — the Iroquois country,
the north side of both these branches of Susquehanna, being
then considered as belonging to them, while all the country
south of these rivers belonged to the Delawarcs. David
Zeisberger, who, as early as the year 1750, had travelled to
Onondago by the way of this place, Tioga, said that some of
the Five Nations were stationed there for the purpose of
ascertaining what persons were coming into their country ;
and that by them it was considered an offence to enter into
it at any other point or place than either through this gate
(pass) or by way of the Mohawk river; and that any per-
son met with in their country not having entered in at either
of those passes was considered a suspicious character, a spy,
or enemy.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 363

Popular Names. Proper Nnmes, with Remarks.

LYCOMING AND NORTHUMBERLAND.

Lycoming Creek. . . . Legauihane, samJy creek (which is also the true Indian name

for this creek).

Monsey Creek Minshik, the /uibilation of the AIo7iseys.

Pine Creek Cuweuhannc, stream floiving through pine lands.

Loyalsock Creek. . . Lawi-siiquik, middle creek, the stream which discharges itself

between others.

Nipanose Nipenowis signifies, like unto the summer, warm situation.

Mahoniety Mahontitti, a very small lick (lit is a lUminuiive).

Mahony Creek. . . . Mahonhanne, a stream flowing from a lick.

Fishing Creek Namoeshanne, fish creek.

Chilisquaque Creek. . . Chililisuagi, the resort of snotv birds, or, the favourite place

of the snow birds.

White Deer Creek. . . Woaptuoliliaiinc, ichile deer creek, or the creek on which lln

while dtcr have been taken.

Elk Creek Moshannc, or mooshaune, elk creek.

Shamokin Shahamoki and Shahamokink is the manner in which the In-
dians pronounce this word. Some Indians have supposed
the name of tliis place to be Schachameki, which is the
place of eels; and so would give the creek tiie name of
Shachamekhannc, eePs creek.

Quenischachachki. This word is much in use with the Indians

who lived on the Susquehanna, it being the name for the
" Long Reach," in the west branch, below the Big island.

Big Island Mecheek, Menathey, is their name for this island.

364 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

CENTRE, CLEARFIELD, POTTER AND M'KEAN.

Bald Eagle's Nest. . . Wapallannewachschiechey, bcdd eagle's nest.

Bald Eagle Creek. . . . Wapallannewachschiechhanne, the stream on which the bald

eagle's nest is. This is the true Indian name for that stream.

Beach Creek Schauweminschhanne, beach creek.

Little Mashanon. . . . Tankimoshanne, little elk creek.

Osweya Creek Vtscheia, place of /lies ; utschev.'sk, Jlies.

Sineraahoning Achsinnimahoni, stony lick.

Elk Creek Moshanne, elk creek.

Elk Lick Mosa-mahoni, elk lick.

Kenzua Creek Kentschuak, //(P^D-o66/e (namely, the wild turkeys); the gobbling

Kenjua Creek. reply which the turkey cock makes to the call of the hen.

The place which bears the above name must have been a
favourite place of the turkeys, and the creek called Kentschu-
wahanne, titrkey's gobbling creek.

Cononoda Gunninada, he makes a long stay there; or, it is a long time

since he went thither. Probably at this place they were
impatiently waiting the return of one of their company ; and
so the place would remind them of the circumstance.

Chinkiclamoose. . . Achtschingi clammo signifies, it barely sticks together. This
Chingle Clamoose. place, west branch of the Susquehanna, derives its name

from a certain short bend where the river turns short, back
again, leaving a narrow strip of land between its courses
which barely can prevent itself from tumbling down. Hence
this name. See Hist. Trans, p. 191, for an interesting story
relating to this spot.

. . . . Pongus uteney, the habitation of the sand fly or gnat, the
place being remarkable on account of these insects being
there in such abundance or numbers that the traveller can
have no rest for tlicm. See Loskiel's History of the United
Brethren, part 3, page 79.

ox INDIAN NAMES.

365

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

WARREN, ERIE, AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES.

Conewango Creek.

Cnnneyaut Creek
Cunneaut.

Guiicunga, they sta)/ long, it is a long lime since thoj Itiivt
gone encuy [from us).

Gunnii'itc, it is a nood u'hilc since U'e went.

JIERCER, VENANGO, AND JEFFERSON COUNTIES.

Mahoning Malu'mi, « lick; mahdnink, eit the lick.

Pymatuning Pihmtdnink, the (hrelling place of the man with the crooked

mouth, or the crooked man''s divelling place. (1 knew this
man perfectly well. J. H.)

Cool Spring Thnppcck, a cold spring.

Neshanok Creek. . . . Nischhannuk, tivo adjoining streams.

Slippery Rork Weschachapuchka, slippery rock is the English of tlie woni as

it stands, and the name the place goes by with the Indians.

Wolf Creek Tnmmeink, the wolf creek.

Lackawanak Lechauhannck, the forks of two streams.

Paint Creek Wallamunink, the place ichere paint is,

Toby's Creek Gawunschhaime, hriar creek.

Sandy Lick Lega,jtwi-Mahoni, sandy lick.

Little Briar Creek. . . . Taukawun.shhannc, little hriar creek.

Vol. IV.— 4 R

366

ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, witli Remarks.

ARMSTRONG, BUTLER, AND BEAVER COUNTIES.

Kiskemanitas Gieschgumam'to, make day light, or catise day light to be.

Thus said a warrior in the night to liis comrades, he heing
impatient to he oflf from the spot they were at ; wlience the
place has this name.

Cawanshanock. . . . Gawunschliannc, briar creek, green briar; gawunscliige, briary,

Kittaning Kithanne, the svperior, main stream; gichthanne, the same, in

the Monscy idiom.

Kigischgotum Kikischeotam, the insect we call c«/i/rfu/.

Buffalo Creek SisiViehknnc, btijfalo creek, resort of the buffalo.

Mohnlbuctiton Mocholpakiton, where we abandon our canoes, or, in our lan-
guage, at the head or end of navigation, where the stream
will no more admit of navigating it.

j.^f

Connequcness
Connequcnssi.

Big Beaver River.

Little Beaver Creek.

Brushy Creek.
Sakunk, .

Ganachquenesink, a lo)ig straight course. This is the name
of that stream.

Amochkwi Sipu, beaver river; but the Indians generally call it
" Kaskasksipu," from the town of " Kuskuschki." (Having
been on it, I never once heard them call it "Beaver creek,"
though I lived on it two years. .T. H.)

Tankami'ichque and Tankamockhiinne. Both these names are
proper, and signify the small beaver strecmi or creek.

Achewek, brushy, dijficidt to cross.

The outlet of the Big Beaver into the Ohio. This place for
various reasons had in former times been well known by all
the Indian tribes for a gi'cat distance, but in particular to tlieir
warriors. It was during the French war the general rendez-
vous of warriors, and whence, when equipped, they set oil" for
war in different directions ; it was tlic thoroughfare of all
travellers, traders. &c., therefore also the ^catching, and in
many instances a murdering place.

Racoon Creek.

Nahcnunihi'inne, racoon creek.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 3(i7

Popular Names. Vrnper Names, wth Remarks.

ALLICGANY COUNTY.

Putsbui'g- JMuaaclikink. This name, liy whirh all ihc liiilian.>< i-all ihc

place, was given to it ever sinee llic French Iniill a fori
there, and has been retained to the present time. The word
menachk implies un enclosed spot of o-roimd, a confined spot
or place secured from bcin^ entered Into, ii Jhrlificrilion. ;
literally, at the fort.

Allegan}" Alligcwi. The name of a race of Indians said to have once

inhabited that country.

AUigcwinink. This word comprises all the country west of liic

Allegany mountains, together with all the larire rivers therein
and their tributary sb-eams.

Ohio River Although I liave no objection to the name by whicli we call this

river, yet for some reasons I cannot satisfy myself, that this
word, consisting of no more than four letters, can be its u-liole
and proper Indian name. I am therefore disposed to examine
into the matter in my own way, and leave the reader to judire
for himself. In doing this I ground my objections on the
following facts :

First. That all the streams to which the Indians have given a
name, such name is descriptive cither of the stream itself, or
sometliing in or about it, which attracts their attenticm at the
time, or which will at all times exist — as rocks, cataracts,
ripples, remarkable islands, &c.

Secondly. That I do not ever recollect hearing the Indians
among themselves call this river by that name.

Thirdly. Because I have so often witnessed how the white
people, both French and English, drop a part of an Indian
name in order to make it more convenient to them and easier
of pronunciation.

Having heard it asserted by white people that the word " Ohio"
signified " the bcaittiful river," while the Six Nations liave at
times called it the " liloodtj river," I became the more anxious
to learn the truth, both by questioning intelligent Indians on
the subject, and also by paying attention to their conversa-
tions when they had occasion to name this river.

That a word of only four letters should comprehend in itself
"tlie beautiful river" or '' the bloody stream," or the single
word " river," I could not believe, neither did my inquiries

368 ON INDIAN NAMES,

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Oliio River.

serve to inform me to what Intlian language the word Ohio
belonged. When I listened to discourses of the Indians with
the white people of that country, they on both sides would
say " high 0," and not Ohio, as we pronounce it, which
evinced that something must be wrong or wanting in this
word, to give it a meaning. And I followed their example
in calling the river (Ohio) by the same name they did, which
is Kithiinne, or, as the Minseys call it, Gichthanne — either
of these words signifying the main, superior stream in that
part or country. We, indeed, have the word " Kittaning"
on our maps for a particular spot on the Allegany river,
whereas the true meaning of this word, which by the by
should be written Kithamiink, denotes the river itself. Kit
from kitschi, greatest, superior: and hanne, wliieli denotes
flowing ivater, or a stream of floiving water. If then the
river we call Allegany is by the Indians called Kithanne, the
■main river in that part of the country, and until it joins with
another equally large river (the Monongahcla) at Pittsburg,
why, as the Indians, do we not continue the name down-
wards, where it is vastly larger?
But to give a well grounded opinion as to the cause of that river
being called Ohio, and thus to show clearly the word or words
from which it has derived this name, I will, in the tirst place,
put down some Indian words which are to serve as guides in
ascertaining the fact I am in search of, and am anxious to
ascertain, though not with an intention to elfect a change in
the name we have adopted for that river, but to strengthen
the position I have taken or the reasons I have given above :
why / cannot admit that the word Ohio by itself is suthcient
to designate such a remarkable river as this is, when by the
by wc have in the foregoing pages seen, how they (the
Indians) notice even small and almost insignificant animals,
by incorporating their names in the body of their compound
words.

WORDS IN THE UNAMI. WORDS IN THE MI.NST DIALECT.

O'hui-Ohi, very (when prefi.xed). Acliwe, very (when prefixed).

O'peu, Opsit, white. Wapcu, Wapsit, white.

Opiechen, it looks white. Wapiechen, it looks white.

Opelechen, ivhite, bright, shining. MVoiiY>clechen, irhitcl/righf, shining colot/r.

Opeek, white ivith froth (water). AVapcek, zchite by froth (irater).
Ohiopechen or ohiopiechen, it is of a white WahewapTechen, it is of a white eoloar.
colour.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 36i}

Popular Names. Proper Names, wiUi Remarks.

Ohio River.

WORDS IN THE ITNAMl. WORDS IN THE MINSI DIALECT.

Oino])ee]i., very ti'hite {caused by froth, or Aclnviwapcok, very while [by fnilh. (ir

ivhite caps). tchile caps).

Ohiophanne, very white stream. Aclnviwoaphanne, very white stream.

Ohiopeekhanne, very deep and ichite Acliwiwoapt'kliaiine, very deep and irhiti

stream, viz. by its being covered all stream, viz. by its being covered all over

over with white caps. witli white caps.

Ohiopehhele, the name of a place in the Wahhellapehheue, same as Oh'wpc/i/iele in

Monongahela, which in our maps is writ- the Unami. (Seethe explanation on the

ten Ohiopyle, signifies zohite frothy other side.)

water, occasioned either by the water

being disturbed by winds, or rushing

over rocks or falls in the stream, &c.

By the foregoing, it will be seen that my supposition wiili
regard to the name given to that river has some foundation,
and that the word, as it now .stands, cannot be its true name,
its derivation being here clearly set forth. I will now show
by example what confirms the opinion I had with regard
to the name given to this river, drawn from facts, while tra-
velling with Indians both by land along its banks, and liy
navigating the same.

The Ohio river being in many places wide and deep, aud .so
gentle that for many miles in some places no current i.-: per-
ceivable, the least wind blowing up the river covers the sm--
face with what the people of that country call 7vhite caps : anil
I have myself witnessed that for days together this has been
the case, caused by southwardly and south westerly winds
(which by the by are the prevailing winds in that country),
so that we navigating the canoes durst not venture to proceed,
as these white caps would have filled and suidv our canoe in
an instant.

Now in all such cases, when the river could not be navigated
with canoes, nor even crossed with this kind of craft — when
the whole surface of the water presented white foaming
swells, the Indians would, as the case was at the time, apply
one or other of the above quoted words to the state of tlie
river ; they would say " juh ohiopiechen," — " ohiopcck
ohiopeekpanne ;" and when they supposed the water very
deep they would say " kilschi ohiopeekhanne," which means
'^verily this is a deep ivhitc river."

I now come to the other point, how it miglit have happoneii
that the word in question came to be so abridged as to leave

Vol. IV.— 4 S

370

ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Ohio River.

Monongahela River.

nothing whereby to judge of its signification. This may be
accounted for from the following causes. The traders who
penetrated into the Indian country for the purpose of ti-ading
with them, and the frontier settlers, are generally an ignorant
set of people, who are careless with regard to matters that do
not interest them; with them any word will do for a name,
so that it bears something similar to the true one. Neither
have they the "Indian ear" to hear properly, nor are they
capable of pronouncing the gutturals so numerous in Indian
languages, nor even inclined, perhaps, to keep in memory
such long and strange words as the Indians have. I have
frequently witnessed their dealings with the Indians, where
the latter were kept in continual laughter at the odd and
improper words these made use of. Now on the return of
these traders into the settlements they became instructors to
others ; so that one catches a wrong word from the other ;
which is at once adopted, as being correct.

Another cause is, that the people who settle new countries have
a custom of shortening names of places merely for conve-
nience sake ; I have found this the case even among the
French Canadians, both at Detroit and at Post Vincennes,
and Mr Volney found it so, likewise, when he travelled
through that country. Thus, for instance, instead of saying
I will go to Pittsburg, they say " I will go to Pitt." Youghi-
agany they call "Yough;" Detroit, "Troit;" Hackhacking,
" Hacken ;" Post Vincennes, "the Post;" Kaskaskias,
" Kas;" Ohio, " Hio," &c. Our word Lehigh or Lecha has
no signification, tliough, like Ohio, it has been shortened from
the original word Lcchauhanne.

Now might it not have been the case at some early day with
the river Ohio, that instead of saying Ohiopekhanne they
only took the first syllable of the word to name it by, which
was giving it an easy name, both to pronounce and keep in
memory ?

I now leave the Ohio and go on with other names in Allegany
county not yet explained, beginning with Monongahela.

Menaugihilla, this word implies high banks breaking off in
some places and tumbling down.

Turtle Creek.
Pine Creek. .
Puckita. .

Tulpewi Sipu, turtle creek (so called by them).

Cuweiihanne, pine creek.

Pachgita, throw it away, abandon it. iL.-^ "^

, ij

v/ 'U t K -*

ON INDIAN NAMES.

371

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Wheeling Creek. .

Cross Creeks.

Wihlink, the place of the head. The Indians rrpnrt. Ihnt a pri-
soner taken by tlicm in one oi' iheir war.s liad there been put
to deatli and his head stuck up on a sharpened pole.

Wewuntschi Saquik. The words imply tivo .streams emptying
themsclccs into a river dlrectli/ opposite to each oilier ; as is
here the case, where they empty into the Ohio ; and both
bear the same name.

Catfish Camp. . ,

Wisamekink, the place where the Indians named Wisumek
(cattish) resided. This place was on or near where the town
of WashiniTton is built.

WESTMORELAND, FAYETTE, AND GREEN COUNTIES.

Kiskemanitas Gieschgumanito, make day light, cause it to become day light.

Kiskaminetas. (The circumstance which gave rise to this matter is already

taken notice of imder the head of Armstrong county.)

Loyalhannon Creek. . . Lawelhanne, the middle branch {stream).

Beaver Dam Creek. . . Amochkpasink, ti'here the beavers have shut vp the stream by

making a dam across the creek.

Yoxiogani Juhwiakhanne, a stream running a contrary or indirect course.

Youghiogeny.

Olnopyle Ohiopehelle. See page 369.

Red Stone Creek. . . . Machkachsinhanne, red stone creek; or machkachsinnink, at

the place of the red stones.

Manaltin Menaltirik, the place where we drank.

Salt Lick Creek. . . . Sikhem Mo-honi; Sikhe\iha.nne, a streaiuflowing from a salt

lick.

372

ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

INDIANA, SOMERSET, AND CAMBRIA COUNTIES.

Two Licks Creek. . . . Nishahoni Sipu, the stream at tivo licks.

Crooked Creek. . . . Woakhanne, crooked stream {has great bends).

Plumb Creek Sipuashanne Sipuasink, the place of plumbs.

Queen Mahon Cuwei mahoni, pine trees' lick, a Eck within a grove of pine

trees.

)
Stony Creek Sinnehanne or Achsinnehanne, stony creek. .,.«™^--.«4..

Paint Creek Wallkmink, the place tvhere the pairit is.

Black Lick Creek. . . . Nseskahoni, black lick.

Little Canemaugh. . . . Tangamochki, little otter creek.

HUNTINGTON AND BEDFORD COUNTIES.

Juniata River.

Big Tooth Creek.
Standing Stone.

This is an Iroquois word. The Delawares pronounce it Juch or
Chuchniada. The Iroquois had a path leading directly to a
settlement, or body of Shawanese, hunting and remaining
here for some time : I believe their residence has been where
Bedford now stands. The Indians say that Juniata river
hath the best hunting ground for deer, elk, also for beaver, &c.

Mangipitink, the place of the large tooth.

Achsinnink. This is the proper Indian name for this place.
The word denotes a large rock which stands separate from
others, or where there is none other nigh. I know four
places within five hundred miles which bear this name for the
same reason, two of those rocks are very large and high, and
stand in the river. For similar reasons, but where such rock
IS of an inferior size, they say achsinnissink, the standing
small rock.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 373

Popular Names. Proper Nanifs. witli Itemnrks.

FRANKLIN, CUMBERLAND AND MIFFLIN COUNTIES.

Conococheague. . . . Guneukitschik, long indeed, very long indeed. Tliis word

appears to refer to some cause wliich gave rise to tlie Indians
becoming impatient.

Conodoguinits Gunipduckhannid, for a long way conlimial bends.

Conedogwinet.

Yellow Breeches Creek. . Callapatschink, ivliere it turns back again (alluding to a parti-
cular place in the creek).

Bufl'alo Creek Sisiliehanne, bvffalo creek.

Kischicoquilis Gfschachgokwalis, the snakes have all got into their dens.

Made from the words " gischi," already; " achgook,"
snake; " walicu," in holes, dens.

Mehantango Meschantange, where ice killed deer.

Achwick Creek. . . . kchvieek ov 3.ch.e-wee]s., brushy, difficult to pass.

DAUPHIN, ADAMS, AND YORK COUNTIES.

Wikinisky Creek. . . . Wikenknisken, ivet a?id dirty hoicse, camp, lodgiiig place.
Canewago.

Quitapahilla Cuitpehelle or cuwitpehella, a spring or stream issuing out of

the earth, ivhere pine trees are standing.

Manahan Menehend, where liquor was drunk.

Manady Menathey, an island.

Manaltin Menaltink, where ive met, assembled.

Pextang Veiksiunk, the standing or dead water ; a deep or stagnant spot

Paxtou (now). of ivater in a stream, a pool, &c.

Vol. IV.— 4 T

374 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

LANCASTER COUNTY.

Conestogo This is an Iroquois word, or of the Six Nations.

Cocallico Creek. . . . Achgookwalico, or shortly, Chgokalico, is a place where the

snakes gather together in holes or dens, or snakes' ivinter
quarters. I have frequently heard the Indians who inhabit
this country speak of the place.

Pequea Creek Picueu, the name of one of the four Shawanese tribes, who were

(or some families of them) settled here for a time when they
enjoyed the protection of the Delawares.

Chikisalungo Creek. . . Chikiswalungo, the place where the crabs or crairjish burrow

or make for themselves holes in the ground : or the place
where the ground is full of holes, made by crawfish or crabs.

Tucquan Pducquan, round; pduckachtin, a round hill.

Pduchane, a winding stream.

Cunoy Guneu, long, it is long.

Conewago Guneuagi, a long stripe of land.

Octorara This is probably an Iroquois word.

Pennsylvania they call Quskelinink, which signifies the country of quctkers, or the quaker
country.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 375

INDIAN NAMES OF RIVERS, CREEKS, &c. IN NEW JERSEY, FROM MAPS.

Popular Names. Proper Names, witli Remarks.

Wantage Wundachqui, or undachqui, that way.

Cuweuagi, or cuweuachgi, pine timbered land.

Walpack \Ya\peek, a turn hole, a deep and slill place, in a stream.

Tappan Thnpha.ne, cold stream issuing from springs.

Hoboken Kopokan, a tobacco pipe. The Delawares have I'requently spo-
ken of this place as being not far from the city of New York.

Hackensack. . • . llac]iinkskqmk, the stream which discharges itself into another,

on low level ground ; that which unites itself with other water
almost imperceptibly.

Pasaic River Pasaic or Pasaiek, a valley. It does not seem that the Indians

noted the falls in this river ; but merely the ground through
which the stream passeth.

Pegunock River. . . . Pekhanne is dark river. Either this river must have derived

its name from the thickness of the trees which stood on its
banks, or they (tlie natives) arrived at the river to encamp
after dark.

Whippany Creek. . . . Wiphanne, arrow creek, zvhere the wood or ivilloiv groios of

which arrows are made.

Makiapier Pond. . . . Machkiabi, water of a reddish colour.

Bomopack (perhaps). . . ViuXyxraopeck, round pond or lake; ox lomovio^ek, white on the

inside.

Pompton Pihmtom, crooked mouthed.

Totawa Falls Totauwei, to sink, dive, going under water by pressure, or

forced under by weight of the water.

376 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Achquakenuna Tachquahacannena, u'here blocks (for pounding corn) are made

Acquakenimk. by us, or the place from ivhich ice get the ivood ice make our

pounding blocks of, namely, the gum tree, which they call

tachquahcaniminschi.

Muscomecon Maskhannecunk, rapid running stream. It is a Monsey word.

Piscataway Pisgattauwi, it is getting dark. Same name in Pennsylvania,

New Hampshire, &c.

Wisconk River. . . . Wisquonk, the elbow.

. . . Wisquon, a twist of tobacco, yarn or any thing that may be
twisted.

Suspecough Sispeekch or Sispeek, muddy, dirty ivater ; muddy pool or

pond; muddy stream,.

.\mboy. ...... Emboli. So called by the Indians who dwelt there. AVhen

they speak of this place they say " Embolink." This Indian
name implies holloiv in the inside. They say " embolhallol,"
hollow it out. Embolhican is the name of a roundish adze,
to work out bowls, canoes, wooden shovels, &c. I was for-
merly, for upwards of twenty years together, acquainted with
a venerable and trusty Indian, who had been born at that
place, and who, when he died in 1780, was believed to be
upwards of one hundred years old. He told me that the
place, resembling something like a bowl, lying low and sur-
rounded with higher grounds, was tlierefore called Emboli.

Chyoes Island The Indians call the place where the town of Burlington stands,

Tschichohacki, which means ancient cultivated land, or the
oldest planted ground; they say that here was built their
first town on the river. There did, however, in later years
live an Indian on the spot named Schigo, which means
widower ; and Proud is also correct in saying that this place
(and the country down the Delaware) was inhabited by a
tribe of the Delawares called " Mandas;" but, according to
some Indians who were of this tribe, they had a hundred
years ago incorporated themselves with the other branches, the
Unamis and Unalachtigo. See Proud's History of Pennsyl-
vania, vol. i. p, 144.

ON INDIAN NAMES.

377

INDIAN NAMES OF RIVERS, CREEKS, &c. IN MARYLAND.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Shenandoah River.

Mesongo Creek.

Schindhiindowi. This is the proper name I'or that river. I was
told so by White, the NaiUicoke chief, who was born in Mary-
land. The word is true Delaware ; yet, more properly writ-
ten, it should be Schindhandowik. The word signilies, the
sprucij sti-cam, a stream passing by spruce pinca, whit-h
probably are or were at some place or other on the banks of
this river. I should write the word Shinshandiiwcck, to
adapt it to the English pronunciation.

Meschange, where ive killed the deer, a good place for killing
deer.

Aquia Creek Equi'i or Equiwi, in, betiveen {soinething).

Quentico GenUca or Kintika, a dancing, frolicking place.

Corapechen Colapechen, fine naming stream.

Opicon River Opiquon and Achpiquon, a flute, or any other musical instru-
ment; Opekhan, stream of a whitish colour.

. . . . Hopi'quon, a rib; also the fore shoulder of a four footed
animal.

Pokomoka River. .
Potowmak River. .

Monocassy Creek. .

Occoquan River.

Vol. IV.

. Pocqueumoke, /)/rtfe of shell fish, clams, &c.

. Pedharamok, they are coming {by water): so the Indians have
told me.

. Menagassi, a stream having several large bends. (See the
same word in Northampton county, Pennsylvania.)

. Okhiicquan, Woakhucquoan, (short) Hucquan. All these words
signify a hook, whether it be a pot hook or a piece of iron
or other metal, bent in that form.

.4U

378 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Conecocheague. . . . This is already explained under the head of Cumberland

county, Pennsylvania.

Petapsco River. . . . Petapsqui, bank or tide water, causing a froth, the word tqui

meaning ivaves or sivells, caused by ivinds or other force.

Sassafras River. . . . Winakhanne, sassafras stream.

Picco waxen Pico waxen or pikuwaxen, torn shoes, shoes ivith holes; pixu,

it is torn.

Senegar Creek Sinnike, stony ; shinnikh-krme, stotiy creek.

Senegar Falls Sinnipehella, luater rushing over rocks or stones.

Piscataway Pisgattawi, it is getting dark. (See the same name in Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey.) There is also a river of this
name in New Hampshire.

Aquakik Achewek'ik, very brushy, a thicket, difficult to pass. (See the

same name in Pennsylvania.)

Pamimky Creek. . . . Pihmunga, where ive took a sweat; namely, where ive were

siceating ourselves (in the sweat oven).

Wicomico Wikhamiku, icherc the houses are building. (See the same

name in Pennsylvania.)

Queponco Creek. . . . Cuweupungo, pine wood ashes. Probably they had no other

ashes for baking their bread than that of the pine wood.

Manokin River. . . . Menachkink, an enclosed place, a field, fort, &c. Probably a

fort had been built on this river at an early day, or an enclo-
sure made. (See Pittsburg.)

Aquasquit Creek. . . . Achqwasquit, ehowasquit, grassy, overgrown n-ith grass (as

generally old towns are).

Magotty River Megukty, a small plain or prairie (probably on a river).

Chiknicomika Tschikenumike, the place of turkeys, where the turkeys are

plenty.

Tuckahoe Creek. . . . Tuchkchowe, deer are shy, difficult to come at ; also, Uichzuch-

siiak, the place where the deer are very shy.

ON INDIAN NAMES.

879

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Nantikoke River.

Wilipquin Creek.

Chesapeake Bay. . .

NeehticOk, Neehtciikink, the place of the Nanticokes (where
they had their settlements).

Wihlipquin, the place of interment of sculh (and /loni.^). Tliese
people had tlie custom of collecting the sculls :iud bones of
their dead, and burying them in caverns or holes dug in the
ground, all together.

Tschsichwapeke, or more fully written, Ktschischwapccki, from
kitschi schwapeck, a superior or greater nalliali. liai/ ; the
syllable peek signifying a bay, lake, basin, or (leep /rater
without any visible current. But to shorten the word, they
say k'tschischwapeke, the first letter, k, scarcely lo be iieard.
The guttural chw is in our English Mord omitted.

INDIAN NAMES* OF RIVERS, PERSONS, &c. IN VIRGINIA.

Powdiatan It appears that this Indian chief bore tlie same name as tlie river

now called James river; if so, the river must have been called
Powhathanne, which would signify the river of pregnancy,
fruitfubiess, the fruitful river.

Nansemond Neunschimend (German pronunciation), the place where ivi

fled, had to fly for it, ivere driven off from.

Kiquotan Kiguatank or Kigeuetank, «/jf r«on //m/ /if«/s, or ?/'/(f(T //it .siVA

are cured. This place seems to have been a small settlement.
where probably a physician resided.

Arrahattuk Allahattek, empty, all gone, there is no more of it. Proliably

meaning some article that was sold off, or the rum bottle or
keg empty.

Pocohantas Pocohantes or Pockohantes means a run between two hills.

Pocohontas. Pockowahne is a creek between two hills; Pochohanne is the

* These names, taken from an early written history of Virginia, will show that the people we call Do-
lawares were at the time the English arrived there in full possession of that country, as they themselves
say was the case. — J. II.

380 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Pocohantas.

same in the Unami idiom. The termination tes denotes a
run only, not a creek or large stream; so that hantes is a
diminutive of " hanne," a river, creek or stream.

Chickahominy Chickamahony (English pronunciation). Tlie word signifies

turkey lick. Tschikenumahoni (German), a place resorted
to by turkeys. I know several places bearing this name on
account of turkeys coming to the lick to drink.

Uttamaccomak l]chta.maga.na.tmeans a pathmaker,aleader,awarrior ; w'tama-

ganat, a chieftain, a leader of a band.

Oppechaneanough. . . Opeekhanneu, a stream of tvater of a whitish colour; or

hoppechkhanne, rain worm stream; huppeechk means a par-
ticular insect which the Indians call a rain worm.

Tomahawk Tamahican is the Delaware word for a hatchet or an axe.

Neraattanow Nemaltinna. This word means our brother Nimattinna (an

Indian war chief).

Oaksuskie River. . . . Woakassisku. This word implies, winding, marshy grounds,

boggy swamps (full of broad sunken ground and marshes).

Accomack Bay. . . . . A.chgava.i^\i. means, broad still water, broad bay.

Poccosen River (probably). Pduckassin, thejilace ofbcdls, bidlets, lead.

Pammiky River. . . . Pihmunga, the place of sweating.

Mattapony River. . . . Mattachpona, no bread at all; matschachpona, bad bread.

Wicocomico River. . . Wikhachkomeko, tvhere they are building houses, or yonder

where they are building.

Pocomoke River. . . . Pockhammokik, knobby, broken with knobs, hills.

Chissenessick River. . . Chuessenesik (English), Tschuissenetschik (German), ^Aejs/ace

of blue birds, the harbouring place of the blue bird.

Pungoteque River. . . . This word perhaps means, where powder is to be had; yet as

the single word pung signifies dust, ashes, powder, even sand,
it may be applied to any thing dusty, and so mean a sandy
place, or where ashes are collected. The great sand fly is
called Piingus.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 381

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Powcoranie Altar stone.

Monacan Town. . . . Monhacan, a spade; also any instrument made use of to dig up

the ground.

Wasebur, flfn Ae>-6. . . . Weschkhdck, physic tliat 7vorks doicnwards, calfiarlic.

Chapacour, a rooi. . . . Tschiippichk, 7ncdkuic prepared from phinls, &c.; tschuppik,

a root.

Tangomoekonomingo. . Tangamochkomenunga. The autlior intprprrLs this : l/iei/ came

from little beaver creek. He prolKilily niislook the iii(\iiiing,
which nuist liave been, that a liurk for medicine had l)cen
brought from Tangamochke, little beaver creek. JNIenunga
means bark.

Macock Metz-hack means, eatable hard shelled fruit. The syllable

tnetzin [eatinix) and hack for a hard rind or shell. Ilackhack
is their name for the ground. Every diflerent kind of pump-
kin squashes has a particular or distinguishing name. The
general name is gescandhakall for any eatable pumpkins or
squaslies, which means, those kinds of fruits of this descrip-
tion whose rind or shell becomes soft by boiling. It is the
Indian name for all kinds of melopepones, and the lesser kind
of pompions or cashaiv. The Indians in Canada make boxes
of the tough stroni>- bark of the birch and elm trees to pack
their maple sugar in, which they call " mococks."

Moccasin. . . , . . Maxen or macksen is the name for Lidian shoes.

Huscanawpen This word, which I well understood, is hus-ca-leii-naw-pa-i.

I have heard the Indians sing it at tlieir festival dances; and
understood it as expressing the words, husca n'lenapewia,
indeed I am an Indian, in the sense that he or they were
pure and not degraded from their origin. They have also
other long words, which they sang oil", but which I never
could perfecdy understand.

Wigwang Wiquoam (English pronunciation, weekwam), a house.

Matchacomoco Matachgenimoak, they are counselling about icar, holding a

council of war.

Werauwance Ilawi, ftti'arc/iie/"; wajauwi (Mousey dialect), a j/uViVari/ o^/'cer,

a chief

Vol. IV.— 4 V

382 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Wisoccan Thus the author says that the Indians call their physic or medi-

Wighsacan. cine generally ; but in this he is gi-eatly mistaken. The word

Woughsacan. " wisoccan," or more properly wisachcan, signifies bitter,

sharp to the palate ; any thing that has a sharp, hitter taste:
and it has numerous derivatives ; thus, wisachgim is the name
for sour grapes; wisachgank, for rum, brandy. (Bitter
enough, to be sure !)

Winank Winak, or winaak, the sassafras tree.

Matomkin Mattemikin, to enter into a house.

Gingoteque Schinghatteke, he does not want it, despises it.

Kiequotank Kiwlkquotank, a visitor, one tcho pays visits.

Matchopungo Machischipimgo, bad powder, or bad ashes.

Occohanock Okehanne, Woiikehanne, crooked, winding stream.

Oanancock Auwannaku, foggy.

Chiconesse Tschiconesink, zvhere it was forcibly taken away.

Wyanoke Wigunska, the point of an island.

Gangascoe Shingascui, level and boggy, level, icet and grassy {ground).

Menheering Menhattink, Menachtink, (Monsey) on the island.

Rappahannok Lappihanne, the current has returned, or flows again, a place

where it ebbs and flows ; lappahanink, at the place where
the tide water comes, where water comes and runs o^' again.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 383

NAMES OF DELAWARE CHIEFS AND OTHER NOTED CHARACTERS
OF THIS NATION, SINCE THE ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM PENN, TO-
GETHER WITH THE SIGNIFICATION OF SOME OF THE NAMES
HERE PRESENTED, AND SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Idquahon These are called in aiicicnl defils ■' .sarliaiiiakcrs," whicli word

I-anottowi. appears to be intended lor cliirf.-i, whom the iJelawares call

Idquoquekon. " sakima," but Europeans generally call them " sachems."

Temanen Probably Temenend, the ajjablc.

Metamequon Mattemikgihi, he that haa entered [a house).

Maykeerick-Kisksho. . . Macheli-giscliguall, mun^i duijs (Swedish Delaware).

Okanickon Okanican and Woukeni'can, an. iron hook, pot hook. This ciiief

died at Burlington about the year 1081. (Smith's History.)

Sheoppy fic\\i\\3.eA\iA, tired cif staying {in a place), ox 'iic\wyw:\\\n,uloni;

the water's edge or sea shore.

Jakkursoe Achculsoet. one ivho takes earc of a thing, a preserver, Tliis

chief is well known to me by hearing of the Indians ; he had
for some years been intrusted with the wanipinn speeciies
and papers from government respecting national allairs.

Tattamy, generally called Tadumy (English pronunciation), Tademy (German). This
King Tattamy. man was for many years the principal chief in the Forks

of Delaware, and resided on the Nazareth tract, at tlie town
called Welakamika, when the brethren, through count Ziii-
zendorf, purchased the manor. He was friendly to all white
people, and therefore in their esteem, particularly so with
the brethren, who invited him to remain as long ;ls he chose
to stay on the land, and be their neighbour; but such was
the wickedness of some people that came and settled in tlic
parts, that a young Irishman with a gun meeting him on the
road, shot him dead.

384

ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Agushuwa Echgiishuwe, a great chief of the Monsey tribe.

Weekwely, or Wekahelah
[ProiuVs History of
Pennsyhania). Week-
quehela(5Vm//i's Histo-
ry of New Jersey).

Wequehella (English pronunciation), Wiquihilla (German pro-
nunciation). This word means, to be fatigued. The chief
so named, in consequence of his having shot and killed a
white man, named Leonard, was hanged in the year 1728,
near Shrewsbury. Tlie nation deplored the loss of this chief,
believing him to have been too good a man to commit the
act wilfully.

SUSQUEHANNA CHIEFS AND COUNSELLORS.

Olumapies Olumapisid, we tied, well bundled up.

Lingehanoak Linquechinoak, they look stedfastly {at some object), from

" linquechin," to look, to behold).

Kelly-raacquon. . . . Chelik-mekgun, yoic received much, you ivere well rewarded.

Quitieyquont Quitiequond, o?iew/w commands siVence; also, o«ewAor£proD£s,

reprimands.

Pishqueton Pisguwitamend, he who keeps on, though it is getting dark.

Pisquetumen. On account of this man's perseverance when sent with a

message by his chief, or the council.

Nenachyhaut. . . . Nenatschihat, a guard, watchman.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 385

FORKS OF DELAWARE CHIEFS, &c.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Toweghkappy, called by Tawikachpi, he is not in the house.
the wlilte people Cor-
nelius Spring.

Sassoonan Schessiina (English pronunciation, shassuna), our tinch. The

Indians sometimes give such names as uncle, brother in law.
to aged people, as a mark of respect.

Lawyequohwon. . . . Lawiequaham, in the middle of the house.

Nutimus I>liita.mws, a striker of Jish with a spear. This man was called

Isaac by the whites.

Pokehais Pockehais, a knob of a hill.

Metaschechay Mctachschiechey, he who is now building nests ; alluding to

the time when the birds generally begin to build their nests.
The Indian here so named was a great character among his
people, and was at the treaty held in September 1718 at
Conestogo.

Ayyamaikan Ajamaikend, he who claims something, or takes something

away as his own property.

Ghettypenceman. . . . Gettyplensemaan, he tcho speaks some French, or he ivho is

becoming a Frenchman; alluding to his understanding the
language in part. They not having the letters /and r in their
language, say " Plensemaan," for Frenchman.

Opekaset Opekhasit, it or he is made white, luhitened.

Pepawmaman. .... Pepommahemen, to go by ivater in a craft, canoe.

Aweaykomon Achwidchgeman, hard at planting {corn, &c.).

Vol. IV.— 4 W

386 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Tus8oigheenan Taschawikhenan, he will not build a house so soon, is not in a

hurry about building himself a house.

Neeshaloppih Nischalachpi, there are two together [ivithin).

Monokykickan Monachkhican, an instrument for digging the ground— pick-
axe, grubbing hoe, spade, &c.

Lappawinzoe Lapawinsoe, he is gone again, gathering nuts, corn, or any

thing eatable.

Nutimus, called Pontius Nutamas, a striker offish tvith the spear; generally called
by the while people, Pontius Nutamaes — an excellent man, who never drank liquor,

was brother to the chief was born on Delaware where Philadelphia now stands;

of the same name. removed to the Ohio between the year 1742 and 1750; died

on Muskingum in 1780, at the age of near one hundred years.

Taughliaughsey. . . . Tachquatschi, to feel cold, shiver tvith cold.

Teedyusking Tadeiiskund, a noted Delaware chief in the Forks, was burnt

Tedeuskung. up in his house at Wyoming in the spring of the year 1763.

For a sketch of his life, see Heckewelder's Account of Indian

Nations, chapter 40, page 300.

.'* Loquis Loquis (afterwards named Joseph Pepee) spoke very good

/ William Loquis. English — had been a member of Mr Brainard's congrega-

''"' / tion — was sent, during the war of 1750, by the governor of

I Pennsylvania, with a message to the enemy ; after the peace

/ he joined the Christian Indians — lived with them at Shesch-

/ equon, on Susquehanna, and afterwards on Muskingum; died

on the Miami about the year 1782, being upwards of ninety
years old.

Shicalamy Shikelliraus (Loskiel). This noted man was properly a Cayuga

Shickcalamy. {Colden's (Six Nations) chief — resided for many years at Shamokin,

History of the Five Na- during which time much of the business between the Six

tions.) Nations and the government of Pennsylvania was transacted

with him ; he was the father of the noted Indian chief, Logan,
who sent the remarkable speech to Lord Dunmore, as stated
in Jefferson's Notes of Virginia; he rendered many services
to the United Brethren when on their missionary journeys to
the Indians. (See Loskiel's History of the Mission for a
sketch of his character, &.C., part 2, pages 31, 109, 120.)
He died in 1749. It was said that Logan's mother was a
Shawanese.

ON INDIAN NAMES. 387

I'opular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

Paksinous Paxnous, a chief of the Shawncsc, on the Susquehanna, a

Paxnous. great friend of tlie Brethren; rendered them services. See

Loskiel's History, part 2, page 164.

WAR CHIEFS AND COUNSELLORS.

Tasucamin Tasiickamend, he ivho never blackens himself.

Cushawmekwy. . . . Gischameke, ready to go (meaning, ready to go to jvar), packed,

bundled up, &c.

Kehkehnopaltin. . . . Gichkenopahit, a great ivarrior, one who is expert in war.
Keyheynapolin. The word is Minsi.

Macomal Micomil, remind me, put me in mind.

Wachaocautaut. . . . Wachwalgetochtant, the lover of eggs, the longer for eggs.

This was his true name.

Captain Peter Indian name unknown to me.

John Hickman Indian name unknown to me. He was an interpreter.

Kekeuskung Kigeiiskund, the healer, one ivho ctircs woimds, bruises. Sic.

Captain B^ll. He was accounted a great warrior, and has ever been known

t^ to join parties of the Six Nations against the Cherokees. I

,^ saw him in November 1762, on the Allegany mountains, on

(/^W-'i-' }iis return from war against that nation; he was of the Mon-

sey tribe.

. . . . Newalike and Nihmha had been chiefs of the Monsey tribe at
Minisink, afterwards on the Susquehanna, and finally at
Sandusky.

. . . . Allemewi and Gendaskund were Monsey chiefs on the Allegany
river.

. . . . Nihmha, a Monsey chief, born at Minisink, on Delaware: after-
wards a chief on the Susquehanna and on Ohio.

388 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, wiih Remarks.

. . . . Weschnass, a Monsey war chief from Susquehanna.

Nedowaway Netawitwees. This chief had been a signer to the treaty held

with the Indians at Conestogo in tlie year 1718. He was then
a young man, between twenty and thirty years of age. Being,
however, by lineal descent a candidate for the chiefdora of the
first tribe in the nation (the Turtle), and of course one day
to be placed at the head of the whole, he was instructed
accordingly, and had the care of all verbal speeches with
wampum, bead vouchers and such as were given in writing
from William Penn's time down to the time he and many
others left the Atlantic states, in consequence of their land
being taken away from them, and as they thought unjustly,
especially by the loy^g walk, by which they were so abomina-
bly cheated of their lands. Having arrived in the Ohio coun-
try, he found numbers of his nation who had fled thither from
the Atlantic settlements, and on account of the white people
encroaching on them so fast, and dispossessing them of their
choice situations, and foreseeing, that, ere long, cruel wars
would be carried on between the combined Indian nations and
the English, and that the former would be joined by the
French, he chose to settle with his people by himself in a
remote part of that country, where he could consult with the
\ most powerful body of the enemy, the northern Indians and

{ the French, and occasionally, when required, give advice to

- his (hostile) nation. His first step was to enter into a cove-

.■ nant with the Wyandots, and see that the country which the

Delawares had partially evacuated some centuries before,
should be restored to them ; all which was complied with,
to his wishes. By advice of the Wyandot chiefs, he for
the present settled on the Cayahaga river, where he stiU
resided in the year 178'2, when I was in that country, leaving^
the rivers Muskingum and Big Beaver open for any of his
nation tliat were there already, and should afterwards come to
settle there; wherefore the Turkey tribe, under their chief,
Tamaque, alias King Beaver, settled and built a town at the
mouth of Nemoschili Creek, since called Tuscarawas.
When, in tlie year 1763, the two English armies, the one com-
manded by colonel Bouquet, and the other, by way of lake
Erie, commanded by colonel Bradstreet, were coming into the
Indian country to compel the Indian nations by force of arms
to a peace, this chief was much alarmed ; being, where he
was situated, within tlie reach of the latter, and flying across
the ridge which divides the waters of the lake from those of
the Ohio, in order to run down the Muskingum in a canoe,
and so escape both armies, he was discovered by some of

ON INDIAN NAMES. 3S9

Popular Names. ^^^^^^^ Proper Namei'. with Remarks.

Nedowawny.

i'oloiu-1 Bouquet's Indian spies and lorcihlv l)r(iui;lil mio ilic
camp, where the colonel, in consequence of liis not allciu!in>;
to the message he had sent him. to come into his camp lo a
council for peace, publicly deposed him, placiiiir anodicr idiicl
in his stead.
The peace being concluded between the Knplisii and ihc Indian.-^,
and colonel ]5ou(iuet again out ol' their counlry, the first acl
of tlic Delaware nation was formally to reinslute this ilieir
deposed chief to his former station, vesting him with all ihc
necessary powers; in which station he remained until his
death, in the autumn of the year 177C, being then near mnciy
years of age. It was with this chief liiat I saw at dincreut
times the speeches of AVilliam Pcun and his successors:
which speeches, whenever brougla to view, caused auimaiion
to all present. Of William Penn, whom he personally had
known, he spoke respectfully. It was the falling oil or
decrease of his nation, since the white people had come into
the country, that caused iiim pain, and made him Icar il:r
future. Yet in the latter years of his lil'e lie fell somewhat
comforted, finding they were fast approaching towards Christ-
ianity; hoping that by this they might prosper, ho did his
utmost to encourage his people lo receive the gospel and join
the Christian Indians then in their country.

Nutumus. (Isaac.) . . (I'roperly) Nntamses (see page 386, for the signification of the

word), had also in early years been a counsellor and sisrner
of treaties, while he resided on the rivers Delaware and Sus-
quehanna, and for the same cause as their chief removed with
his brother Pontius to the Ohio. Both ol' these brothers were
amiable men, and beloved by all wliito people who knew
them, and who had therefore given them the names they
went by. Isaac having a mechanical turn, soon learned the
use of tools, and became a tolerably good blacksmith, whicli
profession he followed until his death ; first at Sliaraokin, and
then on the Bluskingum, delighted with the handsome corn
hoes, hatchets and other articles made by his own hands.
He generally built himself a house at some distance from the
village where he resided ; he would put his planting grounds
under good fence and plant fruit trees near the house, prefer-
ring manual labour to that of legislating. lie and his brother
died about the year 1780.

Lawelochwelend. . . . This name means one iv/to walks between two ot/iers, or t/ie

iiiiddle person of three that walk abreast. He who bore it
was born on or near the spot on which the town of Philadel-
phia stands ; he was, at the time when the lirst house was

Vol. IV.— 4 X

390

ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Lawelochwelend.

built there, a lad of about twelve or thirteen years. He caught
fish and rabbits, and shot ducks, pheasants, &c. for the work-
men, which he brought to a woman that cooked for them,
and kept a huckster's shop, or had trilling articles for sale, who
in exchange gave him such things as needles, thread, scissors,
knives, awl blades, &c. for his mother. After he was grown
up, he, with many others, went to the Ohio country for the
sake of hunting and trapping for beavers, otters, &c., visiting
the place of his nativity several times, until at length he was
made a chief in that country, and settled his abode at the
Mahony Town, on the path that leads to Cayahaga.
About 1773, while on his journey to the White river (an arm
of the Wabash), for the purpose of trapping beaver (being
considered a master in that art), he, on passing through the
Christian Indian village at Schcenbrunn, on the Muskingum,
took the resolution of resigning his station of chief and joining
that society, which having done, he became a worthy member,
and died at Lichtenau, in 1779, much regretted on account of
his Christian-like conduct, which had served as an example to
others. His age must have been about ninety years.

Welapachtsciechen.
Captain Jones.

This word implies, standing in an erect posture, or set tip
straight against any thing that can support and prevent
from falling. This chieftain was of the Turkey tribe, and
resided on Hockhocking, at Achsinnink (the standing rock).
He was a tall and well looking man, and on account of his
gentleness and ail'ability, beloved by all who knew him.
Indeed his benevolence and hospitality extended to all who
came in his w^ay, of whate^'er colour they might be. He had
married a prisoner woman, brought in during the French war,
by whom he had three children, one son and two daugiiters,
whom he brought with him when he joined the Cliristian
Indian congregation in the year 177G. He ever had been
adverse to wars and bloodshed, and walked a godly life unto
the end. He was one of those who were murdered b}-
Williamson's party on the Muskingum in the year 1782.
His children are now respectable members of the society at
Fairfield, Upper Canada. On his baptism he was named
Israel. See Loskiel's History, part 3, pp. 112, 130, &c.

VVewuiidorhwalend.

This name signifies, a person going on important messages or
errands. He was a great war chief during the French war,
and in peace a councillor. He had the figure of a water
lizard tatooed on his under lip and chin, for which reason he
was called Tweegachschasu. See Heckewelder's Account
of Indian Nations, in Hist. Trans., page 193.

ON INDIAN NAMES.

391

Piipular Names.

Pruper Names, witli Remarks.

Buekcnc^illLi, so called In
the « liite people.

I'ach'iLuUsi.'luliilkis means a fidjilln; one who siiccirds in all I /nil
he laidcrtukcs. He was a son of the aliove iiaTiieil i-luL-r, anil
head warrior of all those Dclawares who lived on l!ie .Mnuni
and White rivers. He was rcsohile and luave, yei not riiiel ;
he reasoned as a man of sense, and decided proniptK : ui all
cases cndeavonring to do justice where the case wonld adrnii
of it. 8eo Ileckewelder's Narrative ol' ihe iMi.-^sinn, patje
215, Arc.

Tatabnkska, so cailcu hv
the white people, alias
the (ilaze Kino-.

Captain White Eyes, so
called by the white peo-
ple. In Post's Journal
of 175S he is called
Coclnjnacaukehlton ; in
other places his name is
written Kuckquctacton.

'rctepachksi was for a number of years a councillor of the iircai
council of the Turtle tribe at (ioshachkint;- (forks of the Mus-
kingum) ; afterwards he became a chief of the Dclawares who
resided on Ihe White river. He was rather timorous, aiul
easily prompted to become jealous or mistrustful, thouirh In-
meant no harm to any body, and rather than make a mistake,
would leave others to act in his stead. Yet, harmless and
innocent as he was, he was by the prophet 'J'ccum.seh declared
a ivitch, and condemned to die; in consequence of which sen-
tence, his executioners took him to the distance of eight or
ten miles from their village, and there tomaiiawked him. and
then burnt his body on the pile. See Heckcwelder's Narra-
tive of the Mission, page 410.

Coiiuelhagcchton was his proper name. 'I'his man, ihougli
small of stature, was one of the bravest and best men the Dela-
ware Indian nation ever had. As a war chief, though valiant
when engaged with his enemy, he had never been charged
with cruelty. As a councillor, he acted with prudence, and
was not presumptuous. He was sensible, generous and hos-
pitable to all who needed it, sincere in friendship, resolute
and bold in counteracting the artifices of intriguers, and in
putting down usurpers. Having been for a long time Hrsi
counsellor to the great chief Netawatwecs, who died in the
year 1770, he now became chief in liis stead, or at least
accepted the appointment for a limited time, and until tin
young chief by lineal descent should be of proper ai;(; to
superintend the councils. Having had previously, for a
number of years, an opportunity of witnessing the progress
the (.-hristian Indians were making towards civilization, he
considered his nation in a fair way of bcioming a civilized
people, and calculated on the return of peace as the proper
time for making a beginning towards it, in which project he
was encouraged by the then Indian acjent colonel Cicorge
Morgan of Princeton, New Jersey; but he did not live to see
that lime, for while accompanying general Mackintosh with

392

ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Captain White Eyes.

his army to the Muskingum, in the year 1778 or 1779, he took
the small pox and died. The nation felt the loss of this chiet
severely, and notified it to all the surrounding nations and
tribes, who, of course, in due time, either by speeches and
strings of wampum, or in per.son, condoled with the nation on
the occasion, as they had done on learning the death of his
predecessor, Netawatwees, some years before. White Eyes
had been the prop of the notion generally. Through his
death a division took place at the instigation of political
enemies. See Heckcwelder's Account of the Indians, in
Hist. Trans., pp. 1.39, 275.

KiUbuck, jun., so called
by the white people,
who had formerly given
his father tiiis name.

Gelelemend was his proper name. The word means, he who
takes the lead, or the leader. Although this Indian was not
hi a direct line entitled to the chicfdom, yet on account of his
having for many years been a councillor of the Turtle tribe,
and also in consequence of the legal heir to the dignity of
chief being yet too young to fill this station, he was installetl
as temporary chief of the nation after the decease of captain
White Eyes, and, as his predecessors had done, he endea-
voured to keep the nation at peace, promising himself happy
times when civilization should have taken place ; to effect
'.vhich, he was told, time after time, by the Indian agents and
coiumanding officers at Pittsburg, that on a general peace
taking place, the American government would aid and assist
them. Notwithstanding all the measures this chief took to
preserve peace, the adverse party, headed by captain Pipe,
finally succeeded in defeating his purposes: nay, it even
became unsafe for the council to meet at the seat of govern-
ment (Goschachking) ; wherefore they, by the advice of their
agent and the commandant at Pittsburg, were invited to
remove to that town or its vicinity for protection, where thev
could transact business witli the faithful part of their nation in
safety. This good advice and excellent plan on tlie part of
the American government was, however, also defeated; for
while the friendly chiefs, together with a number of their
people, were peaceably living together on an island just
below the town of Pittsburg, they were suddenly surprised
and attacked by the murdering party, which had returned
from killing near a hundred of the Christian Indians, and
partly killed and partly put to fiight; from whence this chief
(Killbuck) saved his life only by taking to the river and
swimming across to the point or town, leaving all his pro-
perty behind, among which was the bag containing all the
wampum speeches and written docunuiils of William Penn

ON INDIAN NAMES.

393

I'opiilar Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Killbiiok, jiiii

:iiid his .successors for a great number of years, wliicli had
I'lir so long a time been carefully preserved by them, but now
had fallen into the hands of a murdering band of white
savages, who killed at the same time the promising young
Delaware chief above mentioned. The many services he
rendered to this country, but more immediately I'ennsylvania,
were at that time known and duly apprecialed: which ser-
vices, however, being obnoxious to the enemy, drew iheir
hatred upon him, so much so, that they declared him an out-
law— to be shot dead whenever met with, lie had therefore
to remain with his family at Pittsburg, and even after peace
had been concluded between the United States and the Indian
nations, he had concealed himself, when the drunken Indians
were about the way. Finally-, he joined ihe Christian Inilians,
and lived in a manner under their protection, yet never durst
venture far from home, from a fear that some of the strolliiiii:
Monseys, who threatened revenge, might come acros.s and
kill him. He received at baptism the name of AVilliam
Henry, a name long since given him liy an honourable mem-
ber of congress of that name; after which he lived a good
Christian, and died in January 1811, aged near eighty years.

Big Cat, so called by the
white people, on ac-
count of his Indian name
having that significa-
tion.

Machingtic Puschiis (the large cat) was an alile councillor lor
for many years, and afterwards a chief of the Turde tribe,
who assisted William Henry Killbuck faithfully in maintain-
ing the nation at peace, he being also a firm friend of
the American people, until they fell upon the Christian In-
dians on Muskingum, and murdered so many of ihem, and
next attacked their camp at Pittsburg, killing the young chief
and others; from whose murderous hands Big Cat narrowly
escaped; and from that time, not trusting any more to llieir
pretended fricndsliip, ho retired to tlie ]\Iiami, where he died

Captain Pipe.

Ilopocan, tobacco pipe, was this chief's name for many years
together, until in or about the year 1763 it was dropped, and
he was called Kogieschquanohcl, which means, cause day
light (as already noted). While a war captain ho also at-
tended the councils of his chief, who was of the Turkey
tribe. He was sensible, ambitious and bold, all which led
him to strive for popularity. He had also signalized himself
by his courage in his wars against the English nation, where
he acted in conjunction with the Frcncli against them. He
was known also as a schemer of plots and stratagems, in
order to deceive the enemy. Thug at one time I (believe it
was in or about the year 1763) he laid a plan for taking Fort
Pitt bv stratagem, in which scheme he however fiiled, and

Vol. IV.— 4 Y

394 ON INDIAN NARIES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Ucmarks.

Captain Pipe.

had the misfortune to be discovered and taken prisoner. This
scheme in this instance was somewliat similar to the one
which Pontiac had concerted for the taking of Detroit, and
if I am not mistaken, it was to have been executed at about the
same time. At both tlicse fortiiications the garrisons were
then short of provisions. Pipe's scheme was, that under
pretence that the nations were desirous of peace, he hoped to
succeed in drawing tlie officers, witlr part of the troops, out
! of the fort to the place where councils with the Indians were

{ generally held (which was on the green sod, just outside of

. the walls of the fort on the Allegany side) ; having drawn the

; officers and part of the garrison out, the attack was to be made

; at one and the same time on those within and without by the

.'' crreat body of Indian warriors, who were to descend the

Allegany river on rafts made for that purpose, and so con-
stiiicted that their arms and other weapons were concealed.
Pipe not returning again to the warriors' encampment up the
river at the appointed time, caused them to suspect that some-
thing must have happened, and that he had been either killed
or taken prisoner, as, indeed, was the case ; they then dis-
persed, and the scheme was entirely defeated. After a gene-
ral peace had been concluded, he settled himself, with others
of his tribe (the Wolf), on the Wahlhauding river (otherwise
called White Woman's creek, and also the West Fork of
Muskingum) ; whence he occasionally attended the great coun-
cils of the Turtle tribe at Goshochking, in the forks of the
two rivers ; until at length the revolutionary war afforded him
an opportunity of withdrawing liimself from this council, under
pretence that he could not act in concert with those who were
working their own destruction. He therefore sided with the
British, and became a tool in the hands of their agents or
subalterns in tlie Indian country. He w^as very eloquent.
See Heckewelder's Account of the Indian Nations, and his
Narrative of his Mission, &c. for furtlier particulars respect-
ing this chief. See particularly his Speech in Hist. Trans,
page 131.

Ghikenumnayundauk. . This name signifies, the carrier of turkeys, to wit, on his back,

as a load (alluding to his skill in killing these fowls). This
man was a great war chief and a councillor of note, attached
to Pachgantscluhillas's party on tlic Miami ; an orator scarcely
to be excelled in point of sweet, correct language, and easy
delivery. He was sensible and quick of comprehension ;
ingenious in conveying his sentiments figuratively; and when
delivering himself publicly, as orator to the chiefs, he was
listened to with the greatest attention.

ON INDIAN NAMES.

395

Popular Names.

Proper Names, with Remarks.

Hokkenljomska, so pro-
nounced by the while
people.

Hackinkpomskan. whirh name means to walk on (lie i^nnind, suc-
ceeded captain Pipe as chief, and was a sensible, spirited man,
more liberal than his predecessor, and universally beloved.
He boldly bid doilanco to tlic prophet 'I'ecurasch, when he
charged him with witchcraft.

Wingenum, so called by
the whites.

Wingenund, he rclio is fond of, or values some qraiHtij of
the mind. See Ileckcwelder's Account of Indian Nations,
chapter 38, page 279, under the head "Friendship."

Pegelen Pegilend, he icho throws an-ay [((nij Iking), was an inferior

chief, who occasionally carried messages, but being both a
good hunter and trapper, delighted more in this occupation.

Woakaholend This means loved and beloved, or loves and is loved; was a

councillor highly respected by all who knew him.

Pamaholen Pemaholend, loved ivithout intermission, he who is constuntltj

loved. lie was a respected and venerable man, who was
never known to quarrel, or to go to war. In the j'car 1799,
after joining the Christian Indians, he accompanied mission-
aries to White river, in the Wabash country, where, after
some years, he died, much regretted.

Wanafomend.

Echpallawehund.

Pakanke.

Killbuck, sen.

This means, he ivho is saluted, is met with friendship. He
was both a preacher and a prophet of the Mousey tribe.
See Ileckewelder's Account of Indian Nations, chaiitcr 39,
headed " Preachers and Prophets," and, for further particulars
of this man, see Loskicl's History of the Mission, part 3,
pages 22, 29, 33, 43, 44, 59, 02, 105.

He tvho missed the objeet at tchich he shot, or that whirh hf
aimed at. He was an amiable chief for a number of years
together, but finally resigned, and joined the Christian In-
dians at Gnadenhiitlen; was baptised by the name nf Peter,
led a godly life, and died a Christian.

This man was for many years the chief of Cuschcushke, on the
Big Beaver, in Pennsylvania.

This Killbuck was a portly looking man ; had been a great war
chief during the French and Indian wars, spoke good English,
and came in early times to Philadelphia on business with the
governor. He was a sensible and amiable man, became quite
blind a lew years before his death, which liappcncd about the
year 1770.

396 ON INDIAN NAMES.

Popular Names. Proper Names, with Remarks.

King Beaver Tamaque, which signifies a beaver, was his proper Indian

name. He was for many years a head chief of the Delawares
in the western country, and had his residence while I was
out in 1762, at Tuscorawas, on the Muskingum. At the
request of the governor of Pennsylvania, he went in that year
with Christian Frederick Post to the treaty at Lancaster. He
was admired and befriended by all who knew him. I con-
sidered him as my particular friend, and indeed he acted that
part; for when he found that the Indian nations had resolved
on a war with the British, he immediately apprised me of it,
requesting me in a fatherly manner to go out of the country
to a place of safety. He died about the year 1770, on the
spot where, two years afterwards, the Christian Indians from
the Wyalusing, on Susquehanna, built the town called Gna-
denhiltten.

Shingas Properly Shingask, which signifies level, boggy ground, or

bog ineadoio, was brother to King Beaver. He was, during
the time of the French war, considered as the greatest Indian
warrior of the day, and became a terror to the frontier settle-
ments of Pennsylvania; wherefore the governor offered a
reward of two hundred dollars, or pounds, I forget which, for
„.;... his head or scalp. Though in war an enemy, yet those who

.- "'•■•■,'/.■ knew him best, declared that he treated all those he had taken

prisoners with aflection. Passing one day with him, in the
y^ /:■ summer of 1763, near by where his two prisoner boys (about

' ' twelve years of age) were amusing themselves with Iiis own

boys, and he observing me looking that way, inquired what
I was looking at. On my replying that I was looking at his
prisoners, he said, " when I first took them they ivere such;
but they are now my children, eat their victuals out of one
and the same bowl !" which was saying as much as, that they,
in all respects, were on an equal footing with his own
children — alike dear to him.
Shingask was of small stature, but his actions proved that he
had a great mind. He, as well as his brother, professed
great friendship towards me, and his grown up sons rendered
me, at diflereut times, essential services. For other particu-
lars of this great war chief, see the account of his wife's
funeral, in Heckeweldcr's Account of the Indian Nations,
chapter 37; Hist. Trans., page 36-1.

397

ARTICLE XII.

Notice of Fossil Bones found in the Tertiary Formation of the State
of Louisiana. By lUchanl Harlan, 3I.D., Sfc. Read October H>.
1832.

IN conformity with a resolution recently passed by this Society,
requesting me to describe the osteological fossil remains presented by
Judge Bry, I have the honour to oflfer the following observations for
publication in their Transactions. The fossils consist of several frag-
ments of vertebras, and one of immense size nearly perfect ; together
with specimens of the soil, and several osteological fragments too much
mutilated to offer any descriptive characters.

For the local history of these fossils we are indebted to the follow-
ing letter from the donor, addressed to our venerable President,
Mr Duponceau.

Philadelphia, July 12, 1S32.
Dear Sir,

I have the honour to present to you, for the Society over which you
preside, some fossil bones, found on the Ouachita* river, in the state

* As I spell the word Ouachita diflbreiUly Irom the apparently adopted mode, it may not
be amiss to explain why I think that my orthography should be retained. Tlic ctynioloay
of the word is in one respect descriptive of the country. The word Ouachita is composed
of two Choctaw words; to wit, ouac, a buffalo, a cow, horned cattle in general, and chito,
large, pronounced tchito, bearing lighUy on the initial /. It meant the country of larcc Iniffulocs,
immerous herdsof those animals having formerly covered the prairies of Ouachita. All the
names (now translated into French) of Elver aiix Bceufs, Bayou Bmuf, have the same origin.
These animals have disappeared before civilization, with the Indian tribes, whose principal

Vol. IV.— 4 Z

39S FOSSIL BONES FOUND IN THE

of Louisiana, at a distance (south) of about fifty miles by land, and
one hundred and ten by water from the town of Monroe, in the parish
of Ouachita, and in lat. 31° 46' or 48'.

I regret that my very limited knowledge does not permit me to add
to this offer such a dissertation on the subject as would be useful or
even agreeable. A scientific memoir cannot be expected from one
who has now spent the last thirty years of his existence literally in
the remotest forests of Louisiana, whose life has during that long period
been entirely devoted to agricultural pursuits, and who has conse-
quently been deprived of all means of keeping pace with the progress
of science ; yet as 1 feel that it may be necessary to make you acquainted,
as far as lies in my power, with the locality of these bones, I beg leave
to submit the following observations.

It would be useless to offer more than a few casual remarks on the
geology of Louisiana, which is better known to the Philosophical
Society than to myself. That part of the state, beginning at the foot
of the highlands of Baton Rouge, on the eastern side of the Missis-
sippi, and at the hills in the parish of Cataouta to the sea, is evidently
soil of comparatively recent formation. You are probably acquainted
with the character of the dilTerent strata on which rests the lower
part of Louisiana. A description of them has been published as they
occur on the Bayou* St John, near the city of New Orleans, where

support they formed. They never remain long within hearing of the repeated strokes of the
axe, or of the voice of the white man. Nothing is left to remind ns of them at Ouachita but
tlie sound of tliis name, which may serve to keep in remembrance the fact of their former
undisturbed possession of the country. The common orthography, Trashita, destroys this
alhision and means nothing in itself. By retaining the mode of spelling which I have
adopted, it may serve to show how languages the most remote may receive the phraseology
of one another.

The first settlers at Ouachita were French hunters, who adopted, with diat facility peculiar
to their nation, not only the Indian mode of living, but, in some instances, their expressions.
Tlius they found the country named Big- Btiffalo, and they marked the different epochs of
their lives by such expressions as these: — Vannee de la grande cau (1798); and Vannee de
la grande oicrse (1810), when thousands of bears crossed the country, emigrating towards
the west.

* As the most important point in making ourselves well understood, is to attach to words
a permanent meaning, conveying at once and correctly the ideas we wish to express, I
beg leave to observe that I understand the word bayou to mean a stream which has little
or no current; such as the Bayou dc Siard, the Bayou de la JMcichoirc a I'Ours, which are

TERTIARY FORMATION OP LOUISIANA. 399

an enterprising gentleman (Mr Elkins) undertook to bore for good
water. lie reached to the depth of two hundred and twelve feet, but
endeavoured in vain to bore deeper. At that depth the soil appears
to be of the same nature as the dcposite noAV made by the Mississii)pi,
the intermediate strata being various; but no shells were discovered
except fragments of some Mvalvse, exactly similar to those now found
in the Bayou St John. Part of a crab Mas brought up by the auger,
at a depth of one hundred and sixty feet ; and, if my memory serves
me aright, a piece of a buck's horn was also found.

The hills, beginning at Cataouta, extend north to the Arkansas
river, and west to lied river, whence they spread to the Sabine.
Through that tract of country are interspersed overflowed lands, vary-
ing in extent according to the magnitude of the creeks, of which they
form the banks at low water, and which flow over them at high water.
In these hills \Qvy few ores are found except those of iron, which are
abundant in two ditTerent places; but no measures have yet been taken
to ascertain their value. The highest of the hills do not exceed eight
hundred feet above high water mark ; and in many places they dwin-
dle into gently rolling ground. These hills appear to be of a much
more ancient formation than the lower section of Louisiana. No
rocks, however, enter into their composition ; but a few sandj^ stones
and pebbles, nearly all siliceous, are occasionally seen scattered on
their summits, or in the beds of the numerous creeks fed by springs
issuing from them.

Sea shells are discovered in several places ; J found them on the
highest ridge which divides the waters running into Red river from
the tributary streams of the Ouachita. The tract, by far the richest
in calcareous substances, is the one within the limits where fossil bones
have been found, extending about fifteen miles from north to south,
and probably ten or twelve from east to west. Several years ago.
while rambling among these hills, I met with a small creek, the banks

hard!}' any thing more than natural drains to the adjacent low lands. A creek I conceive to
be a small stream running through the hills and highlands with a brisk and continued cur-
rent, and emptying itself into the bayous, rivers, or overflowed lands. These two expressions
are thus generally used in the upper parts of Louisiana.

400 FOSSIIi BONES FOUND IN THE

of which are in some places thirty feet high, in which I found many
different species of sea shells, among others, pedenites, hektmiites, &c.
At the same time, my attention w^as attracted by a quantity of cornua
ammonis, the largest of which did not exceed an inch and a half in
diameter, while many were much smaller.

The hill, in which the bones herewith presented were found, is
within the limits above described, at a distance of not more than two
hundred yards from the Ouachita river. About three years ago, after
the occurrence of a long spell of rainy weather, a part of the hill slid
down near to the water's edge, and thereby exposed twenty-eight of
these bones, which had been until then covered by an incumbent mass
of earth about forty feet thick. They were imbedded in a bank of
sea marl, a specimen of which is added to the bones, as well as of the
calcareous spar and talc also found in the same hill. I followed a
horizontal vein of this marl, five or six inches thick, which I traced to
a distance of about forty' feet, when it sinks into the valley under an
angle of from twenty-five to thirty degrees. It appeared to have
effloresced where it had been long exposed to the influence of the
atmosphere.

When these bones were first seen, they extended in a line, which,
from what the person living near the place showed me, comprised a
curve, measuring upwards of four hundred feet in length, with inter-
vals which were vacant. The person referred to destroyed many of
the bones by employing them instead of andirons in his fire place, and
I saved what remained from the same fate. I think, however, that a
great many more bones belonging to the same animal are yet covered,
and will gradually appear, as the soil and marl shall be w^ashed off by
the rain.

If I might presume to express an opinion as to the animal to which
these bones belong, I should venture to say that they were part of a
sea monster. The piece having the appearance of a tooth, which I
gathered myself on the spot, may assist in determining that point.
To you, Mr President, and to your learned colleagues, who are so fully
adequate to the task, I cheerfully relinquish the solution of this prob-
lem, as well as the determination of the epoch of our globe when the

TERTIARY FORMATION 01^ LOUISIANA. 401

animal existed. Accept, my dear sir, the expression of my ,2;reat
regard for yourself, and of my sincere Avishes for the prosperity of the
useful institution over which you preside.

Your friend and obedient servant.

II. 13KY.
P. S. Dui'ONCEAu, Esq.

President of the Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

The geological formation in which these bones occur is evidently
tertiary, similar to that extensive, belt which characterizes our Atlantic
borders. The piece of '• sea-marl" allXided to in the above letter, is a
conglomerate mass of small marine shells, consisting principally of an
extinct species of Corbula, about to be described by Mr T. Conrad.
who has met with a similar formation, including the same shells, in
Alabama. Most of these shells are comminuted ; a few however are
perfect. On the upper surface of the mass, there remains a stratum
of clay, half an inch in thickness, inclosing pieces of crystallized car-
bonate of lime. The portion noticed by Mr Bry as displaying the
appearance of a tooth, does in reality possess considerable resemblance
in size and form to the teeth of some of the fossil Sauriens ; l)ut, on
closer inspection, it is recognizable as a portion of the cast of a Pinna.
with «ome of the shell still remaining attached to its ])ase.

The principal fossil which forms the subject of this paper, consists
of a vertebra of enormous dimensions, possessing characters which
enable us to refer it to an extinct genus of the order '-Enalio-Sauri"
of Conybeare, which includes numerous extinct genera of marine
lizards or crocodiles, generally possessing gigantic proportions, which
iiave hitherto been found only in the sub-cretaceous series, from the lias
up to the weald clay inclusive, in England, France, and (lermany, and
in the supposed equivalent formations in North America. The animal
to which the present remnant belonged, existed at a period more recent
than that of any of its congeners hitherto discovered ; the formation in
which it occurs being generally referable to a geological epoch more
recent than any of the oolitic series.

We have compared our fossil with the following genera : — Moso-
saurus, Geosaurus. Megalosaurus. Iguanadon. Ichthyosaurus, and Ple-
VoL. IV.— 5 A

402 FOSSIL BONES-FOUND IN THE

siosaurus; from all of which it appears to be generically distinct;
though it hears a closer analogy to the vertehraB of the last named
species than to any other. The length of the axis of the hone is twice
its diameter, being fourteen inches long and seven inches broad. Its
sides are slightly concave in tlie middle, and the weight of the single
vertebra is forty-four pounds. Allowing this Individ ual to possess as
many vertebra as the Plesiosaurus, that is sixty-six, without those of
the tail, the weight of the whole fossil skeleton may be fairly estimated
as exceeding two tons ; even supposing each vertebra to weigh only
thirty pounds instead of forty-four, and calculating the weight of the
head, extremities, pelvis, and tail to be collectively but a little heavier
than the spine alone.

Judging from the position and descending obliquity of the transverse
apophyses, and the small size of the canal for the spinal marrow, this
vertebra must be referred to the posterior part of the column, most
probably to the lumbar region. This opinion is strengthened by the
coalition of the two foi'amina or fossae," which characterize the inferior
aspect of the vertebra? of the posterior part of the column in the spinal
bones of the Plesiosaurus;'^'' in which respect these portions of the two
fossils closely resemble each other. They are also similar in the planes
of the articulating surfaces of the bodies of the vertehrce ; but our fossil
differs totally from the same portion of the Plesiosaurus in its propor-
tions, the vertebra? of the latter being broader than long, whereas the
present specimen is twice as long as it is broad. All the superior
apophyses of the Plesiosaurus are attached by suture to their bodies ;
but there are no marks of such a structure in our fossil. In the
Plesiosaurus, the ribs are articulated with the distal extremities of the
transverse processes by a single tubercle. Reasoning analogically, the
same arrangement may be referred to the species under consideration,
the size of which is immensely superior to that of any of the Saurian
or Cetaceous tribe whatever. Judging from relative proportions, the
^Megalosaunis did not attain to more than forty feet in length ; the
Iguanadonof My ?,I:\nte!l did not exceed sixiy feet; but the individual

• All the vertebrae of the Plesiosaurus are eliaractcrizcd by two foramina on their niner
aspect, which approach each other as we descend the column, until at last they form 'out one
hole with a septum.

TERTIARY FORM.VTION Or LOUISIANA. 403

HOW produced could not have been less than Irom eighty to one hun-
dred feet long. According to the statement of judge Bry, there were
four hundred feet in extent, nearly in a linear direction, marked by
these fossils in the soil, which undoubtedly mclude the remains of
several individuals. If future discoveries of the extremities (paddles)
uid of the jaws and teeth of this reptile, should confirhi the indications
I have pointed out, we may suppose that the genus to which it
belonged, will take the name, by acclamation, of •' Basilosaukls.'

105

ARTICLE XIII.

Notice of the Discovery of the Remains of the Ich/In/osaurus in
Missouri. N. A. By Richard Harlan, M.D.. ^'c. Read Octolxr
19. 1S32.

FOR the interesting specimen which forms the subject of the present
memoir, I am indebted to the politeness of our fellow member, Major
N. A. Ware, who obtained it from a trader, with the information
contained in the foUowin"- label: — "A trader from the Rockv ninmi-
tains, on his return, near the Yellow-stone knobs, or hills, observed.
in a rock, the skeleton of an alligator-animal, about seventy feet in
length ; he broke off the point of the jaw as it projected, and gave it
to me. He said that the head part appeared to be about three or
four feet long."

The fossil fragments consist of anterior portions of the upper and
lower jaws. The form of the intermaxillary bone, the structure of
the teeth, and the mode of dentition, characterize the animal to which
these bones belonged as a species of the extinct genus Ichthyosauuus ;
and afford us the first indication of the existence of this genus of lost
animals on the continent of America.

Future discoveries will no doubt demonstrate that our country,
already rich in fossil reliquia?, possesses numerous species of fossil
Sauriens, those extraordinary inhabitants of a former state of our planet,
which sported on the bosom of the ocean, or enlivened the shores of
primordial worlds, ere yet the "lord of the eagle eye" had scanned the
creation, or waved his magic sceptre over the beasts of the earth.
Strange, indeed, are the forms, structures and habits of those beings
Vol. IV.— 5 B

406 DISCOVERY OP THE REMAINS OF THE

with which geological researches are making us acquainted : in the
beautiful and sublime at least, the pre-adamitic Fauna and Flora are as
yet unsurpassed by those of the present day. Cuvier remarks, — the
Ichthyosaurus has the snout of a dolphin, the teeth of a crocodile, the
head and sternum of a lizard, the extremities of a whale, and the ver-
tebra; of a fish ; whilst the Plesiosaurus has, with the same cetaceous
extremities, the head of a lizard, and a neck resembling the body of
a serpent.

The remains of four or five species of the Ichthyosaurus have
hitherto been discovered in England, France, and Germany. In Eng-
land their remains have been found from the new red-sandstone even
up to the green sand, which is immediately subjacent to the chalk.
They consequently belonged to almost all that epoch of secondary
formations, commonly known by the name of Jura formation ; but it
is to the blue-gray limestone, called Has by the British geologists,
that we are to look for the greatest abundance of these organic
remains. In the fragment from Missouri, consisting of the snout, or
anterior portion of the upper jaw, the intermaxillary bone is strongly
marked by sutures which separate it from portions of the maxillary
bones, beyond which it extends nearly two inches anteriorly. The
nostrils in this genus being placed near the eyes, the intermaxillary is
consequently without perforations for nostrils, and displays a remark-
ably dense structure ; its greatest breadth is two inches. It is perfo-
rated by several rather large foramina for the transmission of blood-
vessels, and contains four incisor teeth, two on each side, broken off
on a level with their sockets. The portions of maxillary bones
attached, contaiu three teeth on each side, all equally broken off at the
socket ; thus making in all ten teeth in a space of alveolar processes
four inches long — the total length of the fragment. The alveoles are
perfectly distinct, and consist of circular osseous elevations, in the
cavities of which the teeth are firmly fixed. The enamel is thick,
brittle, and of a jet black colour ; the cavities of the teeth are for the
most part filled with spath and quartz. The truncated surface of the
posterior portion of the fragment displays the mode of dentition, where
the young tooth, also hollow, is observed to project its point on the
inner side of the root of the old tooth ; the root of which it destroys

ICHTHYOSAURUS IN MISSOURI. 407

by pressure during growth, ami which falling, allows the young tooth
to take its place, the point of the young tooth always cutting the gum
on the inner and posterior part of the old tooth. On the inner and
posterior part of the anterior left incisor, is observed the conical point
of a young tooth, projecting in such a manner as to render a new
socket necessary for its future accommodation.

All the natural vacuities of these bones are filled with the; matrix
or rock in which they occurred, which consists of a dense blue-black
argillaceous limestone, effervescing with weak acids, and not milike
the matrix containing the bones of the Ichthyosauri from the lias of
England. Beautiful and rich specimens of these fossils are contained
in the cabinet of Mr G. W. Featherstonhaugh of this city. This
fragment of jaw is four inches long, two inches eight tenths broad,
and two inches in depth at its truncated part. It remains to notice
the fragment of lower jaw of the left side, of equal length with the
upper portions, and one inch two tenths in thickness, containing the
remains of five teeth, broken, and partially covered with the matrix.
The exterior surface of the bone is finely scabrous, or marked by the
attachments of the skin, and displays numerous foramina for the trans-
mission of nerves and blood-vessels. Near the base of the inner surface
is a deep longitudinal canal, which probably extended the whole length
of the jaw. From an experiment made by placing a portion of these
fossils in a dilute solution of muriatic acid, the whole mass would
appear to be soluble: thus denoting the loss of the animal constiluenl
of the bones.

The above considerations enable us to pronounce with ceilainty on
a fact, in itself interesting to the geologist, viz. the existence of the
remains of the genus Ichthyosaurus in the secondary deposites on the
banks of the Missouri river. In the present stage of tlie investigation
it is probably premature to pronounce with equal certainty on specific
distinctions; yet the magnitude of this skeleton, being thrice the size
of the largest of the species yet described, and the geographical position
of the fossil, seem to indicate such distinction. On comparison of the
teeth of the present species with those of a fine specimen of the head
of the largest species, the /. communis, in ^Ir Featherstonhaugh's c(d-
lection, peculiarities were observable. It is highly probable that future
discovery will throw more light on this interesting subjeci, as the

408 REMAINS OF THE ICHTHYOSAURUS IN MISSOURI,

present skeleton would appear to be not the only one exposed to view
in the valley of the Missouri ; and, judging from the zeal, ardour, and
scientific acumen with which such researches are prosecuted at the pre-
sent day in all quarters, we may hope that the era of their resuscitation
is not remote. To the Mosasaurus, Geosaurus, Saurocephalus, and
fossil crocodiles, the Ichthyosaurus and typifications at least of the
Plesiosaurus may now he added to this department of the fossil Fauna
of North America.

It is not improbable that Lcu'is and Clarke, in their Expedition
up the Missouri, allude to the remains of a similar animal in the
following extracts. "Monday, September 10th, 1804, we reached
an island (not far from the grand detour, between Shannon creek
and Poncarrar river), extending for two miles in the middle of the
river, covered with red cedar, from which it takes the name of
Cedar Is/and; just below this island, on a hill, to the south, is the
buck-hone of a fish forty-five feet long, tapering toivards the tail, and
in a perfect state of petrifaction, fragments of which were collected
and sent to Washington. On both sides of the river, are high, dark-
coloured cliffs." — Vide Lewis and Clarke's Exp. ed. 1814, vol. i. p. 69.
Again, on descending the Vellow-stone river: — -'The north side of the
river, for some distance, is diversified by jutting romantic cliffs, these
are succeeded by rugged hills, beyond which the plains are again open
and extensive. After enjoj'ing the prospect from this rock, to which
captain Clarke gave the name of Pompeifs Pillar, he descended and
continued his course; at the distance of six or sevea miles he stopped,
and while on shore, he saw in the face of the cliff on the left, about
twenty feet above the water, a fragment of the rib of a fish, three feet
long, and nearly three inches in circumference, incrusted in the rock
itself^ — Ibid. vol. ii. p. 358.

It has already been stated, that the fossils which we have described
were obtained near the junction of the Yellow-stone and J^Iissouri rivers.
Should the fossils noticed in the above extracts, prove to be of a similar
nature, the fact will display a formation extending from three to five
hundred miles in a direction east and west, and north and south.
Until further informed, it will be useful to apply to this species some
specific appellation, and we propose to designate it as the Ichthy-
osaurus MlSSOURIENSIS.

NOTE.

Since writing the foregoing essay, the author has enjoyed a more
extensive field of observation, in the examination of the numerous and
magnificent collections in every department of natural science, both
in Great Britain and in France. He has satisfied himself that the
Missouri fossil (I. Missouriensis) must be arranged as an extinct
genus altogether new, characterised, more particularly, in the fragment
in question, by the extreme length, breadth and projection of the
intermaxillary bone, in which it presents a marked dilTerence from
any species of the genus Ichthyosaurus, and approaches, in a slight
degree, animals of the Batrachian order.

Vol. IV.— 5 B*

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Fig. 1. Abdominal view of the vertebra of the Basilosaurus.
Fig. 2. Articulating surface of the body of the same.

Fig. 3. View of the superior surface of the anterior extremity of the snout of the
Ichthyosaurus Missouriensis.

Fig. 4. The fractured surface of the same.

Fig. 5. Palatine surface of the same.

Fig. 6. Lateral view of the same, external surface.

Fig. 7. Internal lateral view of the anterior extremity of the inferior maxilla.

Fig. 8. Fractured extremity of the same.

409

h

■ ■ 0 •

ARTICLE XIV.

Descriptions of new North American Insects, and Observations on
some already described. By Thomas Say. Read November 2.
1832.

AMBLYCHEILA, Saij.

Labrum transverse much wider than long ; mandibles prominent,
strongly toothed ; labial palpi elongated ; basal joint short, entirely con.
cealed by the mentum ; second joint short, spherical, resting on the
edge of the emargination of the mentum; the third joint elongated,
cylindric, with rigid hairs; fourth joint enlarging to the extremity
where it is truncate, somewhat sinuate ; mentum, tooth robust, promi-
nent, canaliculate before, acute ; antennae, second joint two thirds the
length of the third; wings none; elytra united ; eyes very small, hem-
ispherical, entire ; clypeus at tip entire.

A. cylindriformis, Say, (Manticora) Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. This
insect which I found near the Rocky Mountains, I described under
the genus Manticora, but judging by the present mutilated state of
the specimen it seems to agree better with the Megacephala. It dif-
fers from Manticora altogether in form, in the smaller size of the
head, and in not having a lobed thorax, &c., but it corresponds in the
comparative magnitude of the eyes, the diameter of which is hardly
more considerable than that of the basal joint of the antenna?. In the
size of the eyes it differs greatly from Megacephala, also in the circum-
stance that the basal joint of its labial palpi is altogether concealed by
the mentum : but it agrees with this genus in form, and is probably
Vol. IV.— 5 C

410 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

more closely related to it than to Manticora. Still however, as it does
not agree with any known group it may perhaps be proper to construct
a genus for its reception.

MEGACEPHALA, Latr.

31. Carolina, Fabr. This species is certainly found in the southern
part of the union : I have an individual that was taken near New Or-
leans, it varies a little from West Indian specimens in being less deeply
sculptured.

CICINDELA, Linn.

1. C. unicolor, Dejean. This species appears to have an extensive
range. I received a specimen from Dr Pickering of Massachusetts,
and I found another in Florida. It varies in having a slight touch of
white on the tip of the elytra.

2. C. marginata, Fabr., Syst. Eleut. 1, 241, No. 48. Dejean has de-
scribed this species under the name of variegcda, Sp. Gen. 1, 8-1 — see
also vol. 2, 414.

3. C. unipunctuta, Fabr., varies in having a very small obscure yel-
lowish spot, half way between the ordinary spot and the tip, on the
margin.

4. C. vulgaris, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1 8 1 S. Since described
by Dejean under the name of ohliquala, Sp. Gen. 1, 72, but corrected
vol. 2, Supp. 414.

5. C. hirticollis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1818. Since describ-
ed by Dejean with the name of repanda, Sp. Gen. 1, 74, but corrected
vol. 2,414.

6. C. dorsalis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1818. Since described
by Dejean with the name of signata, Sp. Gen. 1, 124, but corrected
vol. 2, 414, Supp.; and on page 426 of the same Supplement he describes
another species under the name of dorsalis, which however will of
course be changed, as mine has the priority.

7. C. purpurea, OH v., Ins. 33, pi. 3, f. 34. Say, Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. 1818, p. 419. C. marginalis, Fabr., Syst. Eleut. 1, 240, and De-
jean, Sp. Gen. 1, 55. Olivier has certainly the priority, and conse-
quently the exclusive right as being the first describer of this species.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 411

8. C. sexgittfata, Fabr. Dejean has ascerlained autoptically that
C. violaeea, Fabr. is the iinmacuLite variety of this species.

9. C. l2-gidlatct,Dei. I obtained a specimen in Missouri state.
Of this genus I have in my cabinet twenty-two species, natives of

the United states, that have been described.

ARETHAREA, Smj.

Artificial character — Elytra truncated ; terminal joint oi" the max-
illary palpi acicular; anterior tibiir simple.

Natural character — Head large, wider than the thorax, contracted
behind at the junction with the thorax; antennae originating beneatli a
carina, with the first joint much shorter than the head : labruni short,
bilobated ; the lobes divaricated ; margin hairy; mandibles ver}' pnmii-
nent, arquated, acute ; within prominently and acutely denticulated :
maxillae rectilinear with rigid hairs within; palpi with the penulti-
mate joint dilated; ultimate joint acicular and minute; labium at tip
with two equal membranaceous lobes and a lateral robust seta : p;ilpi
very small and feeble, terminal joint somewhat shorter and more slen-
der than the preceding one ; mentum transverse, simple ; destitute of
auricles: thorax cylindrical ; truncate before and behind ; elytra broadly
truncate at tip: tibiae, anterior pair simple; tarsi with subequal simple
joints ; the basal one slightly longest ; nails unarmed ; posterior pair of
feet with the nails pectinated.

Observations — The prominent, arquated and denticulated mandibles
of this curious insect resemble, with some accuracy, those of Cicin-
dela ; but the general appearance and extraordinary assemblage of cha-
racters widely separate it. It has the truncated elytra of Lebia and
its congeners; the simple anterior tibiae of Cicindela: and a singular
character that seems to connect the two families, that of having the
anterior pair of nails simple and the posterior pair pectinated. We
may also remark, however, that the acicular terminal joint of the
maxillary palpi is a trait in common with Bembidium, Eon.

A. helluonk. Head black; thorax rufous; elytra blue. — Inhab.
Pennsylvania.

Head punctured, somewhat hairy ; eyes small, almost equidistant

412 DESCRIPTIONS OP AND OBSERVATIONS ON

between the tip of the mandibles and the thorax ; antennae, first and
second joints pale rufous ; labrum yellowish rufous ; mandibles piceous ;
palpi pale yellowish rufous : thorax punctured, excepting along the dor-
sal middle ; elytra destitute of striae or punctures, blue with a pur-
plish reflection ; feet and postjyectus pale yellowish ; knees and tarsi
brownish. — Length three tenths of an inch.

The intermediate feet and the antennae excepting the first and se-
cond joints are deficient in the specimen. I am not sure whether I
obtained it on our journey to the Rocky Mountains, to St Peter's river,
or in Pennsylvania, but I think the latter.

CASNONIA, Latr.

C. rufipes, Dej. The insect of this genus represented by Drury
(Ins. 1, pi. 42, f. 4 and 6) is probably a variety of this species. Dejean
has not noticed this figure at all. The Galerita Americana is repre-
sented in the same plate.

SPHERACRA, Suij.

Elytra entire ; tibiae emarginate ; terminal joint of the tarsi profoundly
bilobated; nails simple ; head as long behind the eyes as before them;
thorax subcylindric ; antennae much shorter than the body ', basal joint
much shorter than the head, joints excepting the second not very une-
qual in length, subcylindric ; labrum emarginate ; palpi with the ter-
minal joint somewhat fusiform, subacute : mentum with a prominent
acute central tooth.

S. ilorsalis, Fabr. "Black ; elytra striate, testaceous ; suture broadly
black. Inhab. Carolina. Mus. Mr Bosc.

^- Smaller than O. angustata. Antennae testaceous : head black, pol-
ished, broader than the thorax ; thorax cylindrical, obscui'ely ferrugin-
ous ; elytra striate, testaceous ; suture broadly black, hardly attaining the
tip ; body black ; feet testaceous." Fabr.

Odacantha dorsalis, Fabr., Syst. Eleuth. 1, 229,

In my specimen the head only is black, or rather of so deep a rufous
as to appear black, excepting the tip and base.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 413

This well known species was referred by its discoverer Fabricius,
to his genus Odacantha ; in which arrangement he was followed by
Dejean, who, however, was fully aware of its generic dillerence from
the O. melamira, Fabr. Dejean, in his observations on the genus, says,
"that in consequence of the joints of the tarsi being less filiform than
those of the type of the genus, almost triangular, the penultimate one
deeply bilobate and the extremities of the elytra rounded, it would be
perhaps proper to make a new genus of this insect." In this remark
I perfectly coincide, as I cannot see the propriety of joining, in the
same genus, two insects whose characters in the artificial system place
them in difTerent families, though it cannot be denied that they have
many, more intimate, natural allinities.

I had written the above with the expectation of introducing a new
species, in an insect which, in form and colour, resembles the ilorsalis
exceedingly to the eye, excepting in size ; but on close examination it
proves to be widely distinct.

CYMINDIS, Latr., Dcj.

1. C. platicolUs, Say, (Lebia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vol. 2,
new series.

This species has been since described by Dejean under the name of
C. coniplanata. In my specimens the palpi are hardly dilated. It
varies in having the thorax darker and of the colour of the head. I
obtained an individual in Indiana.

2. C. laficollis. Blackish ; thorax transverse ; feet pale rufous ; elytra
with slender striae and minute punctures. — Inhab. near the Rocky
Mountains.

Body black-brown, punctured, with short hairs: head : thorax

decidedly transverse, with numerous somewhat large punctures ; trun-
cate before, and a little sinuate behind ; margin each side depressed and
a little elevated, dull rufous ; at the posterior an obvious tooth : elytra
with very slender capillary striae in which are minute punctures,
which are larger and more obvious towards the base and lateral mar-
gin; interstitial lines with a very slight convexity, and with numerous
small punctures, rather larger than those of the striae ; lateral margin
Vol. IV.— 5 D

414 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

obscure rufous ; tip truncate, without any appearance of sinuation : be-
neath obscure rufous, punctured ; fed rufous ; thighs and trochanters
paler. — Length about two fifths of an inch.

I obtained it w^hen on the expedition to the Rocky Mountains with
Major Long. The thorax is shaped somewhat like that of Americana,
Dej., but is wider, as in platicollis, Say. The elytra have not the slight-
est appearance of being sinuated at tip.

3. C. pilosus, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described by
Dejean, under the name oi pubescens, Sp. Gen. 1, p. 215, but corrected
in vol. 2, Suppl. p. 446.

CALLEIDA, JDej.

1. C. viridipennis,Say, (Cymindis) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
This species has been since described by Dejean, under the name of

marginafa, v. Spec. Gen. 1, p. 222, but corrected vol. 2, Supp. p. 450.
He has given the name of viridipennis to another species ; but as it
is a subsequent name, he will of course change it.

2. C. smaragdina, Dej. A specimen of this insect was sent to me
by Dr Pickering, from Salem, Massachusetts, so that it is probably a
general inhabitant of the Atlantic states, but as I have found it myself
but once (in the state of Ohio), I should suppose it is rare.

3. C. purpurea^ Say, (Cymindis) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

4. C. decora, Fabr. Say, (Cymindis) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
Dej., Sp. Gen. 1, 224.

LEBIA, Latr., Dej.

1. L. ornafa, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described by
Dejean under the name of analis, Spec. Gen. 1, 265, and corrected, 2,
Supp. 452.

2. L. viridis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Dejean has described
a species under the same name. It is closely allied to, if not the same
as this, but if not the same species, the name must of course be changed.
Spec. Gen. 1, 271.

3. L. fuscata, Dej. varies in having the head nearly black, the tho-

S05IE NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 415

rax yellowish ferruginous, and the elytra paler brown, with the yellow-
ish spots, particularly the terminal, almost obsolete.

BRACHINUS, JVcbcr.

B. sfi/gicomis. Ferruginous; antennae black; elytra blackish blue.
— Inliab. Missouri.

Body ferruginous, with short hairs: /lead with irregular punctures:
each side between the antennae, becoming irregular. l)ut sliglit; linca-
tions near tlie eyes: antennae brownish-])lue, first and second joints fer-
ruginous : thorax with minute, irregular, transverse lines, dorsal lines
well impressed : elytra slightly grooved, more obviously so towards the
base: edges beneath purplish ; pos//;ep/?/s, except in the middle, and
venter blackish, with short whitish hairs. — Len2:th seven twentieths of
an inch.

Var. a. Sutural edge of the elytra ferruginous.

I obtained this species in the winter of 1S19. when with ^lajor
Long's party at Engineer Cantonment near Council Bluff. It occur-
red in considerable numbers, occupying some crevices of rock, eight or
ten feet under the surface, in a temporary quarry, where they weie
hybernating. It differs from cyanipennis, Say, found at the same lo-
cality, by the different colour of the antennae, &c.

Can this be ihe.jamis, or is the qiiadripennis, Dej., synonymous with
that species described in Turton's Linn. ?

CLIVINA, Lotr., Dej.

1. C. hipustulata. Fabr. The true species of this author, has almost
always, if not in every instance, but two spots on the elytra, and these
are terminal. The second interstitial line has seven or eight subequi-
distant punctures, and the fourth interstitial line has five or six punc-
tures, subequal. excepting the terminal one which is more distant.

2. C. quudrbnueiUata. Palisot de Beauvois, This species is (piite
distinct, though very closely allied to the Inpiistidata. It is similar in
size and almost so in form : but the thorax is proportionally longer.
In colour it is generally like the preceding, but in addition to the two
terminal punctures of the elytra, their base is more or less, but gene-
rally obsoletely. tinged with obscure rufous. The interstitial lines are

416 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

altogether destitute of punctures. I have a variety in my collection,
of which the elytra are entirely of a rufous colour and even paler than
the terminal spots usually appear; these spots are of course not
visible.

3. C. viriiUs, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos, Soc, has been since de-
scribed by Dejean under the name of rostrala, Sp. Gen. 1, 419, but
corrected vol. 2, Supp. 47'8.

Of this genus I have eight described species of this country.

CARABUS, Lm7i.

1. C. vinctm, Weber. I think it highly probable that Dejean is
right in considering, as he does (doubtfully however), my C. interrup-
tus to be the same as this. Weber's expression, "lineis elevatis tribus,"
renders this conclusion highly probable.

2. C. iigatus, Germar, Sp. Nova^, p. 6. Since described by Dejean
under the name of carinatus, Sp. Gen. 2, 80. He quotes ligatus doubt-
fully as synonymous. His description, however, agrees so perfectly
that I feel no hesitation in considering them the same.

3. C. serratus, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described
by Dejean under the name of lineato-punctaius, Sp. Gen. 2, 77; the
former has, of course, the priority.

4. C. externus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. The largest American
species I have seen. It belongs to Dejean's twelfth division of this
numerous genus. What is the C. taedatus, L.?

CALOSOMA, Weber.

1. C. luxatum, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 149. Dej., Sp. Gen.
2, 196.

2. C laeve, Dej., Sp. Gen. 2, 210. I obtained an individual of this
insect in Mexico. It corresponds accurately with the description ;
but in addition I may add that it varies in having a large obscure ru-
fous spot on the vertex.

3. C. calUlum, Fabr. My description in the Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. was taken from the true Fabrician species as is evinced by the
expression "dilated, impressed, golden dots" as applied to the elytral

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 417

excavations. But I did not sufficiently examine the very closely allied
species which Dejean has separated from it, as I supposed it to be only
a variety.

ELAPHRUS.

1. E. fulighiosns. This new species was found in Pennsylvania
by Mr Le Sueur, to whom I am indebted for the specimen: and
although the head and thorax are destroyed, yet sufficient character
remains to prove it the analogue of the E. idigmosits, Fabr.. of Europe.
In comparison with that species, however, many dissimilarities are per-
ceptible. The discoidal indentations are larger and more obviously
emarginated by the entering angles of the interstitial spaces. The in-
terstitial spaces are somewhat less regular, and have rather large punc-
tures, particularly towards the base ; towards the tips of the elytra the
punctures are not larger than those of the 7th'ginost(.s. but are fewer in
number. The body is slightly larger than in that species. It appears
to be rare.

2. E. ruscarius. This species I described in the Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc, with a mark of doubt, as the E. riparius. Fabr., but
having recently compared it more accurately with numerous Eu-
ropean specimens, I think it may, with propriety, constitute a distinct,
but certainly very closely allied species. In comparison with the ripa-
rius, it is rather more robust, of a darker colour, more deeply sculp-
tured, as well on the thorax as on the elytra. and the discoidal impress-
ions are somewhat larger and more obvious.

In these characters my specimens all agree, and 1 possess more or
less mutilated specimens from Pennsylvania, Mississippi. Arkansaw.
Missouri and the Rocky Mountains. I therefore have ventured to sepa-
rate it as a distinct species.

NOTHIOPHILUS, Owner.

1. N. semistriafus, Say. Closely allied to N. aquaticus, F., and

bigiittattis, F., partaking of the characters of both. Dejean states that

it "ne differe peut-etre pas de I'une des especes d'Europe," but he

does not inform us which of the species ,: indeed they are all so closely

Vol. IV.— 5 E

418 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

allied, that considerable examination is required to detect permanent
differences. The elytral puncture is small, and like that of aqiiaticus,
placed nearer the base than that of the biguttatus, but the striae, like
those of the latter, are not obsolete towards the tip ; the four basal
joints of the antennae are rufous, &c.

2. N. porredus^ Say. N. semistrkdus, var. h, Say. Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc. On close examination I am convinced that this deserves
to rank as a separate species. In comparison with either of the spe-
cies above mentioned, the thorax is much more contracted behind, and
the Idbrum is more advanced. The feet are entirely rufous, even in-
cluding the thighs. The head is larger than that of the semistriatiis,
and the striae are not so deeply impressed, but the impressed point of
the elytra is similarly situated, though perhaps a little further back.
The length is much the same. The colour is tinged with violaceous.

CHL^NIUS, Botielli.

1. C. jmsillus, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described by
Dejean under the name of elegantulus.

2. C. tomenlosus, Say, (Epomis) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. This
species has been referred to this genus by Dejean ; the palpi are not
sufficiently securiform for Epomis.

3. C. circumdndus. Green tinged with violaceous; edges rufous.
— Inhab. Louisiana.

Body green, more or less tinged with violaceous and brassy, punc-
tured ; head minutely and confluently punctured; in the middle tinged
with bronze ; lateral edges dark purplish ; antennae reddish brown, three
basal joints pale yellow with rufous incisures ; lahrum and mandibles
honey yellow, the latter black at tip ; palpi yellow ; terminal joints
honey yellow ; thorax deeply punctured, sparse near the anterior
angles, and almost wanting each side of the middle ; dorsal line acute,
almost obsolete ; basal lines widely indented ; lateral edge regularly
arquated, dull rufous; basal edge rectilinear in the middle and a little
oblique each side, making the angles rather more than rectangular ;
green a little tinged with brassy : scutel dark purplish ; elytra with
profound, obsoletely punctured striae; interstitial spaces flattened, punc-

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 419

tuated, sericeous ; rather dull green with a slight violaceous reflection ;
exterior and apicial edge dull rufous; beneath black ;/ce/ yellow, joints
a little rufous; venter on the margin yellowish. — Length over two
fifths of an inch.

For this pretty species I am indebted to Mr J. Barabino of New
Orleans.

4. C. vigilans. Head and thorax brassy: antennae at base and feet
ferruginous ; elj'tra violaceous. — Inhab. Mexico.

Pubescent; head impunctured, brassy-green, polished; two obsolete
indentations between the antennae ; lahrum transversely narrow, trun-
cated, and with the palpi dull rufo-ferruginous; antennae fuscous, pu-
bescent, three basal joints subglabrous, rufo-ferruginous ; thorax brassy-
green, with rather dense, very short hair, polished : dorsal and basal
impressed lines distinct; posterior angles not excurvtd, but obtusely
angulated, almost rounded; elytra bluish violaceous, with punctured
striae ; interstitial spaces pubescent, depressed, and minutely granulated,
beneath blackish ; feet rufo-ferruginous. — Length half an inch.

Much like C. nenioraUs, Say, but the antennae of that species are
entirely rufo-ferruginous, its posterior thoracic angles are sliglitly ex-
curved, &c.

5. C. soccatiis. Blackish ; feet ferruginous with blackish tarsi and
joints. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body blackish, with a slight violaceous tinge ; minutely pubescent,
punctured ; head blued-black. glabrous, two slight indentations between
the antennae, and an obsolete transverse one between the eyes; an-
tennae pubescent, blackish, three basal joints dark piceous ; palpi pice-
ous; thorax short; lateral margin regularly arquated ; posterior angles
rounded ; impressed lines dilated ; elytra with punctured striae : inter-
stitial spaces minutely granulated, depressed ; beneath blackish ; feet
rufo-ferruginous, joints and tarsi blackish-piceous. — Length nearly half

an inch.

Resembles vigilans, Nob., but the thorax is shorter and the lateral
curvature is more regular, that of the preceding species being almost
rectilinear from near the middle to the posterior angles ; the colours
also are different in their arrangement.

420 DESCRIPTIONS OF ANP OBSERVATIONS ON

Of this genus I have sixteen North American described species.

OODES, Bonel

O.? pamllelus. Black ; thoracic angles rufous ; feet piceous. — Inhab.
Louisiana.

Body black, very slightly tinged with piceous; head with but a
slightly impressed point between the antennae ;^ rm/enncre reddish brown,
three basal joints honey yellow; palpi honey yellow; mandibles pice-
ous ; thorax narrowed before, smooth, dorsal line distinct, not extended
on the margins ; basal lines distinct, oblique ; region of the posterior
angles a little, but widely, depressed, rufous or sanguineous, and by
transmitted light it appears reticulated; impunctured; posterior angles
rounded, but not obtusely so ; greatest width a little behind the mid-
dle; elytra with the striae continued parallel to the tip, well impressed,
minutely punctured ; interstitial spaces depressed, third with a single
slight puncture on the posterior fifth from the base ; beneath black ;
posterior angles of the j)ectus, epipleura andyec/ piceous ; anterior tarsi
with four not widely dilated subquadrate joints, the fourth joint being
as large as the third, and all beneath with dense fastigiate hairs ; inter-
mediate tarsi also somewhat dilated. — Length less than two fifths of an
inch.

The elytra are hardly perceptibly sinuous near the tip.

The specimen, for which I am indebted to Mr J. Barabino of New
Orleans, is a doubtful congener of the O. helopoides, Fabr., than which
the body is somewhat more elongated, the thorax more gradually nar-
rowed before. It has at first sight more the appearance of the Harpalus
terminatiis or Calathus gregarius, Say. The intermediate tarsi are
somewhat dilated, the anterior tarsi are not widely dilated and the ter-
minal joint is as large as the preceding one. I place it in this genus
provisionally, more specimens may show this arrangement to be incor-
rect. The parallelism of the striae of the elytra to their termination
is a remarkable character, even more obvious than in the helopoides.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 421

DIC^LUS, Bo7iem.

1. D. pitrpitratits, Bonelli. Since described by Dejean under the
name oi chalyhxus, Sp. Gen. 2.

9 D. elongatus, Bonelli. Soy, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Do jean
is of the opinion that this is not the elongatus of Bonelli, and has de-
scribed it with the name oifurvus, but he has not stated the reasons
for this opinion.

POGONUS, Zeigl.

P. rectus, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. I may add
to the description that the striae are well impressed and punctured
rather densely on the sides ; third interstitial line with about three
punctures, excepting the middle one, hardly distinct from the punc-
tures of the striae.

PATROBUS, Meg.
P. longicornis, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Recently
described by Dejean under the name of Americaniis, Sp. Gen. 3, p. 34.
Why he has added a synonym in this case, I know not.

ANCHOMENUS, Bonelli.

1. A. decentis, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Has been
recently described by Dejean under the name of gagates.

2. A. cineticollis, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since
described by Germar under the name of blandiis, Sp. Nova^, p. 1 2, and
recently by Dejean by the name of corvinus, Sp. Gen. 3, p. 109.

3. A. extensicollis,kny, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Sue, is alsu
referred by Dejean to this genus.

4. A. decorus, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. is also re-
ferred to this genus by Dejean.

5. A. collaris. Black with a hardly obvious tinge of purple ; tibia?
and tarsi piceous ; thorax subquadrate ; elytra with three punctures on
the third interstitial line. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body black, polished, glabrous, with a few, rather long, marginal
Vol. IV.— 5 F

422 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

hairs : head impunctured ; base of the first joint of the antennae, of the
mandibles black-piceous ; antennae at tip brownish, third joint of the
same length as the fourth ; impressions between the eyes rather deep :
thorax rather short, wider than long, subquadrate, impunctured ;
lateral edge regularly curved ; margin slightly elevated, narrow,
broader towards the posterior angles ; dorsal and anterior lines distinct ;
posterior lines dilated, suborbicular, slightly rugous ; posterior angles
very obtuse ; anterior and posterior margins subequally broad ; elytra
with acutely impressed striae, regularly punctured ; punctures small,
obsolete towards the tip ; third interstitial line with three punctures,
two at the third stria and the terminal one at the second stria ; inter-
stitial lines much depressed ; tihise, tarsi, knees and extreme base of the

thighs piceous Length seven twentieths of an inch.

This species is rather more robust in proportion to its length than
the other American species. The thorax is much broader and shorter.
The species is perhaps more like scutellaris, Say, than any other : that
insect is remarkably depressed about the region of the scutel.

AGONUai, Bonelli.

1. A., siittirale. Green, polished; suture cupreous. — Inhab. Mexico.

Above metallic green, polished, impunctured ; head with a slight
coppery reflection ; labrum, antennae and palpi blackish: thorax xaried
with cupreous, dorsal line and basal dots obviously indented : elytra
with very slender striae ; interstitial spaces wide and plain, first one
cupreous, third with three punctures, equidistant, basal one on the
third stria, middle one on the second stria ; beneath piceous black :
coxae piceous. — Length three tenths of an inch.

This is a brilliant species, equalling in this respect the 8-punctattim,
Fabr., and errans, Nob. and but little inferior to cupripenne^ Nob., all
of which, together with nutans, Nob., belonging to this genus, although
I referred them to the including genus Feronia, Latr. The cupripenne,
Nob., is equal in splendour, though not in magnitude, to the G-puncta-
tum, Fabr. In comparison with parum pmictatum, F., the form is
more robust, thorax more brilliant, wider, and is as wide at base as
anteriorly ; the interstitial spaces also are much more flattened.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 423

2. A. orhicollis. Black ; thorax rounded; third interstitial line with
three punctures. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, polished, impunctured; antennae , basal joint and

jmlpi piceous; thorax orbicular, truncate before and slightly so behind ;
lateral edge regularly art^uated, not depressed, but with a siniph: and
equally elevated edge; dorsal line obsolete, anterior and posterior trans-
verse lines obsolete ; basal impressed lines or dots distinct : clijlni willi
well impressed striae, which are crenate, not punctured ; intcrslitial
lines convex, the third from the suture with three eciuidistant punc-
tures ;yee/ piceous. — Length nearly seven twentieths of an inch.

Size of A. vidiiiim, Fabr., with similar punctures on the third inter-
stitial line, excepting that they are equidistant, and these lines are more
convex, the thorax is much more orbicular, the feet dillerently coloured,
and there is no brassy reflection. This cannot be the melanariinn.
Dej., for the striae are as obvious as in the viduinn. and although the
thorax agrees with that insect in being "plus etroit" than that of the
viduum. yet it would not be described as '• subrotundato," as that au-
thor applies the same term to designate the form of the thorax of
viduum. It is much like A. piincti/ornie, Say, but it is a little more
elongated, the thoracic lines are much less distinct, &c.

3, A. nutans, Say, (Feronia) Trans, Amer. Philos. Soc. Since de-
scribed by Dejean with the name of striatopuncfatiim.

4, A. errans, Say, (Feronia) Journ, Acad. Nat. Sc. The interstitial
space has three punctures, of which the first and second are somewhat
nearer than the second and third,

5, A, piinctiforme, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. I
have an individual that has four punctures on the third interstitial space,
as Dejean describes his ulbicnis to have,

6, A, ohsoletum, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer, Philos. Soc. Since
described by Dejean by the name of luctuosum, Sp. Gen, 3. 172.

7, A, limhatiim, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer, Philos. Soc. Since
described by Dejean by the name o( palliat urn, Sp. Gen. 3, 174.

424 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

OLISTHOPUS, Dejean.

1. O. parmatus, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. See. Dej. Sp.
Gen. 3, p. 181.

2. O. cinctiis. Blackish ; edge of the thorax, elytra and feet dull
rufous. — Inhab, Pennsylvania.

Body blackish ; head impunctured ; antennae dusky, pale rufous at
base ; palpi piceous ; thorax with the dorsal and anterior lines almost
obsolete ; lateral narrow margin obviously rufous ; lateral basal impress-
ions very distinct, suborbicular and sparsely punctured ; elytra dull red-
dish brown, with a slight perlaceous reflection ; striae well indented,
impunctured ; interstitial spaces depressed, third space with an im-
pressed puncture beyond the middle ; feet yellowish piceous, posterior
pair darker. — Length less than three tenths of an inch.

]Much like the parmatus, Say. It is more slender.

FERONIA, Latr., Dej.

POECILUS, Bon.

1. F. convexicollis, Say, resembles F. chalcites^ Say, but is shorter, the
thorax more convex, and the punctures of the third interstitial stria of
the elytra are three, of which the terminal is near the tip.

STEROPUS, Meg.

2. F. obsoleta. Blackish-ferruginous ; elytra, striae obsolete each side
and at tip. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body very dark rufous, polished ; labrum, palpi, mandibles at base,
antennae., feet and abclomenhoney yellow; /jefu/ impunctured ; a slight
raised line over the antennae, inside of which the front is slightly cor-
rugated transversely each side ; thorax with the sui-face obsoletely cor-
rugated, visible in a particular direction; dorsal line acute, slightly im-
pressed ; basal lines indented, single, viewed from above orbicular, defi-
nitely and rather deeply impressed ; base a little emarginate, not wider
than the abdominal petiole ; elytra with punctured, not deeply impressed
striae, obsolete at tip and on each side ; marginal ocellate punctures
about seventeen, in a continuous series rather sparse in the middle ;
near the tip very slightly sinuated ; third interstitial space with a punc-

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 425

ture near the middle of the second stria. — Length two fifths of an
inch.

Closely allied to S. Uligen, Panz,, hut the thorax of that species is
not so narrow at base, and its eljtral striae are not obsolete at tip,
and not even decidedly so on the sides. It is exceedingly like S. vcn-
tralis, N., but it is more robust and the sides of the elytra are more
arquatcd.

The characters of this species agree very well with the description
of tenehrkosa, Dej., excepting that the elytra, are not '-assez fortenient
sinuees posterieurement."

S.¥. obscura. Black: tibiae and tarsi dark rufous; clytral striae
obsolete on each side. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body black; labriim and base of mandibles tinged with rufous :
palpi dull honey-yellow ; antennae blackish-ferruginous ; front with
two indented lines; head impunctured ; thorax not so narrow at base
as the petiole ; dorsal line acute, not deeply impressed ; basal lines well
indented, definite, impunctured, not orbicular viewed in any direeliou.
very slightly arquatcd ; elytra, striate; the striae net distinctly punc-
tured, obsolete on the lateral submargin,and not so obvious at tip as on
the disk ; marginal ocellated punctures about seventeen ; near the tip
rather slightly sinuate ; third interstitial tripunctured, the two anterior
punctures at the third stria. — Length less than nine twentieths of an
inch.

Resembles the preceding, but the thorax at base is wider, and the
body is longer. In the proportion of the base of the thorax it corres-
ponds with F. illigeri, Banz., but aside from colour it may be distin-
guished by the obsolete lateral striae, the much less dilated thoracic
basal lines, &c.

PLATYSMA, Sturm, Dcj.

4. F. oblongo-notala. Dark reddish-ferruginous ; elytra with five or
six large subsutural punctures, — Inhab. N, W. Territory.

Body with a hardly perceptible metallic gloss; Acrtrf darker ; thorax

with the dorsal line very distinct; lateral basal lines well indented

and with obsolete confluent punctures ; posterior angles angulated ;

elytra striated ; five or six large indented punctures placed somewhat

Vol. IV.— 5 G

426 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

alternately on the second and third striae ; marginal ocellate punctures
with their regions indented. — Length nine twentieths of an inch.

This is the analogue of the F. oblongo-pimcfata, F., corresponding in
the punctures of the elytra ; but differing in colour, and having the
thorax somewhat more robust.

5. F. dcparca. Reddish-brown; thorax punctured on the anterior and
posterior margins. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body reddish brown, rather pale ; head much darker, tinged with
blackish, impunctured ; antennae short, not reaching the base of the
thorax ; thorax rather abruptly contracted behind ; anterior and poste-
rior margins deeplj'^ punctured, the punctures of the former not extend-
ing to the lateral margin ; lateral margin with a puncture furnishing a
hair on the middle and another on the posterior angles, which are rec-
tangular ; dorsal line distinct, but not deeply impressed ; basal impress-
ions dilated and with all the base punctured ; elytra with slender striae,
not deeply impressed, but vv^th very distinct punctures; seventh stria
obsolete towards the tip; eptpleura and all beneath paler. — Length
nearly half an inch.

The light colour, with the punctured anterior and posterior thoracic
margins, will distinguish this species.

It was taken by William Bennett and presented to me by Mr
Maclure.

ABAX, BoneUl.

6. A. coracimis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. I think this is
the insect that Dejean has recently placed in Ziegler's genus Myas, and
described under the name of cyaiiescens ; the insect agrees perfectly
with his description, but as the palpi of my only remaining specimen
are deficient, I cannot be certain of its generic identity.

7. F. (A.) pcrniunda. Black, with a pearJaceous reflection ; third
interstitial line three-punctured. — -Inhab. Indiana.

Body black ; antennae piceous, dull honey-yellow towards the tip,
distinctly compressed ; — joints, in profile a little narrowed to the base ;
palpi piceous, not at all securiform, terminal joint less dilated at tip
than tiiat of the preceding joint ; thorax with a slight pearlaceous re-
flection, rather narrower at tip than at base ; lateral margin depressed,

SOME NORTH AMEHICAN INSECTS. 42;

punctured, gradually reflected to the edge, v.'hich is but little artiuated :
posterior angles rectangular; disk impuuctured: dorsal lino well in-
dented; basal lines two on each side, punctured uitliin, deeply im-
pressed, the exterior one very short ; dytm brownish-black, soniJwliat
iridescently pearlaceous ; striae deeply indented, impunctured ; scutel-
lar stria short, but definite; interstitial spaces convex ; third three-punc-
tured, first puncture near the base on the third stria, second on the
middle on the second stria, third towards the tip also on the second
stria: beneath piceous; sides very distinctly and numerously punc-
tured.— Length half an inch.

I obtained this fine species a few days since under an old log. It
does not at all agree with either of the descriptions of Dejean. The
labrum is not emarginate. The terminal joint of the palpi is less di-
lated towards the tip than that of the A. parallelus, DuftscJim.. or A.
metallicus, Fabr.

MOLOPS, Bonclli.

S. F. constricta, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences.

ST031IS, Ckdrv., Dej.

S. gmnulatus. Black, antennae dull rufous, blackish piceous to-
wards the base. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, apterous, polished ; head impunctured ; impressed lines
between the antennae very obvious ; anfcnmic blackish piceous to the
fifth joint, which with the others are dull rufous ; first joint hardly as
long as the third ; labrum a little prominent, piceous, widely but not
deeply emarginated before ; palpi dull rufous, not very Avidely trun-
cated at tip ; labial not securiform ; mandihles prominent very acute ;
thorax as long as broad, not remarkably convex; impunctured : dorsal
line distinct, not extending to the base, which is a little depressed ;
lateral margin depressed and reflected, narrow, wider near the poste-
rior angles, which are somewhat acute ; lateral edge excurved near the
posterior angle ; basal lines distinctly indented and dilated; base con-
siderably wider than the peduncle ; elytra somewhat depressed, ovate-
oval : surface composed of very minute granules; striae slender, deeply
impressed, impunctured ; third interstitial space with three nearly

428 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

equidistant punctures, the terminal one much the largest, with minute
elevated centres ; tip very obtusely sinuous ; tarsi dull rufous. — Length
less than two fifths of an inch.

Taken by William Bennett, during his stay in Mexico with Mr
Maclure,

It will be obvious from this description, that our species does not
w^ell correspond with the S. jmmicalus, Panz., but iigreeably to the
tables given by Dejean it cannot be placed elsewhere. It is larger and
more dilated than pumicatus, the basal joint of the antennae is shorter,
the palpi are not so obtusely truncated, and its habit and appearance
quite different.

PELOR, Bonelli,
P. avidus, Say, (Zabrus) Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.

AMARA, Boncin.

In my paper on the Carabici and Hydrocanthari, published in the
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vol. 2, new series, as above quoted, I de-
scribed five species of the United Stales, under the genus Feronia,
agreeably to the arrangement of Latreille, indicating, however, at the
same time, that they belonged to Bonelli's Amara. But Dejean and
many other distinguished entomologists give the group a separate
station.

1. A. musciilis, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. — Dej. Sp.
Gen. 3, 477.

2. A. basillaris, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

3. A. impundicolUs, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
Dejean thinks it the same as A. trwialis, Duftschm., but I have not
yet compared it.

4. A. angtistata, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

5. A. ohesa, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

6. A. impunclafa, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. De-
jean thinks it the same as the familiaris, Duftschm.. but I have not
satisfactorily compared them.

The following species appear to be new.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 429

7. A. dolosa. Black: oblique line near the thoracic angle obviously
impressed ; elytra with impunctured striae. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, impunctured ; head with the impressed lines between
the antennae obsolete : antennae fuscous, joints rather short, three basal
joints honey-yellow; palpi black piceous ; thorax rather short, lines not
deeply impressed; oblique line near the posterior angles very distinct;
hair of the lateral margin situated at one third of the distance between
the anterior and posterior angles, another hair at the basal angle : elytra
with impunctured capillary striae ; interstitial lines depressed, hardly
convex: feet piceous black; tihiae and tarsi a little paler. — Length
nearly three tenths of an inch.

Resembles A. imjnmcttcollis, Nob., and xV. communis and vulgaris.
Fabr., but differs from all in colour, greater brevity of the thorax, more
robust form, &c. Viewed in a particular light, a tint of blue may be,
with some dilliculty, detected.

8. A. sera. Greenish black ; tliree basal joints of the antennae yel-
lowish.— Inhab. Mexico.

Antennae fuscous ; first, second, third and base of the fourth joints
yellowish : thorax impunctured, basal angles rectangular, with the ob-
lique line not deeply impressed : basal lines rather deep, al)breviated,
definite, impunctured; dorsal line distinct; elytra with the striae im-
punctured, acutely impressed ; basal abbreviated striae rather long ; in-
terstitial lines with a very slight convexity, nearly flat ; near the lateral
tip slightly and rather acutely sinuated ; tibiae and tarsi piceous. —
Length three tenths of an inch.

The thorax is longer than that of the preceding species, and the in-
terstitial lines are a little convex, which will readily distinguish it from
A. imjmncticollis, N. The colours of the antennae as strongly con-
trast, as those of A. vulgaris, F.

9. A. furtiva. Pale : thorax punctured at base ; elytra with punc-
tured striae. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body honey-yellow, more or less tinged with dusky : antennae, palpi

and all beneath paler ; head with the frontal impressed lines dilated.

distinct; thorax a. little contracted at base, the posterior angles slightly

excurved and acute; dorsal line well impressed, particularly behind the

Vol. IV.— 5 H

430 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

middle ; basal lines deeply impressed and definite, punctured ^ impressed
lines of the posterior angles, distinct and rather deep, punctured ; base
punctured ; elytra with punctured striae ; the punctures orbicular and
close set ; near the tip obtusely, but not deeply sinuated. — Length less
than two fifths of an inch.

Resembles the A.fulva, 111., particularly in the form of the thorax.
The colour has sometimes a very slight metallic tinge, but never so
obvious as in the fulva.

10. A. ? grossa. Alternate interstitial spaces punctured. — Inhab. N.
W. Territory.

Body short, robust, convex, blackish piceous ; head ; thorax

convex, descending much each side, transverse, oblong-quadrate ; dor-
sal line almost obsolete ; anterior transverse line hardly obvious ; basal
margin depressed and somewhat rough ; lateral margin depressed, but
not elevated except near the posterior angles lightly ; elytra with a
sinus near the tip; striae well impressed, impunctured; interstitial
spaces with from five to eight distinct punctures on the third, fifth and
seventh spaces ; marginal series of punctures small, almost indistinct. —
Length of thorax and abdomen nine twentieths of an inch.

This species I found in the north western part of the United States
when traversing that country with Major Long's party. It is a re-
markable insect, readily distinguishable by the peculiar puncturing of
the elytra. I have two specimens, both of which are mutilated, so
that I am not perfectly sure it belongs to this genus.

DAPTUS, Bej.

D. incrassatus, Dej. This insect appears to be rare. I obtained an
individual in Pennsylvania. It has not yet occurred to me in the west-
ern states.

CRATACANTHUS, Dej.

C. Pennsylvanicus, Dej., is a common insect. But it is not confined
to Pennyslvania, as the name would seem to imply ; it is abundant in
this state, and I obtained three specimens near the Rocky Mountains;

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. - 431

these are somewhat smaller than the inhabitants of this vicinity, anil
of a paler colour.

PANGUS, Zcigl

P. caliginosiis, Fabr. Dejcan refers this large species to Pangus,
which he makes a division of his genus Selenophorus.

ANISODxVCTVLUS, JDej.

1. A. dilalafus. Black; thorax transverse quadrate, not contracted
behind ; impunctured ; first joint of the antennae testaceous. — Inhab.
Mexico.

Body black, impunctured ; antennae not reaching the base of the
thorax; first joint pale testaceous, second joint darker, remaining joints
blackish: impressed frontal lines very distinct ; thorax without any
appearance of puncture, not narrowed behind ; lateral edge regularly
arquated; posterior angles rounded; dorsal line not very obvious : basal
indentations much dilated, not profound ; minute longitudinal lines or
wrinkles at the middle of the base, and less obvious ones on the ante-
rior margin ; elytra, striae profound, impunctured ; interstitial spaces
depressed ; tip very obtusely sinuous ; abdomen, terminal and anal seg-
ments above punctured. — Length less than half an inch.

This species is closely allied to the A. cacniis, Say, and its form is
perhaps still more like that of an Amara in being more obtuse and
robust. It is much larger and more rounded behind. It was taken
in Mexico by William Bennett, and was presented to me by Mr
Maclure.

2. A. Baltimoriensis, Say, (Harpalus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc; Dej.
Spec. A very bad name, as the species is found as well in Indiana as
in Baltimore ; but it is a specific name, and therefore unchangeable.

3. A. rusticus, Say, (Harpalus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ; Dej.
Spec; A. tnerulus? Germar.

4. A. caenus, Say, (Harpalus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc; Dejean
Spec.

5. A. agrkolus, Say, (Harpalus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ; Dej.
Spec.

432 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

6. A. carbonarius, Say, (Harpalus) Trans. Amer. Philos. See.

7. A. laetus? Dej. An insect is found in this vicinity, which I have
referred, but very doubtfully, to the laetus. Its characters correspond
to the description, but if it be indeed the same, a very important cha-
racter must be added. My specimen is a male. The alternate inter-
stitial spaces are cupreous, and the remaining part is green. It has a
very much dilated, slight indentation behind the middle of the elytra,
and a smaller one nearer the tip.

OPHONUS, Zeigl

0. inlersfitialis, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since
described by Dejean under the name of Harpalus ohsciifipennis.

HARPALUS, Latr.

1. H. vulpeculus, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described
by Dejean under the name of nigripennis. It differs however from
his description, by having an impressed puncture on the third elytral
stria ; but I have a variety altogether destitute of the puncture.

2. H. viridis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Subsequently descri-
bed by Dejean under the name of assimilis.

3. H. Mexicaniis, Dej. Sp. Gen. This appears to be a common spe-
cies. Mr Maclure has recently sent me specimens by William Ben-
nett, and I obtained it also in that country.

4. H. meolor, Say, has been recently described by Dejean under
the name of dichrous. I obtained a specimen formerly, with a collec-
tion I purchased in New York, as having been received from New
Haven, and I have since found two in Indiana.

5. H. tenninatus, Say, (Feronia) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Dejean,
Sp. Gen., refers this species to the present genus. The anterior pairs
of the tarsi of the male are clothed with dense hairs beneath.

6. H. amputatus. Elytra greenish, truncate at tip. — Inhab. N. W.
Territory.

Body blackish ; htad with the frontal lines rather slightly indented ;
antennae, palpi, tibiae, and tarsi honey-yellow, the tibiae darkest;
thorax with the basal angles rounded ; edge obscure riifous ; dorsal line

SOME NOUTII AMERICAN INSECTS. 433

obsolete, or slightly impressed ; basal lines substituted by dilated, slightly
indented spaces, in which are numerous small punctures : posterior la-
teral margin with small p\inctures ; basal margin obsoletely tinted with
greenish ; elytra with impunctured striae, more or less green, some-
times bright green : suture, outer and terminal edges obscure rufous:
tip widely and somewhat obliquely truncate. — Length less than two
fifths of an inch.

Var. a. Elytra reddish brown, with hardly any tint of green.

Readily distinguished by the truncated appearance of the tip of the
elytra, from H. acneus, F., which has the elytra decidedly sinuate :it
tip, and even abruptly so.

7. H. ocreatus. Black green: impunctured: feet pale yellowish. —
Inhab. ?iIexico.

Body very dark green, impunctured; head black, with hardly any
appearance of green ; antennae honey-yellow, the joints, excepting the
first and second, with darker centres : ^w/^;/ and base of the mand'Mcn
honey-yellow : lahriim with a slight projecting angle in the middle of
the emargination ; thorax blackish green, hardly narrower at base:
dorsal line indistinct, but more obvious in the middle ; basal indenta-
tions dilated not profound ; lateral edge dull honey-yellow ; posterior
angles obtuse ; elytra obviously tinged with green : a little wider at
base than the thorax; striae very slender, impunctured: interstitial
spaces flat, third space with a puncture at three fourths the length
from the base ; lateral edge near the tip and suture near the tip ob-
scurely piceous ; tip deeply and rather obtusely sinuous ; beneath black,
the greenish tinge hardly perceptible; feet yellowish: tarsi rather
darker; first joint of the anteriors of the male somewhat smaller than
the second ; these tarsi have beneath close set hairs. — Length over
seven twentieths of an inch.

This species has almost the Amara like form of some species of
Anisodactylus, in which genus I should have placed the species but for
the angle in the emargination of the mentum. It is very closely allied
to terminatus, Say, but is rather more robust, the head and thorax are
differently coloured, the posterior lateral margin is more depressed, &c.
Vol. IV.— 5 I

434 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

It must resemble closely H. agilis, Dej., of which it may possibly be a
variety.

It was obtained by William Bennett, and presented to me by Mr
Maclure.

STENOLOPHUS, Meg., Dej.

S. cinctus. Dark piceous ; margin and suture of the elytra honey-yel-
low ; feet pale yellow. — Inhab. Massachusetts.

Body blackish piceous; antennae fuscous, three basal joints and la-
brum honey -yellow ; mandibles piceous, black at tip ; thorax rather
convex, a little narrowed behind gradually ; base rectilinear, each side
a little arquated to the posterior angles, which are obvious but almost
rounded ; lateral edge but slightly arquated, nearly rectilinear behind
the middle, near the posterior angle hardly perceptibly excurved ; dor-
sal line very distinct; anterior transverse line distinct, obtusely ar-
quated ; basal lines so much dilated as to extend to the lateral angle,
including a few sparse, profound punctures; base and tip and exterior
edge paler piceous ; elytra with impunctured, deeply indented striae,
less profound towards the margin ; rudimental striae none ; sutural
interstitial space paler piceous ; dilated exterior margin honey-yellow ;
lateral series of punctures, with the exception of a small one, widely
interrupted in the middle ; feet pale yellow. — Length less than three
twentieths of an inch.

For this insect I am indebted to Dr Harris. On a cursory exami-
nation I considered it identical with S. ochropezus, Say, notwithstand-
ing its great inferiority of size, which may at once distinguish it. The
thoracic posterior angles are much more obtusely rounded in that spe-
cies, the punctures of the basal lines are much more numerous and
extend nearly to the basal middle, the dorsal line is obsolete, &c.

ACUPALPUS, Latr., Dej.

1. A. partiariiis, Say, (Trechus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since
described by Dejean under the name of testaceus. I have recently re-
ceived a specimen from Louisiana, for which I am indebted to Mr J.
Barabino.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSEf'TS. 435

2. A. conjunctus. Say, (Trechus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since
described by Dejean under the name of misdliis.

3. A. riipesMs, Say, (Trechus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since
described by Dejean under the name of tantillxi^.

4. A. debilipes. Piceous black; base of the antennae and feet pale
yellowish. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body very dark piceous, almost black; head impunctured ; between
the antennae on each side a dilated very obvious indentation ; antmnue.
brown, three basal joints yellowish ; mandibles at tip black ; jyalpi yel-
lowish, rather pale ; thorax widest before the middle, gradually nar-
rowed, by a regular arquation of the edge, to the base ; basal angle
obtusely rounded ; anterior and posterior margins on their middles
obviously piceous ; dorsal line well impressed, very distinct, not abbre-
viated ; anterior transverse line obvious in all its length, arquated ;
basal lines dilated, orbicular, obvious, with a few, small, sparse punc-
tures within or rather near the base ; elytraW\i\\ slender striae ; inter-
stitial spaces flat, third with a puncture between the middle and tip ;
marginal and sutural edges towards their tips piceous; rudimental
striae none, but instead of it is a puncture at base of the second striae ;
feet pale yellow. — Length less than three twentieths of an inch.

5. A. ohsoletus. Dark piceous ; striae of the elytra obsolete. — Inhab.
Mexico.

Body dark piceous, impunctured ; antennae, labrum and palpi honey-
yellow : thorax with pale piceous anterior and basal margins ; lateral
margin with eight or nine hairs ; dorsal line almost obsolete ; basal im-
pressions dilated, oval ; elytra with the basal, exterior and apicial mar-
gins paler piceous ; striae obsolete, excepting the subsutural and late-
ral ones ; a series of large punctures behind the middle of the exterior
margin ;/eet pale honey-yellow. — Lengtli one fifth of an inch.*

* Count Dejean has done me the favour to send me the four volumes of his " Species dcs
Coleopteres," which have now been published. This work. is indispensable to all those who
study the Coleoptera. It contains the descriptions of a great number of North American
species, and has greatly facilitated my examination of the insects described in the preceding
part of this paper.

486 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

BEMBIDIUM, Latr.

1. B. inaequale, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 3. p. 151.
Very closely allied to paludosum, Panz., and may possibly be only a
variety of that European species, nevertheless it is somewhat smaller,
the thoracic impressed lines are more distinct, particularly the trans-
verse basal one, and the striae of the elytra are more dilated and the
punctures more obvious. As it is the analogue of paludosum, it be-
longs to the genus Bembidium, as at present restricted.

2. B. honestum, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. When describ-
ing this species I stated that the elytral striae are " not ohsokfe behind."
This may be corrected by substituting the phrase " almost obsolete be-
hind." The punctures of the striae are large and obvious at base, but
are obsolete, or rather entirely wanting on the posterior third. The
exterior margin and epipleura are blackish green.

3. B. jnmctatostriatum, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. The poste-
rior angles of the thorax are very acute ; the basal and anterior mar-
gins are slightly longitudinally wrinkled, the dorsal line transversely
wrinkled on its margins, and the basal lines are obliquely wrinkled :
the sides of the thorax are also somewhat undulatedly wrinkled. The
third interstitial space is much wider than the others, and the posterior
puncture is much nearer to the anterior puncture than to the tip.

4. B. laevigatum, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. The basal thora-
cic lines are much dilated.

5. B. coxendix, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 151. Antennae with
the three basal joints and base of the fourth pale yellowish ; jmlpi
(in the dry state) pale yellowish, dusky at tip ; face with an impressed
line each side ; vertex longitudinally wrinkled : thorax with the pos-
terior margin a little depressed ; surface somewhat wrinkled trans-
versely and at base longitudinally ; basal indentations dilated, minutely
rugose ; elytra with the anterior and posterior discs obscurely testa-
ceous.— I am not so fortunate as to possess definitions of the several
genera into which this genus, as originally constructed by Latreille.
has been recently divided ; but I rather think, by analogy, that the pre-
sent species is a Peryphus, Meg.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 437

6. B. dorsale, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. See. This species varies
considerably. The dorsal line is more or less obvious, and sometimes
rather deeply impressed. In one specimen is a slight appearance of
puncturing on the middle of the thoracic base. The thorax is more or
less engraved with undulated lines, which are sometimes almost im-
perceptible. Perhaps a Notaphus, Meg.

7. B. tetracolum, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Allied most
closely to Peryphus rupestris, Illig, than which it is somewhat larger.

8. B. jjostremum. Blackish ; elytra brownish, obscure yellowish at
tip. — Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Head greenish black ; face with an indented line each side, between
which and the eye is a large orbicular puncture; antennae fuscous,
piceous at base ; palpi dark honey-yellow ; mandibles at base piceous ;
thorax bronze black, very obscurely piceous on the middle of the an-
terior margin ; contracted behind ; posterior angles obtuse-angular ;
dorsal line impressed ; anterior transverse very obvious, arquated ; basal
lines dilated, suborbicular ; basal margin with slight inequalities or
punctures between the basal lines ; a slightly elevated line on the lat-
eral margin, forming a groove with the slightly elevated edge, more
obvious near the angle and becoming obsolete before ; elytra very dark
honey-yellow, or brownish, much paler at tip ; striae somewhat dilated,
and with dilated, quadrate, profound punctures ; striae more slightly
impressed towards the tip, and the punctures obsolete ; third intersti-
tial space a little broader than the others, with a puncture before the
middle and another equidistant behind the middle, both nearer the third
stria ; wings perfect ; beneath black ; abdomen tinged with piceous ;
feet pale yellowish. — Length one fifth of an inch.

Resembles tetracolum, Say, but the elytral striae are more dilated,
the punctures of the third interstitial space are more anterior and the
posterior pale spot of the elytra is quite terminal. Belongs to the
genus Peryphus, Meg.

9. B. nigrum, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. The striae are so
much dilated that no punctures are visible on the third interstitial space.

10. B. sigillare. Cupreous; elytra with two, dilated, subquadratc
green spots on each; fourth stria rectilinear. — Inhab. Missouri.

Vol. IV.— 5 K

438 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

Body bronzed-cupreous, somewhat polished ; head greenish each side
and before ; an impressed line near the eye, between which and the
eye is a dilated puncture ; antennae blackish green, first joint beneath
piceous ; palpi black piceous, tinged with green ; thorax rather broader
behind than before ; posterior angles acute ; lateral edge excurved be-
hind ; dorsal line distinct, but not deeply impressed, not abbreviated ;
basal lines dilated ; elytra with punctured striae, punctures almost ob-
solete towards the tip ; fourth stria not undulated ; third interstitial
space as broad as the seventh and with two dilated impressed subqua-
drate spots, green, and including each a puncture, and placed near the
middle ; beneath dark green ; feet blackish green ; tiMae and base of
the thighs piceous greenish. — Length less than one fourth of an inch.

I obtained this species during the journey of Major Long's party to
the Rocky Mountains. It is very distinct from the inaequale, Say,
which it somewhat resembles, by many characters. That of the rec-
tilinear fourth stria of the elytra, is an obvious one.

1 1 . B. semifasciatum. Greenish black ; elytra each with four spots ;
third interstitial space two-punctured. — Inhab. Mexico.

Head metallic green ,• two impressed lines between the antennae
very distinct ; antennae dull piceous; kibrum diWA palpi blackish ; thorax
metallic green with a slight tinge of cupreous ; dorsal line slender ;
lateral indentation of the base obvious, bounded near the angle by a
carinate, abbreviated line ; lateral edge with a hair rather before the
middle and another at the posterior angle, not arquated from behind
the middle to the basal angle ; elytra, blackish with a slight cupreous
tinge, with well impressed punctured striae, distinct to the tip ; inter-
stitial lines depressed, plane ; third line with a transverse indentation be-
fore the middle and a less distinct one behind the middle ; a dull honey-
yellow dot on the middle of the base, a semifascia before the middle,
another behind the middle, and an irregular apicial spot; beneath
black ; feet piceous. — Length over three twentieths of an inch.

Resembles N. ustulatus, Fabr. and therefore probably is a Notaphus,
Meg.

12. B. oppositum, Say. Resembles the maculatum, Gyll., and pro-

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 439

bably belongs to Lopha. The sutural stria is impressed from the mid-
dle of the tip. It is somewhat bronzed.

13. B. ephippiatum. Pale testaceous; elytra with punctured striae
and a large common blackish spot. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body pale testaceous or honey-yellow ; o«/en«f/c paler than the head,
a little darker towards the tip ; palpi colour of the antennae ; Ihonix
widest before the middle, gradually contracting by an almost rectilin-
ear, but hardly perceptibly concave line, to the basal angle, which is
rectangular; dorsal line but slightly impressed, obsolete before: basal
lines hardly distinct from the depressed basal margin, which is minute-
ly wrinkled ; elytra m ith impressed, punctured striae, obsolete at tip ;
seventh stria wanting ; third interstitial line with two small orbicular
punctures, one before the middle and the other a little behind the mid-
dle; a very large common blackish spot on the middle, within which
the suture is reddish brown ; suture behind the spot blackish ; a small,
obsolete blackish spot at base each side of the scutel ; feci pale yellow-
ish.— Length one tenth of an inch.

At first view it resembles pwximiim, Say, both as respects size and
colour, but it may be distinguished by many characters, of which the
punctured striae is one.

14. B. tripundalmn. Piceous; elytra with five abbreviated striae ;
thorax three-punctured between the dilated basal lines. — Inhab. In-
diana.

Body piceous ; head and thorax darker ; antennae light brownish,
paler at base ; palpi pale yellowish ; thorax with the dorsal line dis-
tinct, terminating on the basal margin in an impressed puncture, on
each side of which is another rather smaller puncture; basal lines
much dilated, deeply undulating the posterior edge of the thorax;
elytra with about five, rather obtuse striae, not extending to the tip or
base ; sides destitute of striae excepting a marginal interrupted one ;
an indentation each side of the scutel and on the humerus. — Length
four fifths of an inch.

The dilated basal thoracic lines deeply indenting the posterior edge,
together with the three intervening punctures, will readily distinguish

440 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

this species. At first view it resembles E. flamcaude, Say, but is more
highly polished.

1 5. B. incurvum. Piceous ; elytra with a honey-yellow vitta from
the humerus, a little dilated at its termination before the tip. — Inhab.
Indiana.

Body piceous ; head blackish-piceous ; antennae honey -yellow ;
thorax a little contracted gradually to the base ; dorsal line slender and
slightly impressed ; basal transverse line deeply impressed, with nu-
merous minute wrinkles ; basal lines dilated, undulating the posterior
edge ; elytra polished, with a profoundly impressed, somewhat dilated,
simple, sutural stria ; the second stria obsolete ; an interrupted stria
on the lateral margin ; a dilated indentation each side of the scute!,
and a smaller one on the humerus ; a dilated vitta from the humerus,
near its tip, curves a little towards the suture, and is in that part a little
more dilated : venter black piceous; feet honey-yellow. — Length over
four fiftieths of an inch.

Resembles the preceding, but is destitute of the three punctures at
the base of the thorax, and with that species belongs probably to Pery-
phus, Meg.

Of the genus Bembidium, Latr., I have twenty-two described species
natives of North America.

DYTISCUS, Linn., Latr.

1. D. conjluens. Blackish brown, margined with honey-yellow;
four exterior grooves of the elytra nearly or quite geminately conflu-
ent at tip. — Inhab. Maine.

Body blackish brown with a green reflection, covered above with
minute punctures ; head dark green, with a frontal rufous semicircle,
divaricating at its anterior tips into a more dilated spot between the
canthus of the eye and the nasus, which is yellowish, excepting the
anterior edge ; above the nasus a transverse impressed line, ending each
side in a more dilated spot ; thorax margined all around with honey-
yellow ; anterior margin with a somewhat double line, of which the
posterior one is obsolete : posterior margin with the yellow colour,
near the lateral angles, contracted or almost obsolete ; elytra with

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 441

about ten grooves which extend three fourths the distance to the tip.
the four exterior interstitial spaces confluent, or nearly so, by twos ;
lateral margin not dilated, honey-yellow with an obsolete branch
towards the tip proceeding obliquely to the suture ; beneath honey-
yellow, sutures more or less margined with black. — Length one inch
and a half.

This fine large species was sent me by Dr E. Holmes of the (iardiner
Lyceum, together with many other interesting objects of natural his-
tory. It is more than double the size of D.fasciventris, Say, and may
also be distinguished from that species by the confluent termination of
the four exterior grooves of the elytra in the female. It is less dilated
than the latissimus, Fabr., and is destitute of the wide elytral mar-
gin.

2. D.habilis. Blackish olivaceous : thorax and elytra margined with
yellow : elytra with three series of punctures. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body oval: above with minute, distant punctures; /jer/f/ with a fron-
tal rufous angular line or semicircle, divaricating at its anlerior tips
into a more dilated spot between the canthusof the eye and the nasus,
which is yellow, excepting the anterior edge; above the nasus on each
side is an orbicular, punctured indentation ; front each side at the eye
with an indented, punctured line ; thorax with a broad yellow margin ;
dorsal line acute, distinct, not extending upon the margins ; a line of
impressed punctures on the anterior margin interrupted in the mid-
dle ; lateral margin not at all depressed ; scutel honey-yellow on the
posterior submargin ; elytra with three series of impressed punctures ;
the exterior series less distinct ; general puncturation near the tip much
larger and more obvious ; posterior margin yellowish with an obsolete
undulated branch proceeding obliquely towards the tip ; beneath varied
with blackish, piceous and yellow. — Length one inch.

A male of this species was taken by William Bennett in the river
beyond Vera Cruz, and, together with the two following, presented to
me by Mr William Maclure. It is allied to the D. marginalis, F., but
that species in form approaches the ovate ; the present also is much
smaller and oval.

Vol. IV.— 5 L

442 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

3. D. bimarginatus. Black; head and thorax rufous; elytra with a
yellow vitta on the lateral submargin. — Inhab, Louisiana.

Body oval, blackish ; head honey-yellow, posteriorly black ; ^m^jz and
antenyiae yellowish ; thorax honey-yellow ; posterior margin black,
which is more dilated on the middle half; elytra with three series of
distant slight punctures ; on the lateral submargin a yellow vitta,
which passes a short distance on the humeral base, and posteriorly
diverges a little from the margin, attenuates, and does not reach the
tip ; margin and epipleura dull rufous, not reaching the tip ; beneath
piceous black ; pectus and anterior feet yellowish ; terminal joints of
the tarsi piceous ; posterior pairs of feet piceous; intermediate thighs
dull yellow ; venter each side with obsolete piceous spots. — Length less
than half an inch.

For this species I am indebted to the politeness of Mr J. Barabino,
who sent it to me from New Orleans.

COLYMBETES, C/a/m

1. C. tacniolis, Say, (Dytiscus) Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. In Mex-
ico is a variety, being smaller. The specimen is a male, and proves
that the species must be placed in the present genus. It was taken in
the river beyond Vera Cruz.

2. C. gufticollis. Thorax yellowish with four black spots ; head
black, anteriorly and band of the vertex yellow. — Inhab. Mexico.

Head black ; a transverse yellowish band between the nearest points
of the eyes ; a dilated yellowish triangle occupying all the anterior
part of the head, the apex being at the middle of the face ; antennae
and palpi honey-yellow, dusky at their tips ; thorax honey-yellow, an-
terior margin blackish ; posterior margin dusky ; four large black spots
in a transverse series, the two intermediate ones nearer together ; elytra
honey-yellow with minute black points more or less crowded so as to
give a dusky, sometimes almost blackish appearance ; lateral margin
destitute of black punctures, but with a black line on the posterior cur-
vature ; at base, particularly the humeral base, destitute of the black
punctures; three regular series of small black dots; beneath black;

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 443

pectus, feet and epiplcura yellowish. — Length over two fifths of an
inch.

Taken in the river beyond Vera Cruz.

It is about the size of the C. adspcrsus, F., which it considerably re-
sembles, if we except the thoracic black dots.

3. C. fenesfralis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described
by Germar under the name of higiittitliis, Sp. Insect., p. 29.

4. C. intcrrogatiis, Fabr. Syst. Eleut. C. vcmisfus, Say, Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc. When describing this species I stated that it
"may probably prove to be the intcrrogatiis of Fabricius." Of this I
have now so little doubt, that I venture to reject the name I then
provisionally gave, and to adopt the true or anterior name. Dojean
is also of the opinion that it is the interrogatus, F. Sturm, ho\vever,
considers it distinct.

COPTOTOMUS, Sai/.

Tarsi distinctly five-jointed ; basal joints of the anterior pair of the
male subequally dilated or gradually tapering ; posterior nails appressed
together and apparently single ; posterior feet natatory, base of the
thighs naked ; antennae eleven-jointed, at least as long as the head and
thorax, filiform ; scutel distinct ; terminal joint of the palpi somewhat
compressed at tip and emarginate.

Observations — This genus differs from other genera of this family in
the character of the emarginate palpi, excepting the genus Noterus,
which is destitute of an apparent scutel and the emargination of the
palpi is confined to the labial. The name is derived from the
words copfo I cut, and tome joint or articulation, in allusion to the form
of the palpi.

C. serripalpus. Yellowish; elytra brownish varied with whitish, —
Inhab. Mexico.

Body oblong-oval, honey-yellow; head black on the posterior margin;
lahial palpi with the penultimate joint crenate or bituberculate before;
thorax on the middle of the anterior and posterior margins broadly
black ; elytra brownish, with very numerous, minute honey-yellow

?(V^

444 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

points ; two very slightly impressed striae, with punctures hardly dis-
tinguishable from minute inequalities of the surface, and an indistinct
part of a series of hardly impressed punctures each side ; from the base
near the scutel proceeds a whitish broad vitta one fifth of the length
of the elytra, bifid at tip ; from the humeral base to the tip proceeds a
broad, interrupted and somewhat irregular vitta also whitish ; venter
piceous. — Length less than three tenths of an inch.

This insect was obtained on the estate of the Conde del Regla about
10 leagues N. E. of the city of Mexico by William Bennett, and pre-
sented to me by Mr William Maclure. It cannot be the Dytiscus cir-
cumscriptus, Germ., which is " breviter ovali."

LACCOPHILUS, Leach.

L. maculosus, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since described, by
Germar, also under the name of maculosus, Sp. Gen., p. 30.

HYPHIDRUS, Lair.
H. punctatus, Say, (Laccophilus) Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sc.

HYDROPORUS, Clairv.

1. H. hifidiis. Elytra with a subsutural, impressed, punctured stria.
— Inhab. Mexico.

Body black ; head with much-dilated indentations between the eyes ;
a longitudinal honey-yellow line, more dilated before ; antennae yel-
lowish, dusky at tip ; thorax with a submarginal honey-yellow band
before having three processes, one in the middle, and one, rather more
dilated, on the lateral margin, not reaching the posterior edge; elytra
with a very distinct, punctured, impressed, subsutural stria, and about
two other hardly obvious ones near the middle ; bifid yellowish lines at
base near the tip ; feet dark honey-yellow. — Length less than one fifth
of an inch. ' -^

This species and the two following were taken by William Bennett
in a small river beyond Vera Cruz, and were presented to me by Mr
Maclure.

2. H. nudatus. Beneath black ; feet yellowish ; thorax and head

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 445

on their disks yellowish; elytra blackish with lines and tip yellowish.
— Inhab. Mexico.

Head with numerous deep punctures, honey-yellow on the disk,
blackish each side and behind; antennae pale yellowish, dusky at (ip;
thorax with numerous deep punctures, more dense and obvious to-
wards the base, honey-yellow, anterior and posterior margins dusky ;
elytra brownish-black, with numerous, profound, approximate punc-
tures ; striae not distinct, but traces of two may be discovered near the
base ; about four more or less confluent lines at base, irregular ones
each side and tip dull w^hitish yellow; beneath black, pectus yellow;
feet honey-yellow. — Length over three twentieths of an inch.

3. H. scricatus. Yellowish ; elytra blackish with abbreviated lines
and margin dull yellow'ish. — Inhab. Mexico.

Dull honey-yellow, somewhat sericeous above; head with a dilated,
not profound, indentation each side, and numerous small punctures ;
antennae also honey-yellow ; thorax a little dusky on the anterior and
posterior margins, with numerous, small, slightly impressed punctures:
elytra dark brownish, almost black, more obviously sericeous than the
thorax ; striae none ; lateral margin dull honey, dilated near the base
into a band of about four abbreviated, unequal, longitudinal lines, ex-
cepting the inner one, not reaching the base, another somewhat similar
band behind the middle and slight double dilatation at tip of the same
colour. — Length less than one fifth of an inch.

This species was obtained in the same locality with the preceding.
It is closely allied to undidatiis, Say, but is more sericeous, the elytial
lines are not so dilated or confluent, &c.

4. H. interruplus. Black; feet, frontal line, three thoracic spots,
and many elytral abbreviated lines yellowish. — Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body blackish ; head with a slight piceous tinge ; an anterior honey-
yellow triangular spot, the superior angle near the vertex ; antennae pale
yellow, dusky at tip ; thorax obsoletely tinged with piceous ; a lateral
irregular spot, and a dorsal, longitudinal, somewhat fusiform one, honey-
yellow ; elytra with an oblique impressed line at the inner angles, a
slightly impressed subsutural stria, and an obsolete one on each side of
the middle ; lateral margin with two slender oblique branches before
Vol. IV.— 5 M

446 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

the middle, slender subsutural vitta exterior to the stria, interrupted
line or two along the middle, a small spot behind near the middle and
about two transverse series of two or three short lines, dull honey-
yellow ; beneath black ; pectus, feet and epipleura yellowish. — Length
over three twentieths of an inch.

5. H. discicoUis. Reddish brown, somewhat sericeous, minutely
punctured, middle of the thorax without punctures. — Inhab. N. W.
Territory.

Body entirely dark reddish brown, with minute punctures : hmil

— ; thorax wath the disk impunctured, polished and a little more

convex ; elytra darker than the thorax, more obviously sericeous ; lat-
eral margin a little paler ; spot at the tip dull yellowish ; posfpectiis
black piceous. — Length three twentieths of an inch.

I obtained an individual of this species during Long's Expedition
to the source of St Peter's River, and although it is now mutilated,
yet I have no hesitation in giving it as distinct from any other I am
acquainted with.

HALIPLUS, Latr.
H. i^-jmnctatus, Say. Some specimens were found in Mexico, in
the locality above mentioned by William Bennett, and presented to me
by Mr William Maclure. They vary a little from those of this region in
being very slightly more elongated and larger ; but the spots, their ar-
rangement and the sculpture appear to be precisely the same. The
species is therefore found over the greater part of North America east
of the Rocky Mountains.

NOTERUS, Latr.

N, bicolor. Honey-yellow; elytra black, punctured. — Inhab. Lou-
isiana.

Head and thorax honey-yellow ; eyes black ; jyalpi not deeply emar-
ginate; elytrahhck, punctured; at tip obsoletely piceous, very obliquely
and slightly truncate; acute; beneath honey-yellow, or piceous. —
Length one tenth of an inch.

For this species I am indebted to Mr Barabino.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 447

HYDROCANTHUS, Say.

H. afripe::7i}S. Ferruginous; elytra black. — Inhab. .Mexico.

Head and thorax ferruginous ; the former with an oblong triangu-
lar, obsolete, darker spot between the eyes, and the latter with an im-
pressed line on the lateral submargin : elytra blue-black, inimacuhite.
impunctured ; pectus^ as well as the head beneath, dull yellowish :
sternum flat, at its anterior tip acute, but not prominent, dusky : pod-
pectus blackish, dull yellow at tip ; feet, intermediate and posterior
pairs blackish, slightly varied with piceous. — Length less than one
fifth of an inch.

This is the second species of this genus : the first J published in the
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vol. 2, new series. The genus is allied to
Noterus, Latr., but the labial palpi are much more dilated, and have
no appearance of emargination.

GYRINUS, Linn.

1. G. eniarginatus, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Since descri-
bed by Germar under the name of vittatus, Spec. Nov.

2. G. analis, Say, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Germar is of opinion
that this is the same as natator, F. ; but on comparison, I find it to
ditfer in many small characters, the most obvious one of which is the
colour of the epipleura, that of the natator being light piceous, whilst
in the analis it is of a bronzed black, &c. It is no doubt a closely allied
species.

3. G. obtusus. Black; feet honey-yellow; behind obtuse. — Inhab.
Mexico.

Body black, polished ; head with two indented dots between the
eyes ; mouth piceous ; antennae piceous-black ; thorax with the anterior
lateral, posterior lateral and medial impressed lines very distinct ; elytra
obtuse behind and widely truncate ; near the tip obviously depressed ;
punctures well impressed, in regular series, the intervals not impressed ;
beneath dark piceous, somewhat paler on the edges of the segments :
feet and tip of the venter honey-yellow.— Length over one fifth of an
inch.

448 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

It may be distinguished from the analis and limbatus, Nob., and
from the natator, Fabr., and marinits, Gyl., in being more obtuse be-
hind and the consequent greater truncation of the elytra.

4. G. parens. Black ; feet honey-yellow. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body rather robust, black, highly polished ; head with two indented,
oblique lines between and before the eyes; thorax with the impressed
lines very obvious ; elytra with very distinct, well impressed series of
punctures, the intervals not at all impressed ; tips obtusely rounded ;
feet honey-yellow. — Length nearly one fifth of an inch.

In comparison with minutus, Fabr., this species is a little longer and
much more robust, more highly polished and the impressed lines of
the thorax and dots of the elytra are more profound and distinct. It is
somewhat smaller than either of those I have before described, and the
punctures of the elytra are, notwithstanding, larger.

STAPHYLINUS, Linn., Grav.

1. S. ephippialus. Black; elytra rufous.—Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, polished ; head with a longitudinal, impressed line be-
tween the eyes ; superior orbits with three or four punctures, above
these a lateral series of four or five punctures, and two or three insu-
lated ones, and at base each side a transverse series of four or five punc-
tures ; antennae, terminal joint obliquely truncate ; thorax semioval
with a few scattered punctures each side, an abbreviated dorsal series
of four or five punctures not extending on the posterior third of the
length of the thorax; scutel densely punctured, black; elytra cinna-
mon-rufous, with very numerous small hairs and slightly impressed
punctures ; tergum a little hairy, deep blackish-blue, iridescent ; palpi
piceous. — Length over half an inch.

This and the following species belong to Family 1st of Gravenh.
Monogr.

2. S. connexHS. Black ; elytra and feet rufous. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, polished ; head with punctured orbits and a few scat-
tered punctures each side; palpi piceous black; a deep and wide
indentation between the antennae, on each side of which above is a sin-
gle puncture ; thorax with a series of about five large dorsal punctures

SOME NOnTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 449

and a few scattered lateral ones ; antennae cinnamon rufous, with very
short hair and minute punctures ; feet colour of the elytra. — Length
over three tenths of an inch.

Resembles the preceding, but the feet are rufous, and the tcrgum
is simply black; the clypeus is a little advanced in the middle. Fam.
1st.

3. S. iracundus. Black; elytra rufous; dorsal thoracic punctures
three. — Inhab. Indiana.

Head with an orbital puncture and three occipital punctures, of
which the anterior one is near the eye and larger ; anlennar piceous ;
flagellum fuscous; the joints a little broader than long; terminal joint
with the apex rather prominent; mouth dull piceous; occiput with
numerous small punctures ; thorax with three small dorsal punctures,
not reaching the middle of the length ; lateral punctures about five,
the second and fifth placed a little above the straight line ; marginal
punctures two or three ; towards the anterior angles are numerous
obsolete discoidal punctures, visible with a strong power; scufcl gla-
brous, black; elytra rufous, densely punctured, with short prostrate
hairs ; tergiim at tip slightly tinged with piceous ; tibiae, tarn and pos-
terior margins of the ventral segments piceous. — Length over seven
twentieths of an inch.

This species seems to have some relation to the laticollis, Grav., but
the thorax is less dilated, the lateral puncturations are much more nu-
merous; the elytra are of a difTerent colour, &,c. Fam. 1st.

4. S. blandus, Grav. The reddish colour of this handsome insect is
of a tint approaching sanguineous.

Gravenhorst had probably old specimens, of which the colour had
faded. He describes the feet as "rufo testacei," but in my specimens
the tibiae and tarsi are piceous. He says "coleoptera depilia," but my
specimens certainly have prostrate hairs on the elytra as well as on the
scutel. If this is not in reality Gravenhorst's species, it differs in the
exceptions I have stated, and can be called laetulus. Fam. 1st.

5. S. inversus. Black; dorsal thoracic punctures three. — Inhab.
Indiana.

Vol. IV.— 5 N

450 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

Head with an orbital puncture, and another above the eye ; mouth
and antennae piceous ; joints of the fiagellum rather transverse, point of
the last joint not prominent; thorax a little narrowed before; dorsal
punctures three, the series nearer each other at tip than near the head
and hardly reaching the middle of the length ; lateral two, remote,
with a single puncture midway between the second and the dorsal
series ; marginal one; scM^e/ glabrous, impunctured ; elytra on the disk
with but very few hairs ; punctures few, distant, almost to be traced
into obsolete series ; laterally with small punctures, furnishing short
hairs ; terugm in some lights slightly iridescent towards the tip ; be-
neath very obscurely piceous ;yee/ piceous. — Length nearly three tenths
of an inch.

The two dorsal series of punctures in other species diverge a little
posteriorly, but in the present species they evidently approach towards
their posterior termination. Fam. 1st.

6. S, dimidiatus. Blackish ; elytra and margins of abdominal seg-
ments reddish brown ; feet pale. — Inhab. United States.

Body piceous black; head oval black, with two punctures between
the eyes, two punctures on the posterior canthus and five or six behind ;
mouth piceous ; antennae, first and second joints and part of the third
yellowish, or reddish brown more or less pale ; thorax black, with a
tinge of piceous ; dorsal series five, and an equal puncture more dis-
tant than the others, near the anterior margin, and a little exterior to
the line of the series ; lateral punctures two, or in a much curved line
three ; marginal two ; elytra reddish brown, with prostrate hairs ; ab-
domen, segments reddish brown on their posterior margins ; feet
yellowish, or pale reddish brown. — Length nearly one fifth of an
inch.

I have found specimens in Pennsylvania and Missouri. The red-
dish brown colour of the posterior margins of the abdomen, is obvious
beneath. Fam. 1st.

7. S. tnchiniformis. Black; thorax sanguineous; feet piceous. —
Inhab. Mexico.

Body black ; head rather small, oval, polished ; with two punctures

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 451

each side between the eyes, and eight or ten behind the eyes ; antennae
fuscous, dark piceous at base; mouth piceous; thorax sanguineous;
dorsal punctures five, distant from the base and tip ; lateral t\vo ; mar-
ginal three, placed triangularly ; elytra with a slight, obscure metallic
tinge, with numerous minute punctures furnishing prostrate hairs;
feet honey-yellow ; posterior pair and tibiae and tarsi darker. — Lengtli
one fourth of an inch. Fam. 1st.

8. S. apkiaUs. Black ; terminal joint of the antennae and abdomen
towards the tip, rufous. — Inhab. United States.

Body black, polished, punctured ; head with numerous punctures,
smooth in the middle ; antennae with the terminal joint yellowish-ru-
fous ; mandibles piceous ; ;jf//;ji with the terminal joint rather long,
slender, piceous ; thorax with numerous not crowded punctures, with
a longitudinal, dilated, glabrous line; seutel, punctures minute, dense ;
elytra with a subsutural line and numerous small punctures furnishing
hairs; abdomen towards the tip dull rufous; yet/ piceous-black. —
Length nearly two fifths of an inch. Fam. 3d.

9. S. eyanipennis, Fabr. The allied species of the United States
w^as considered by Gravenhorst as a variety only of the European species.
I have not at present in my collection the true eyanipennis of Eu-
rope to compare, but as Gravenhorst mentions a difierence in the size of
the head, it may yet prove to be a distinct species, and, if so, the name
proposed by Knoch, S. cyanopterus, will be an appropriate one. — Fam.
1st.

10. S. vidiiatus, F. This name has the priority over that of macu-
losus, Grav. Belongs to Family 4. It is singular that Gravenhorst in
his revised work the "Monographia" quotes the proper name of this
insect and yet retains the synonym of maculosus as the true name,
although it was given by himself a year after the Fabrician name.

U.S. violaceus, Grav. This species is subject to vary considerably ;
the "linea media longitudinali laevi" of the head is very commonly
obliterated by punctures, and there exists a variety, of whicli the
elytra are tinged with greenish, or are dusky brassy. Belongs to Fam . 3.

12. S. umbratilis, Grav. My specimens, five in number, have about

452 DESCRIPTIONS OP AND OBSERVATIONS ON

five punctures in the dorsal series, neither of them has four only as
stated in the description. Belongs to Fam. 1st.

13. S. ater, Grav. In my cabinet I find that I formerly placed this
species under the genus Astrapaeus, Grav., from the circumstance that
the terminal joints of the palpi are more dilated than in any other
species of Staphylinus, that I am acquainted with. The terminal
joint of the maxillary palpi, is not longer than the penultimate one,
and the diameter is nearly, if not quite as great; the terminal joint of
the labial palpi is very obviously, dilated, oval, and its transverse diam-
eter is nearly double that of the last joint of the maxillaries. Still,
however, as neither of these joints can be called securiform, agreeably
to the essential characters of Astrapaeus, we must agree with Graven-
horst, and return the species to his third family of Staphylinus, from
which it certainly differs in the characters above stated.

XANTHOLINUS, Dahl

1. X. emmesHS, Grav., Coleopt. Micropt. 176, belongs to this genus.
It is subject to vary in its colouring; the abdomen is often piceous, and
sometimes even still paler.

2. X. cephalus. Black ; antennae reddish-brown ; elytra and feet
honey-yellow. — Inhab. Virginia.

Body black, polished ; head elongated, sides parallel, punctured ;
punctures numerous and larger each side, excepting immediately the
line behind the eye obsolete on the longitudinal middle ; a larger punc-
ture each side at base ; and a slight longitudinal indentation on the
basal margin ; thorax as wide as the head anteriorly, becoming gradually
a little narrower to the base ; a dorsal series of five or six punctures ; lat-
eral four or five punctures ; on the anterior termination of this series a
much dilated slight indentation ; marginal puncture one ; basal edge
each side and lateral edge with a series of punctures ; elytra honey-
yellow, irregularly not profoundly punctured; pectus rufous; feet
honey-yellow ; abdomen piceous black. — Length one fourth of an inch.

The head is large, longer than the thorax. I obtained it on Chin-
quotege Island.

SOME NORTH AMEHICAN INSECTS. 453

3. X, hamatus. Piceous ; antennae, elytra and feet yellowish. —
Inhab. United States.

Head piceous-black, ovate, with sparse, profound punctures, wanting
on the longitudinal middle and immediately in a line behind the eye ;
antennae reddish brown, paler at base ; palpi palo reddish brown ;
thorax rufo-piceous, not distinctly contracted behind ; dorsal punctures
about ten, with an anterior, nearly parallel, exterior series of about
four; lateral series ten or twelve punctured, extending to the locality
of the posterior angle, and at its anterior extremity curved outward
and backward with four or five additional punctures; elytra honey-yel-
low, sparsely and irregularly punctured ; a somewhat elevated line on
the sutural submargin ; feet dark honey-yellow. — Length about one
foiirth of an inch.

Remarkable for the number of punctures in the thoracic series.

LATHROIUUM, Grav.

1. 1j. similipenne. Black; members rufous or yellowish. — Inhab.
Mexico.

Body black, polished, hairy, densely punctured ; antennae reddish
brown, first and second joints rufous ; lahrum and palpi piceous ; thorax
longer than broad, with a longitudinal glabrous line in the middle, and
a glabrous basal margin ; elytra, terminal edge piceous ; tergiim with
more minute punctures; more hairy at tip;/eenioney-yellow ; this;hs
pale yellow. — Length two fifths of an inch.

Like most of the species of this genus the middle of the thorax is
destitute of punctures ; in this character it also agrees with Staphyliniis
violaceus, Grav.

2. L. armatum. Anterior thighs dilated and angulated beneath. —
Inhab. Indiana.

Body black, punctured ; antennae piceous ; first joint obconic, not
longer than the second and third together, which are equal; 4-10
joints moniliform ; last joint ovate acute ; palpi pale piceous ; terminal
joint minute, that of the labial longer ; thorax oblong-quadrate ; angles
rounded; glabrous line none; elytra black piceous, punctures not
Vol. IV.— 5 0

454 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

deeply impressed ; sutural stria distinct ; fe,d rufous ; thighs robust,
particularly the anterior, which have a prominent angle beneath near
the tip ; tihiae a little dilated and compressed, obliquely truncate at
tip ; anterior pair with an obtuse sinus on the inner side ; tarsi^ first
joint not longer than the second ; penultimate joint a little lobed be-
neath.— Length about seven twentieths of an inch. r

I have obtained but one specimen, which is a male. The above
description will show that it differs much from any known species.

3. L, cindum. Black, punctured ; antennae and mouth piceous ;
feet yellowish ; posterior margins of the segments of the abdomen
rufous. — Inhab. Missouri.

Body black, punctured, hairy ; head above, punctures dense, distinct,
profound, furnishing hairs ; on the front sparse, remote ; antennae pale
piceous, first joint nearly one third of the entire length, third joint
rather longer than the second and with the others obconic, two termi-
nal ones subglobular ; lahnun very short at tip punctured and setous,
emarginate in the middle; mandibles piceous, prominent, strongly
dentate in the middle; jyalpi, maxillary prominent, pale piceous, ter-
minal joint conic acute, as large at base as the preceding joint, labial
pale testaceous, minute, throat with an impressed convex line ; thorax
oblong, not wider than the head, punctures numerous, profound, fur-
nishing hairs, angles rounded ; scutel impunctured ; elytra, punctures
somewhat transversely confluent, a little hairy ; feel testaceous, thighs
paler, anterior thighs near the tip abruptly narrowed beneath, coxae
piceous; pectus impunctured; postpectus and abdomen densely and
minutely punctured, punctures hair}^ ; segments of the latter with
rufo-ferruginous posterior margins. — Length less than two fifths of an
inch.

Found near Engineer Cantonment on the Missouri.

4. L. bicolor, Grav. This is an abundant species, and widely distri-
buted. Nuttall gave me a specimen which he found in Arkansaw;
I have taken them in Missouri, Pennsylvania and very commonly in
this state. It varies considerably in its shades of colouring. I have
an individual of which the thorax is pale yellow.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS, 455

5. L. ilimidiatum. Black; thorax and posterior half of the elytra
rufous — Inhab. United States.

Black ; head with scattered punctures ; antennae fuscous : first and
second joints, and paipi honey-yellow ; thorax briu;lit rufous, willi a
dorsal hardly regular stria of seven or eight punctures, Ihe stria
somewhat impressed towards the base ; lateral punctures many, not
crowded ; elytra with one or two hardly regular striae of punctures,
and lateral scattered punctures ; an indented subsutural line ; bright
rufous, the basal half black; terguin piceous black; segments dull
rufous on their posterior margins ; feet pale yellow. — Length three
twentieths of an inch.

Var. a. Punctures of the thorax a little more regular and numerous ;
black portion of the elytra confined to the basal margin and sometimes
obsolete.

Punctured somewhat like loiigiii senium, Grav., but is much smaller
and differently coloured.

G.Li.sphaericolle. Blackish; thorax orbicular, convex; antennae
long. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body black piceous; head with the carina of the antennae a little
elevated, abrupt before ; antennae much thicker towards the tip. rather
longer than to the base of the thorax, first joint hardly longer than the se-
cond and third together ; fuscous, three basal joints honey-yellow, fourth
and terminal joints obscure honey-yellow ; larger joints hardly longer
than broad ; mandibles bifid at tip, and with the palpi piceous : neck
distinct; thorax nearly orbicular, a little wider before the middle and
narrower behind ; convex, with sparse black hairs ; elytra with scat-
tered, upright hairs ; subsutural stria deeply indented, particularly to-
wards the base ; tip truncate not sinuate : taken together, transverse
quadrate : tergumh\ack;feet yellowish ; thighs towards the tip piceous.
— Length over one tenth of an inch.

The labrum is longitudinally indented in the middle, and at tip is
widely, but not very deeply emarginate. The habit dilfers from that of
most of the species, and it cannot be, rigidly speaking, congeneric with
bicolor and pallipes, Grav.

456 DEscniPTioNs of and observations on

It varies in having the feet entirely yellowish and the tips of the
carinae of the head honey-yellow.

7. L. millepundatum. Piceous; with dense, minute punctures;
thorax with a glabrous line, rounded behind. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body dull piceous, with very minute, crowded punctures and small
hairs ; head larger than thorax, black piceous, quadrate, almost lobed at
the posterior angles ; antennae and mouth paler, rufous ; thorax, as in
Staphylinus, rounded behind and truncate before ; a dorsal, slender,
glabrous line ; elytra paler on the humerus ; tergum dark piceous, pos-
terior margins of the segments and lateral margin paler; beneath
honey-yellow, head rufous. — Length less than one fourth of an inch.

The form of the thorax and head is that of a Staphylinus ; which
together with the dense and minute puncturing, distinguish this species
very readily from others.

8. L. confluentum. Piceous ; densely punctured ; thorax short,
rounded behind and angulated before each side ; head large. — Inhab.
United States.

Body piceous ; head with close set, discoidal punctures ; large, ovate
or subquadrate ; tips of the carinae of the antennae, base of the anten-
nae and palpi paler ; palpi with the terminal joint very small ; anten-
nae towards the tip moniliform ; thorax much smaller than the head,
paler on the lateral and posterior margins ; punctures confluent longi-
tudinally ; anterior margin with a short, abrupt neck ; anterior angles
angulated ; behind rounded ; elytra with small, irregular punctures,
furnishing short hairs, almost obsolete at tip ; tip paler ; feet honey-
yellow. — Length less than three twentieths of an inch,

I obtained a few specimens at Chincoteage Island, in dung, October;
and one in Indiana.

PINOPHILUS, Grav.

P. latipes, Grav. In his last work, this author abolishes this genus
and unites the species with Lathobium. But I think with Latreille,
that it must be a distinct genus.

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 457

PAEDERUS, Fabr.

1. P. discopimctahis. Yellowish; abdomen black at tip. — Iiiliab.
United States.

Body elongated, dull honey-yellow, punctured ; Iicad with close set,
discoidal punctures ; subquadrate, obtuse before ; anfovuir, and palpi
paler than the head ; thorax with discoidal punctures; which arc close
set and like those of the head with a central point ; oval, rather smaller
than the head ; edges a little darker ; elytra a little paler than the head
and thorax, with dense, transversely somewhat confluent punctures ;
abdomen dark honey-yellow, black at tip ; feet colour of the elytra. —
Length less than three twentieths of an inch.

Resembles P. h'motatus. Say, but may be distinguished at first sight
by the more obtuse anterior termination of the head, and by the ab-
sence of the elytral spots, which mark that species.

2. P. cindiis. Black; tips of the elytra obscure rufous. — Inhab.
United States.

Body elongated, black with a slight tinge of piccous. and with dis-
coidal punctures ; head obtuse before ; antennae and palpi honey-} ellow ;
thorax somewhat smaller than the head, a little obovate, obscurely
rufous behind : elytra obscure rufous at tip ; iergum, posterior margins
of the segments tlull rufous ; feet pale honey-yellow. — Length nearly
three twentieths of an inch.

Resembles the preceding in form, and in the obtuse anterior termi-
nation of the head.

RUGILUS, Leach.
R. dentatus. Black; feet pale ; elytra dull rufous at tip. — Inhab.
United States.

Body piceous black; head longitudinally wrinkled; antennae and
palpi piceous ; lahrum large, bidentate in the middle, piceous, rounded
each side ; thorax smaller than the head, longitudinally wrinkled, con-
vex, with a longitudinal, glabrous line ; elytra with numerous, minute,
hairy punctures : a subsutural impressed line ; posterior margin dull
Vol. IV.— 5 P

458 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

rufous, or yellowish ; feet pale yellowish. — Length over three twen-
tieths of an inch.

Var. a. Posterior margin nearly black towards the suture ; glabrous
thoracic line almost obsolete.

Much smaller than R. orbiculatiis, Payk., and the wrinkles of the
head and thorax are larger and more obvious.

'&"■

STENUS, Lafr.

1. S. geniciilalus. Black; antennae and feet whitish. — Inhab.
United States.

Body black, with a very slight cinereous tinge ; deeply punctured ;
head with a wide, but not very deep indentation each side of the mid-
dle ; profoundly punctured ; antennae whitish ; anterior part of the
head with short whitish hairs ; thorax punctured like the head ; elijtra
also with profound punctures ; tergum a deeper black than the elytra ;
segments with large punctures at base and small ones towards the tip ;
feet yellowish-white ; posterior knees blackish. — Length less than one
fifth of an inch.

This has been supposed to be the same as the fuscipes, Grav., but it
is much larger, with pale feet, &c:

2. S. colon. Black; elytra with a rufous dot; feet pale beneath. —
Inhab. Indiana.

Body black, with large, dense, not very profound punctures ; elytra
with the punctures towards the suture longitudinally confluent ; a sub-
lunate or triangular, dull rufous spot rather behind the middle of each
elytrum ; tergum with the punctures not smaller at the posterior mar-
gins of the segments ; feet dirty yellowish ; thighs blackish above —
Length over three twentieths of an inch.

Much like S. biguttatus, Linn., but is much smaller, and the spot
of the elytra is placed rather more outward and backward, and is more
triangular and ejiiarginate before.
. 3. S. stygicus. Grayish black, immaculate. — Inhab. Missouri.

Body black, with a slight tint of gray ; punctures dense, with short,
prostrate hairs ; head obtusely indented each side between the eyes ;

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 459

thorax broadest a little before the middle ; t/y/w, region of the scutel
indented ; terginn of a more unmixed black than the anterior part of
the body ; feet immaculate. — Length nearly three t\Yentietlis of an
inch.

Resembles bupthalmm, Schr., but may be distinguisued by the more
obvious indentations of the head.

4. ^. fcmoratus. Grayish black; thighs rufous. — Inhab. Pennsyl-
vania.

Body black with a slight tinge of gray ; punctures dense, with short,
prostrate hairs ; hctid obtusely indented each side between the eyes ;
thorax broadest rather before the middle, contracted behind : a slight
appearance of indentation behind the middle ; eltjlra, region of the
scutel a little indented ; ter2;wn of a more unmixed black than the
other part of the body: anterior thighs rufous, black at the knee;
posterior thighs obscure rufous. — Length less than three twentieths of
an inch.

5. S. quadripiinctatus. Black, punctured ; thorax hexagonal, ine-
qual. — Inhab. Missouri.

Body deep black, immaculate, profoundly and densely punctured :
mouth testaceous ; palpi black ; thorax hexagonal, the lateral edge pro-
jecting into an angle in the middle, disk with four dilated, indented
spots, placed in quincunx, with a slightly elevated line between them,
one or two obsolete, indented spots near the lateral angle ; alnlomen,
pectus and poslpcctus impunctured, the former with short hairs ; feet
piceous. — Length more than one tenth of an inch.

Found at Engineer Cantonment. It has a somewhat dilFerent aspect
from the preceding species. The eyes are not quite so large, and the
three last joints of the antennae are not so remarkably larger than the
others.

OXYPORUS, Fair.

O. sfygicus. Black; tarsi rufous. — Inhab. Indiana.
Body black, polished; antennae 2-5 joints rufous; tabrum rufous:
palpi honey-yellow; thorax with the lateral dellectcd margin indented ;

460 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

ehjtra entirely black ; a subsutural stria, and an abbreviated one on the
middle, near which is another obsolete one, and many rather large dis-
tant punctures ; exterior margin impunctured ; feet blackish piceous ;
tarsi pale rufous. — Length three tenths of an inch.

The thorax is somewhat longer than that of cmcliis, Grav., and the
punctures of the elytra are more numerous.

OXYTELUS, Grav.

1. 0. sculpt us. Blackish; five lined; elytra rufous; feet pale. —
Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body piceous-black, punctured ; head indented, with numerous,
small punctures above ; mouth piceous ; antennae fuscous, piceous at
base ; thorax with five grooves, of which the exterior ones are dilated
and not deeply impressed ; densely punctured ; anterior angles not
acute ; elytra dull rufous, with small hairy punctures ; a subsutural im-
pressed line and another from the humerus not reaching the tip ; ter-
gum black with a piceous tinge ; feet yellowish-white ; tibiae and tarsi
a little darker. — Length over three twentieths of an inch.

Gravenhorst considered this insect as specifically identical with his
piceus, but in his remarks on that species he states that "huic Oxytelo
alius affinis est, quam D. Prof. Knoch O. sculptus nuncupavit. Differt
thorace lateribus subrotundatis, basin versus paulo angustiore, coleop-
tris breviore et paulo angustiore, fusco seu rufo ; coleoptris quadratis,
rufescentibus seu piceo-rufo." These differences of character, indicate
a difference of species. — It is the Aleochara sculpta of Melsheimer's
Catalogue.

2. O. rugulosiis. Black ; longitudinally wrinkled ; elytra obscure
piceous. — Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, rather short, with numerous punctures, somewhat con-
fluent into longitudinal wrinkles; tiead with three grooves, rather
slightly impressed, the lateral ones dilated ; aritennae brown, dull honey-
yellow at base ; palpi dull honey-yellow ; tliorax with three grooves,
of which the middle one is wider before and the lateral ones wider
behind ; each side a little concave, the edge slightly reflected ; anterior

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 461

angles acute ; lateral edge arquated ; rounded behind ; chjlra transverse
quadrate, blackish piceous: tergiim with dense minute punctures ;/ee/
honey-yellow. — Length less than one tenth of an inch.

This does not altogether agree with the var. a of the carhuifus of
Gravenhorst and to which he has given the name of insignitus. The
present species is proportionally much shorter than the carinalm. It
is not more than half the length of that species. It is more than pro-
bable that the insignitus is also a distinct species,

I obtained three specimens of the rugulosus in Mexico.

3. O. cordatus. Black; elytra whitish, with a common brown spot.
— Inhab. Virginia.

Body black, with numerous small punctures : mandibles piceous :
on/emioe pale, towards the tip brownish ; Mo/'rt.x, angles almost rounded;
elytra yellowish white, with a common fuliginous disk ; feci yellow-
ish white; tibiae and tarsi darker. — Length three Iwentieths of an
inch.

This occurred extremely numerous, in October, under the surface
of the sand in flat places on the sea beach, over which the higli tides
flow. When the water subsides their labours become visible. 'J'hey
proceed forwards a little beneath the surface in a very irregular line,
casting up the sand so as to resemble a miniature mole tunnel.

On the wet or partially dry plain, their tunnels, though very small.
are yet very striking to the eye, in consequence of their great abun-
dance, and being drier and whiter than the general surface. They ap-
pear to be in search of the various minute crustaceous animals, that
take refuse in the sand on the recession of the waters.

4. O. emarginatiis. Black; elytra whitish with a fuliginou>< suture.
— Inhab. Indiana.

Body black, punctured ; ^ear/ with numerous, but not crowded punc-
tures ; two longitudinal indentations between the antennae : antennae^
mandibles and palpi honey-yellow; thorax with a piceous tinge,
rounded behind ; with rather sparse, well defined punctures, and an
obvious, impressed, dorsal line ; elytra with separate punct\ires and a
much dilated, common, fuliginous vitta: sutural tip very obtusely
Vol. IV.— 5 Q

462 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

rounded ; fed honey-yellow ; thighs and coxae whitish. — Length less
than one tenth of an inch.

The obtusely rounded sutural tip of the elytra, gives this part, in
repose, a profoundly emarginated appearance.

GENUS MOLOSOMA, Say.

Labrum entire ; palpi filiform, terminal joint of the maxillaries
much longer than the second, slightly attenuate to the tip ; antennae
before the eyes, inserted under the margin, gradually thicker at tip,
four last joints larger; body cylindric; thorax truncate at base; abdo-
men with the penultimate segment longest; tibiae spinous, a little
arquated.

M. latipes, Grav. (Monog. Coleopt. Micr., p. 198.)

In the present state of the science, the latipes can no longer remain
in the genus Oxytelus, as a species of which Gravenhorst described it.
That author was, however, perfectly sensible of its distinguishing cha-
racters, and had he written twenty years later, I should not now have
to construct this new genus. The following are his remarks adjoined
to his copious description, to which I must refer the reader :

"Cum hoc insectum palpis instructum sit filiformibus, antennis
extrorsum crassioribus, thorace immarginato basi truncato, Tachinis
adnumerandum foret, si solos characteres artificiales (Coleopt. Mi-
cropt., p. 134) datos respiceremus. Habitu autem toto, et, exceptis
ultimis palporum articulis, partibus etiam singulis cum Oxytelis hujus
familiae plane congruit. Certo systematis naturalis nullam haberemus
rationem, cum hoc micropteron Tachinis adjungeremus. Oxytelus
autem, sicut hue usque determinati erant, ob characteres per systema
artificiale constitutes, baud adsociari potest. Eodem ergo jure, quo
Astrapaei genus olim a Staphylino disjuugebatur, quibus attamen
simillimum est, hoc etiam insectum genus novum, ab Oxytelis separa-
tum, conderet, nisi regula systematis naturalis, i. e. character totus
externus seu habitus totus, dissuaderet."

SOiME NORTH AMERICAN INSECT!-. 463

ANTHOPHAGUS, Gmv.

A. verticalis. Body reddish brown ; elytra and margin of the ter-
gum yellowish. — Inhab, Pennsylvania.

Body chestnut, punctured, a little hairy ; head darker than the tho-
rax, punctures sparse; disk of the vertex impressed; between the an-
tennae unequal ; antennae and mouth paler than the head ; thorax
convex, rounded each side, contracted at base, with a conspicuous im-
pressed line, terminating behind in a dilated puncture ; elytra reddish
yellow, punctured, at tip obscure ; terginn with a dorsal impressed
line ; posterior or rather lateral triangular yellow spot, and on the
lateral margin of each segment; thighs testaceous: tibiae and tarsi
somewhat darker. — Length under one fifth of an inch.

Allied to A. brunncus, Nob., but the segments of the tergum are
not margined around by dusky; on each is a dusky triangle, much
dilated on the posterior margin, so as nearly to reach the lateral edge.

OMALIUM, Grav.

1. O. marginatum. Piceous, punctured; antennae and feet dull
rufous. — Inhab. Upper Missouri.

Body oblong oval, piceous, punctured ; head, punctures sparse, obso-
lete at tip ; with an indentation each side between the antennae and a
longitudinal impressed line each side at base ; antennae rufous at base,
red brown obscure at tip with cinereous hair; palpi rufous ; thorax
transverse subquadrate, punctures not crowded; posterior edge ob-
scurely piceous ; elytra longitudinally quadrate, covering more than
half of the tergum, exterior margin piceous towards the humerus; ex-
terior hind angles rounded, sutural ones acute : almost to be traced
into striae : feet piceous, paler towards the tip ; tergum obscurely ru-
fous on the margin, and on the posterior margins of the segments. —
Length one tenth of an inch.

I obtained this insect when with Major Long's expedition to the
Rocky Mountains; I think it occurred at Engineer Cantonment on
the Missouri.

464 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

2. O. rotundicolle. Piceous black ; thorax rounded behind, emargin-
ate before. — luhab. Pennsylvania.

Body Avith rather large, numerous and profound punctures ; anten-
nae piceous, brown, the three basal joints, labrum and palpi honey-
yellow ; thorax transverse oval, deeply emarginate before, equally
punctured ; posterior angles rounded ; edges piceous ; elytra equally
punctured, long; terminal edge piceous; tergum piceous, rather paler
on the posterior margins of the segments ; feet dark honey-yellow ;
venter somewhat piceous. — Length less than one fifth of an inch.

Taken on the wing at twilight, in October.

TACHINUS, Grav.

1. T. atricaudatus, Xob. Very closely allied to atricapilliis, and
cinctus. Grav.

2. T. ohsoletus. Black ; thorax, curve on the elytra, segment mar-
gins and feet yellowish. — Inhab. Virginia.

Body black ; antennae fuscous ; four basal joints yellowish ; tip of
the last joint dirty fulvous ; mouth honey-yellow ; thorax honey-yel-
low ; elytra, in some lights with an appearance of obsolete striae ; sub-
sutural impressed line obvious; a honey-yellow base, suture and ter-
minal margin ; abdomen with the segments piceous on their posterior
margins : feet pale yellowish. — Length over one fourth of an inch.

I obtained this species in October, at Chinquotege Island.

3. T. trimaculafus. Yellowish ; head and three elytral spots blackish ;
tergum rufous. — Lihab. Pennsylvania.

Body yellow, tinged with honey-yellow ; head obscure piceous ; an-
tennae fuscous ; four basal joints pale yellow ; mouth yellow ; mandibles
piceous at tip; thorax immaculate; sc»/c/ piceous ; elytra, with a few
remote punctures on the basal half, and towards the tip obsolete
impressed striae, a subsutural impressed line, near which is a series
of distant larger punctures ; region of the scutel with a dilated black-
ish triangle, extending to the middle of the length of the suture,
and thence by a narrow and paler sutural line to the tip ; exterior

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 465

margin or epipleura black, with a spot near its tip cxtendiiic; in-
wards, half way to the suture but not reaching the tip of the elytra;
tergwn dull sanguineous; near the tip with an obsolete, blackish
band ; at tip with a yellowish tinge. — Length over three twentieths
of an inch.

4. T. cincficollls. Black ; posterior thoracic margin, line of the
elytra, and feet yellowish. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body black ; moufh yellowish ; iHilpi pale yellow ; antennae fuscous,
three basal joints yellowish; fourth joint piceous; //iorox* posterior mar-
gin, and lateral margin dilating towards the posterior angles, honey-yel-
low ; scutel piceous ; elytra with an appearance of striae at tip ; a sntu-
ral impressed stria, near which is a series of distant punctures, and
another near the middle and a submarginal one ; pale yellowish, a di-
lated oval blued black spot extends from before the middle to the tip,
does not attain to the suture and is confluent with a blackish marginal
line, which does not reach the humerus; tcrgum, segments on their
posterior margins, obscure piceous ;/ee/ pale yellow. — Length less than
one fifth of an inch.

Distinguished from the others of this country, by the dilTerently
coloured thoracic margin.

5. T. humklus. Black ; elytra and posterior margins of the abdo-
minal segments, rufous. — Tnhab. Indiana.

Body black ; antennae brownish, base and mouth honey-yellow ;
thorax piceous on the posterior edge ; elytra rufous or honey-yellow,
an impressed subsutural line, near which is a series of punctures, sur-
face with sparse punctures almost to be traced into two or three series ;
sutural margin very slightly dusky; tergiim blackish, with piceous
posterior margins of the segments ; tip somewhat fulvous; feel honey-
yellow. — Length one tenth of an inch.

Allied to the preceding, but is a much smaller species, and the elytra
are immaculate.

Vol. IV.— 5 R

466 DESCRIPTIONS OF AND OBSERVATIONS ON

TACHYPORUS, Grav.

1 . T. fumipennis. Black ; margin of the thorax and base of the
elytra yellowish. — Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body minutely punctured; head hlack ; a??/emi«e filiform, brown ;
four basal joints honey-yellow ; palpi filiform, yellowish ; thorax black,
margined around with honey-yellow ; sciifel black ; elytra fuliginous, a
wide part of the base and narrow tip dull honey-yellow ; tergum black-
ish, the segments piceous on the hind margins ; beneath black-piceous :
feet honey-yellow.— Length over three twentieths of an inch.

2. T. moediis. Piceous, sericeous ; thorax and elytra margined with
dull yellowish obscure. — Inhab. United States.

Body blackish piceous, somewhat sericeous ; mouth and antennae
dull yellowish ; the latter pale brownish towards the middle ; palpi,
penultimate joint thick : last joint much shorter and acicular; thorax
dilated, convex, lateral and basal margins dull yellowish; elytra, basal
and exterior margins dull yellowish: abdomen somewhat hairy at tip,
beneath honey-yellow ; feet not or hardly spiny. — Length less than
three twentieths of an inch.

The paler margins of the thorax and elytra are sometimes almost
obsolete.

3. T.jocosits. Black : thorax, elytra, feet and mouth yellowish. —
Inhab. Indiana.

Head black piceous, polished, convex, impunctured ; antennae honey-
yellow (six ultimate joints wanting in the specimen) ; y;«^^i honey-yel-
low, terminal joint acicular; thorax polished, impunctured, yellowish :
anterior and posterior margins blackish ; scutel blackish ; elytra yel-
lowish, with very fine, prostrate hairs ; region of the scutel black-
ish ; tergum, posterior margins of the segments yellowish ; longer
than the elytra (in the preserved state) ; feet pale yellow^. — Length
one tenth of an inch.

4. T. ventricidus. Black; thorax each side and elytral margin pi-
ceous.— Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body black, with a slight piceous tinge, polished ; antennae dull

SOME NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 4G7

yellowish, dusky towards the tip: mouth dull yellowish: palpi fili-
form : thorax piceous on the lateral margin, gradually shading to the
general blackish colour; chjtra on the lateral margin and at tip
piceous ; common edge of the tip not indented at the suture ; Icrgitm
(in the preserved state) much shorter than the elytra, at lip of the
segments dull piceous : fed honey-yellow ; tibiae not remarkably siiin}-.
— Length one twelfth of an inch.

The abdomen contracts very much in desiccation.

This can hardly be the crassus, Grav.. as his description does not in-
dicate it.

5. T. opieiis. Blackish : feet, base of the thorax and of the elytra
obscure reddish brown. — Inhab. IMissouri.

Body deep black l)rown, somewhat sericeous ; head black : antennae
at base and tip pale reddish brown ; palpi pale reddish brown : thorax
convex ; a narrow, obscure, red brown posterior margin ; elytra with
a broad red brown basal margin : feet red brown ; lihiae not remark-
ably spinous; terguni with paler margins to the segments, shorter
than the elytra, hairy at tip. — Length over one tenth of an inch.

This species is not highly polished, but is distinctly sericeous.

6. T. aeaiulus. Abbreviated ; honey-yellowish ; thorax paler each
side. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body honey-yellow, polished ; /icc/f/ black piceous ; antennae fuscous,
four basal joints obscure yellowish : palpi yellowish, last joint acicular ;
thorax honey-yellowish, more dusky on the disk and at base, and
])aler. somewhat translucent on the lateral margin: elytra yellow with
a rufous tinge, a little hairy, dusky on the region of the scutcl : tip of
the suture a little rounded, so as to produce an acute, but small, com-
mon emargination ; tergwn less than half the length of the elytra,
blackish brassy, somev.hat hairy :/tf/ yellow, pale : tibiae wMh obvious,
but not very prominent spines. — Length nearly one twelfth of an inch.

This is very broad in proportion to its length, in consequence of the
great contraction of the abdomen in drying. It resembles yoro.9«.s'. N..
but is wider in proportion to its length, without taking into considera-
tion the extraordinary brevity of the abdomen.

468 DESCRIPTIONS OP AND OBSERVATIONS ON

7. T.faber. Thorax and elytra yellowish; near the scutel depress-
ed ; last joint of the palpi very short. — Inhab. Indiana.

Body somewhat depressed ; head black-piceous, polished ; antennae
yellowish towards the base ; palpi, penultimate joint rather dilated ;
ultimate joint very short, conic, hardly one fourth as long as the prece-
ding : thorax honey-yellow, glabrous ; scutel small, dusky ; elytra
paler than the thorax, slightly hairy ; suture and base near the scutel
a little dusky; region of the scutel somewhat indented ; /eyg-Mm wider
and more depressed than in most species, paler towards the tip ; beneath
reddish brown ; feet yellowish ; tibiae a little spinous. — Length about
one twelfth of an inch.

The abdomen is more depressed than usual in this genus, and the
terminal joint of the maxillary palpi is much shorter than in our other
species.

Much reform seems requisite in this and the preceding genera.

8. T. Jimbriatus, Grav. Varies in being more or less tinged
with ferruginous. The head and thorax are sometimes entirely dull
ferruginous. It is the boleti of Melsh. Catal., but it was afterwards
first described by Gravenhorst under the name which I have of course
adopted.

ALEOCIIARA, Grav.

1. A. obscuricollis. Black; elytra ferruginous; tarsi piceous. —
Inhab. Mexico.

Body black ; head opaque ; labriim piceous ; thorax orbicular, trun-
cated before for the reception of the head, opaque ; elytra ferruginous,
length hardly exceeding the breadth ; scutel black, opaque ; abdomen
obviously hairy, polished, lateral edge somewhat elevated ; tarsi piceous.
— Length less than three tenths of an inch.

2. A. bimaculata, Grav.

A species very closely allied, or perhaps the same as the bimaculata,
Grav., is an inhabitant also of Mexico.

3. A. lustrica. Blackish; thorax each side, elytra and feet dull ru-
fous.— Inhab. Pennsylvania.

SOME NORTH AMEUICAN INSECTS. 469

Body piceous black, obviously punctured ; head black, with nu-
merous punctures, sparse in front and more dense bcliind ; before the
antennae triangularly carinate, dull piceous ; antennae dark reddish
brown, three basal joints honey-yellow; mouth dull honey-yellow;
thorax with very numerous punctures, rather larger towards the base
and almost to be traced into transverse arquated lines; lateral margins
piceous ; elytra dull yellowish-rufous, with dense punctures ; (thdomen
piceous at tip ; feet honey-yellow. — Length under one fourth of an
inch.

4. A. fasciata. Yellow ; head, baud of the elytra and spot on the
tergum, black. — Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body yellow, with a slight rufous tinge ; head black piceous,
with rather large punctures each side towards the eyes ; eyes large,
prominent ; mouth dull yellowish ; antennae at base pale yellow ;
thorax sparsely and unequally punctured, with four somewhat larger
remote punctures on the disk; elytra, punctures small, not deeply
impressed ; posterior half blackish ; tergum with a black dot near
the tip ; feet whitish. — Length about one twelfth of an inch.

This is the A. fasciata of Melsh. Catal.

5. A. indentata. Yellowish ; head, thoracic disk, clytral spot and
middle of the tergum, black. — Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Head not obviously punctured; eijes not remarkably large or
prominent ; antennae reddish brown, pale at base ; mouth honey-
yellow ; thorax dull yellowish, dusky in the middle ; a longitudinal
impressed line, and an indentation on the middle of the base ; elytra
with small, numerous punctures; yellowish with the sutural edge
and a triangular spot, extending from before the middle to the pos-
terior outer angle, but not reaching the suture; tergum reddish
yellow, the two middle segments blackish ; beneath yellowish ; posl-
pectus and middle of the venter black ; feet whitish. — Length one
fifteenth of an inch.

Var. a. Thorax with the dusky disk obsolete.

Resembles the dichroa, Grav., in having the indentation on the
Vol. IV.— 5 S

470 DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS.

middle of the base, but it differs in many respects, and obviously in
colouring. " '

6. A. A-pundata. Thorax rufous, with four punctures placed
transversely. — Inhab. Missouri and Indiana.

Head piceous black, vv^ith one puncture on the inner orbit, and
three or four behind the eye ; antennae, reddish brow^n, three basal
joints honey-yellow ; palpi piceous ; thorax honey-yellow with four
distant punctures before the middle, placed in a transverse line, the
lateral ones less distinct; elytra dull honey-yellow, with minute
punctures, having prostrate hairs; tergum piceous, paler towards the
tip ; beneath dark piceous ; feet yellowish. — Length over one tenth of
an inch.

The four punctures of the thorax is an obvious character.

7. A. propera. Blackish ; thorax depressed on the posterior middle.
— Inhab. Indiana.

Body with very numerous, small punctures, furnishing pale yel-
lowish hairs; antennae black fuscous, three or four basal joints
piceous ; inouth piceous ; thorax black piceous, conspicuously hairy ;
on the middle of the base indented ; elytra piceous brown, obviously
hairy, a little depressed on the basal margin and in the region of the
scutel ; tergum black ; feet pale piceous.— Length over or about one
tenth of an inch.

The depression, almost or quite amounting to an indentation at
the base of the thorax is sometimes geminate.

8. A semicarinata. Blackish ; thorax with a carina on the basal
half. — Inhab. Missouri.

Body black with a piceous tinge : thorax with an elevated line, or
two parallel impressed striae, from the middle to the base ; elytra with
a slightly impressed sutural groove ou the basal half j abdomen black;
feet pale piceous.

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of the Lond. Instit. Supplement to Catalogue of their Library. 1830.

Lisbon. Real Acad, das Sciencias.

Programma e distrib. de premios. 1829 — 32. Lista dos Donativos, 1825 a 1831.
Madrid. Mem. de la Acad. Real de la Hist. Tom. 7. 1832. cao.
Manchester. (G. B.) Mem. of the Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. S.' Vol. 3, 1819. Vol. 5,

1831. 8vo.
Michigan. Hist. Soc. Disc, of Gen. Cass, 1839. Disc. H. N. Schoolcraft, 1830. 8vo.
MiTTAU. Jahresverhandl. def Kurland. Gesellschaft der Litter, und Kunst. Vols 1,2. 4to.

1819, 1822.
Moscow. Notice sur les Vegetaux Fossiles du Gouv. de Moscou a la Seance publ. de la

Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes, par G. Fischer de Waldheim. 1826. 4to.

Par le meme. Programme pour la Seance publique de la Soc. Imp. de Nat. 1828. 4to.

New York. Annals of the Lyceum. Vol. 3, Nos 3, 4. Index to Library, 1830.
Paris. Mem. de I'Acad. Roy. des Sci. de I'lnstitut. Vol. 9 to 12. 1830—3. 4to.

Mem. presentes par divers Savans a I'lnstit. Vols 2, 3. 1830 — 33. 4to.

Notices et extraits des MSS. de la Bibl. du Roi. Vol. 10, 12. 1818—31.

Hist. Litt. de la France. Vols 14, 15, 16. 1817—24.

Through the attention of JM. Eoiix de Rochelle, this Society tvere enabled to
complete the collection of ivories published by the Academy and Institute.

Memoires de la Soc. Roy. des Antiq. de France. 8vo. Vol. 9, with fol. plates, 1833.

Nouv. Annales du Museum d'Hist. Nat. Vol. 1, cahier 1, 2. 4to. 1832.

Recueil de Voy. et Mem. de la Soc. Geogr. Vol. 3, 4to. 1830.

Nouveau Journal de la Soc. Asiatique. Vol. 9, 1830, 8vo. 6 Nos 1833.

Mso the following TForks, published and presented by them:

Fables de Vartan, en armen. et en fran^., par MM Saint-Martin et Zohrab. 1 Vol., 8vo.

Elem. de la Gram, japonaise, par le P. Rodriguez ; tr. du portug., par M. C. Land-

resse ; precedes d'une explication des syllabaires japonais, par M. Abel Remusat,
ec un supplement. 8vo.

Elegie sur la prise d'Edesse par les Musulmans, par Nerses Klaietsi, patriarche

d'Armenie ; publiee pour la premiere fois, en armenien, par le D. J. Zohrab.
1 Vol., 8vo.

Essai sur le Pali, ou Langue sacree de la presqu'ile au dela du Gange, avec six plan-

ches lithographiees, et la notice des manuscrits Palis de la Bibliotheque du roi,
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DONATIONS FOR THE LlllRAUY. 473

Paris — conliniied.

Observations sur le mi-mo ouvrarrp, par M. Tkiniouf. Cruiul Rvo.

La Keconnaissancc do JSacounlala, draino sansrrit ot pracrit dc f'aliclasa, public cii

original et accompa^ic d'unc traduction Irancaise, par A. L. Clii'zy. 1 Vol., ■Ito.

Vocabulaire de la langiie georgiennc, par IM. J. Klaproth. 1 Vol., 8vo.

Yajnadattabada, on la Mort d'YadJnadatta. Episode cxtrait du IJamayana, rn :-anscril

et en trant-ais, par A. L. Cla'zy. 1 Vol., 4lo.

Chronique Gt'orgiciine, textc et traduction par ]M. Brossct.

Loix de Manou, publiccs en Sanscrit, avec des notes, par M. Deslongchamps, ct avcc

trad. Fran^'oisc. 8vo. 3 Livrais. 1830.

Yu-Kiac-I,i. Roman Chinois, tr. par M. IJemnsat.

Tableau des Eleraens de I'ecriture Chinoise. Bvo. 1829. Par .AHI. I.cvasscur rt

Kurz.

Geographic d'Aboul-Feda ; autographic d'uu iMS. Arabc. Par .M. Tony, corrigee par

M. Reinaud. 4to. 1829.
Philadelphia. Mem. of the Acad, of Nat. Sc. Vol.0. Nos 10 a 13. 1831. 8vo.

N. Amer. Med. and Surgical Journal of the Kappa Lambda Association. Vol. 9 a 12.

1830—1. 8vo.

Supplement to the Catalogue of the Philad. City T.ilirary. 1831 — 2.

Med. Soc. of Philad. Report of their Committee on Epiil. Cholera, May 1832. 8vo.

Qi'EBEC. Trans, of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. Vol. 3, parts 1, 2. 1832. 8vo.
Rotterdam. iNicuwc verhand. van het Bataafsche Genootsch. dcr proefond. Wijsbegecrtc.

Aol. 7, 1819. 4to.
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Idem. 6me. Serie.

Vol. 1. Sc. Math. Phys. et Nat. Liv. 1 a 6. 1830—1. 4to.

Vol. 1. Sc. Pol. Hist. Plulologie. Liv. 1 a 3. 1830, 4to.

Vol. 1. Par divers Savans et lus dans ses assemblees. Liv. 1 a 6. 4to. 1830 — 1.

Recueil des Actes des Seances publ. de I'Acad. Imp. des Sc. tenues lo 29 Dec. 1827,

1828, 1829, 1830.

Recherches sur les Phcnomenes lumincux qu'on apcrcoit qiielquefois au cicl dans

des positions dctcrminees, par rapport au soleil ou ii la lune. Par le Prof. Ossi-
pofsky. 1828. 4to. St Petersburg.

Mem. sur les points lixes du Thermometre. Par G. F. Parrat. St Pet. 4to. 1828.

Mem. concernant de nouveaux Moyens de prevenir tous les accidens qui ont lieu dans

les machines ii Vapeur, &c. Par G. F. Parrat. St Petersburg. 4to. 1829.

Disc, prononce par M. Alex. Humboldt, a la Seance Extraord. tenuc par I'Acad.

Imp. des Sc. Nov. 1829. 4to.
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Beriittelser om vetensk. Framsteg afgivne af Kongl. vetensk. Acad. Embetsman. 8vo.

1830 — 1. Tlirough the CUiev. Loricli, consul-general of Swc. and Norw.
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1829—1833.

Vol. IV.— 5 T

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before the Corpor. of Boston. 1831. 8vo.
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Expedition d' Alexandre le Grand contre les Russes, extraite de I'Alexandreide d'ls-

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Disc, de M. A. Humboldt a la Seance extr. de I'Acad. Imp. des. Sc. Nov. 1829. 4to.

Disc, de M. Ouvaroff (President) a la memo Seance.

Programme d'un prix de Technologie propose par I'Acad. pour la fabrique de Soude.

4to. 1829.

Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes a Moscou. Ire annee. St Petersb. 1829.

Miscel. Med. Treat, of Med. Soc, 4th collection. St Petersb. 1830. 8vo. (German.)

Nacliricht andie Evang. S. Petri Gemeinde. St Petersb. 1829. 4to.

Russische Misz. zur genauern kenntnissen Russlands und seiner bewohner, von G.

Engelhardt. 3d Vol. St Petersb. 1830.

A Grammar of the Armen. Language, by the Archimandrite Michael. St Petersburgh,

1828. (Russ.)

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Beitriige zur Geognosie des Russichen Reiches, von C. H. Panans. St Petersb. 1830.

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Adam (AV alter) On the Osteol. symm. of the Camel. Lond. 1832. 4to. (From Linn. Trans.)
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Tabl. of the Logarithms of Nat. Numb, from 1 a 108,000. 2d edit. Lond. 1831. 8vo.

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Bache (A. D. Prof.) Treatise on Optics, by Sir David Brewster. First Am. Edit, with an
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Note of the Effects upon the Magnetic Needle of the Aurora Borealis seen at Philad.

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Bell (John — M.D.) On Baths anil Min. Waters, in 2 pans : — 1 Curative I'owcrs. 2 Hist.

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Philad. 1831. 8vo.
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An Essay on the External Corn Trade. 3d edit. Lond. 1820.

Ricardo on the Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxation. 8vo. Lond. 1817.

Intr. Lecture on Pol. Econ., by Rich. Wiiately, Prof. Oxford. (G. B,) Lond. 1831.

Binney (H.) A Cliart of Narraganset Bay, surv. 1832 by Captain A. S. Wadswortli and

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E. Visconti. 3 Vols fol. Paris, 1808.

Museum Etrusque de Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de Canino. Vases Feints avec In-

scriptions, fouilles de 1828 — 9. Liv. 1, 2, avec Planches. Vitcrbo. 1829. Fol.
Bonaparte (C. L. Prince of Musignano) Linceografo, ossia le Dodici Tavole dclle prescriz-
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Scritto del Duca Fred. Cesi, Fondatore e Principe dcll'Acad. dei Lincei ; Luglio, 1826,

commentato daU' Ab. ScarpeUini, Restauratore deir Acad. Fol. Roma, 1826.

Saggio d'una distribuzione raetodica degli aniraali vcrtebrati. Roma, 1831. 8vo.

Cenni sopra le variazioni a cui vanno soggette le farfalle, gruppo McliLxa. Roma, 1831.

Osservazioni sulla. 2da cdiz. del Regno Animale di Cuvier. 8vo. Bologna, 1830.

Osservazioni relative alle larve pregiudiccvoli alia Pianta del Grano Turco. (Zea

Mays). Osserv. sopra alcune Larve e tignole dell' Ulivo del dott. Carlo Passc-

rini. 1832.
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4to. Vol. 2. Boston, 1832.
Bradford (J. G.) See Lieber (F.)
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of a Christian Life contrasted with their opposite Vices, by E.A. Holyoke, with

a biographical Memoir, by John Brazer. Salem, 1830. 8vo.
Bywater (John) Remarks on the Principles of the Barometer. 8vo. Liverp. 1832.

Brief Analysis of the Human Understanding. Liverp. 1832.

Cacciatore (N. de) De Reducendis ad unicam seriem comparabilem meteorologicis ubique

factis observationibus. Panormi, 1832. 4to.

Statuti deir Acad, delle scienze e belle lettcrc di Palermo. 8vo. 1832.

Carena (G.) Servatoi artificiali d'Acque Piovanc sui pozzi Artesiani 6 saglienti. Torino.

1824. 8vo.
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wark, &c.; being an Improvement of Stone's Survey, by Robt. Seymour. 2 Vols

fol. Lond. 1784.

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Treasury Report U. S. 1811—1812. Fol.

National Journal, 1824. Wash.

Account of the Rye-house Plot, published by order of the King. Lond. 1685.

Hist. Coll. of the 4 last Parlia. of Q. Eliz. collected by Townsend. Lond. Fol. 1830.

Collection of Political Handbills and Pamphlets. Fol. 1685. Lond.

Hist, of the Low Country Wars, 1555 a 1667, by F. Strada. tr. from the Latin by R.

Staple ton. Fol.

Hist, de la Guerre entre la France et la Russia, avec Atlas. 4to. Par un Officier de

I'Etat Major. Lond. 1815.

Green Leaves in Autumn. Poems by W. Carey. Lond. 1825. 8vo.

Antipathy of the Engl, lordly Prelacie both to Regall Monarchy and Civil Unity.

2 Vols, 4to. Lond. 1641. ., ■

Hist. Eccles. G. Hornii. Lugd. Bal. 1637.

Eikon Basilike. The Portr. of Charles L in his sufferings. Lond. 1648.

East India Vocabulary. — To which is prefixed. Form of Impeachment as applied to

Hasting's Trial. Lond. 1788.

Arnoldi Clapmarii de Arcanis rerum publicarum ad florentissimum senat. Reipub. Bre-

mensis. Broems. 4to.

MatliKi AVesenbecii CEconomia juris. Lips. 1571.

H. of Commons of G. B. 1678—9.

The Case of Ireland being bound by Acts of Pari, in Engl, stated by Wm. Molyneux ;

with an Answer to it. Dublin, 1698.

Great Britain's coasting Pilot, or Survey of the Coast of G. B. and Ireland and adjacent

Islands. By Granville Collins. 1781. Fol.

Hist, des ou^Tages des Savans. 15 Vols, 12mo. Paris, 1688 to 1703.

New Testament and Psalms in Dutch. Hague, 1637.

Avent. de Telem. trad, em Lingoa Portugueza. 3 Vols, 12mo. Lisb. 785.

Collecpao de Hist. trad, dos melh. aut. Francezes. 3 Vols. 1785.

De Rerum varietate (Nat. Philos. and Nat. Hist.), by P. Cardan. Milan, 1556.

Einleitung, &c. Introd. to the Antiq. of the Egyptians, Jews, Greeks, Romans. By

J. H. D. Moldenhauer. Leips. 1754. 8vo.
Carey, Lea & Blanchard. Am. Jour, of Med. Sc. Vol. 6— 12. 1830—33. Philad. 8vo.
Carey (H. C.) Eneycl. Amer. from the German Convers. Lex. with a copious Amer. Biog.

Vol. 7 a 13. 1831—2. 8vo.
Chervin (N. — M.D.) De Fopinion des Medecins Am. sur la Contagion ou non Cont. de la

fievre Jaune, avec reponse au Dr Hosack. Paris, 1829.
Collins (Z.) Ant. Bertolonii Amoenitates Italics, sistentes opuscula ad rem herbariam et

Zoologiam Italia? Spectantia. Bonon. 1819.
Conway (M.) O Feliz independente, o da fortuna e arte de vivir contento em quaesquer tra-

balhos da vida. Lisb. 1826. 3 Vols, 12mo.
Cooper (Wm.) On Big Bone Lick in Kentucky. N. Y. 1832.
Coraboeuf (M.) Mem. sur les oper. Geodesiques des Pyrenees et la comparaison du Niveau

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Coulter (M.) Descr. generale ties Fares et Fanaux, ou Guide des !Marins. 'id edit. IGino.
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Cresson (E.) Amer. Colonization See. Rep. 9, 10, 13. Wash. 1820 — 7, 1830. Also, a
lew facts relative to Liberia. AVash. 1830. Rep. 1830 ol" Pcniis. Colon, and Af.
Education Soc.

Dallas (G. M.) Fifth Census, or cnumer. of the Inhab. of U. S. for 1830, to wliirh is pre-
fixed an abstract of the Number within the diff. Dist. in 1790, 1800. ISK), 1820.

Letter from Sec. Trea. to H. of R. of U. S. with Slatem. of Com. and Navig. of U. S.

for Year ending 20th Sept. 1831. 8vo.
Dannery (S. A.) Almanac Royal de France, 1825.
Davis (J. P.) News from Penns., or Narr. of several remarkable Passages in the Gov. of

the Quakers in that Prov. Supposed by Author of Pil. Prog. Lend. 1702. rime.

Daniel AVebster's Address to the Inhabitants of Pittsburg.

Delancy (W. H.) His Address to the Trust, and Stud, of the Univ. of Pcnn. on opening

the New College Hall, Philad. Sept. 1830. 8vo.
Dillaway (C. K.) Colloquies of Erasmus, with a Vocab. for Classical Schools. C. K. Dil-

laway, editor. Boston. 12mo, 1833.
Don (David) On the Characters and AiRnities of certain Genera, chiefly belonging to the

Flora Peruviana. Edin. 1832.

On the Plant which yields the Gum Ammoniac. Lond. 1830.

Ducatel (J. T.) Manual of practical Toxicology, condensed from Dr Christisons Treatise
on Poisons, with Notes. Bait. 1833. 12mo.

Autog. Letters of T. Jefferson to Girardin, Author of the Cont. of Hist, of Virginia by

Burke, 1809 a 1823.
Dunglison (R.) Human Physiology, illust. by numerous Engr. Philad. 2 Vols, 8vo. 1832.

A New Diet, of Med. Sc. and Lit. 2 Vols, 8vo. Boston, 1833.

Valed. Lect. to the Med. Class of the University of Virginia, July 1833.

Du Ponceau (P. S.) Rapprochemens entre les depenses pub. de la France ct des Etats
Unis. Par Saulnier fils. Paris, 1831.

La Fayette a ses CoUegues de la Ch. des Dep. Reponse a Saulnier, accomp. des Let-

tres du Gen. Bernard et de M. F. Cooper a. M. La Fayette. Paris, 1831.

Nouvelles Obs. sur les Finances des Etats Unis, par Saulnier, J. en reponse ii la broch-

ure de La Fayette. Paris, 1831.
Meng-Tseu, seu Mencius Sinarum Philosophus, latine sinice edidit. S. Jiilicn. 2 Vols,

8vo. 1824 — 6. Paris.
Gaii Institutionum commentarios IV. cd. J. B. E. Boulet, with Frencli Translation and

Notes. Paris, 1827. 8vo.
The Fredoniad, or Indep. preserved. Ep. Poem on the War of 1812. 2d edit. 4 Vols,

8vo. Philad. 1830.-

Lect. of John Pickering on Telegraphic Language, before the Marine .Soc. Boston, 18.33.

La Gaule Poetique, ou I'Hist. de la France dans les rapports de la Poesic, I'Eloqucnce

et les Arts, par M. Marchandy. 4 Vols, 8vo. Paris, 1813 — 15.
Repertoire Bibliographique universel avec notice des Bibliog. ant^rieures, par G. Peig-

not. Paris. 8vo. 1812.
Essays on American Silk. By J D'Homergue and P. S. Duponeeau. Philad. 1830.

12mo.

Vol. IV.— 5 U

478 DONATIONS FOR THE LIBRARY,

Du Ponceau (P. S.) — continued.

Names given by the Lenni Lenupe, or Delaware Indians, to the rivers, places, &c. in

the now States of Penns. New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia ; with the names
of Chiefs, &c. By Rev. John Heckewelder, and prepared for the press by P. S.
Duponceau. Philad. 1833. 4to.

Literary Journals, viz.

■ Amer. Univ. Mag. Vol. 3. Philad. 1827. Philad. Monthly Mag. Vol.1. 1828.

Lit. Journal of the Virg. University for 1830.

Almanac Royal for 1828, 1830, 1833'. Paris.
Dyer (Gilbert) A Catalogue of his valuable Library of For. and Eng. Divinity, Eccles. Hist.,

Biogr., Philology. Exet. 1829 — 30. Pres. by Wm. Strong, Exet. through Mr

Martin.
Elice (F.) Observations on the Constr. of the Lightn. Rod, approved by the French Acad.

of Sci. Genoa, 1826.

Acct. of a New Pluviometer, adopted by him. Genoa, 1833.

Ely (E. S.) Min. of Assembly of Presb. Church in U. S. 1830—2. 8vo. Philad.
Emerson (G. — M.D.) Med. Stat, of the City of Philad. relative to its Population — Births,

Deaths, &c. 1821— 1830. Philad. 1831.
Everett (E.) His Speech in H. of R. U. S. 1830, on removing the Indians to W, of Missis.

Addr. to Charleston (M.) Lyceum, 28 June 1830. Ann. of arrival of Gov. Winthrop.

Addr. to Amer. Institute, N. York, 4th Anniv. Exhibition, Oct. 1831.

Documents accompanying President's Message, Dec. 1832.

Feuchtwanger (D. L.) His Remarks on Arsenic. N. York, 1831. .

Fisher (J. F.) Deux Lettres de ChampoUion le Jeune a M. Le due de Blacas d'Aulps re-
latives au Musee Roy. Egyp. a Turin. Monuments Hist. 1824 — 1826.

Precis du Systeme Hieroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens, par ChampoUion le Jeune,

avec un Vol. de Planches. 2 edit. Paris, 1828. 8vo.

M. F. Quintiliani de Institutione Oratoria. 3 Vols, 12rao. Ed. by F. G. Pettier.

Paris, 1812.

Mem. of Card, de Retz. tr. from the French. 4 Vols, 12mo. Lond. 1723.

Fitzinger (L. I.) Neue Classification der Reptilien, &c. Wien. 1826.

Franck (M.) Rapp. fait a, la Soc. de Geog. de Paris sur la Collect, de dessins d'Antiq.
Mexicaines, par M. Frank. Paris, 1831. Avec copie d'une lettre MS. de M.
F. au Pres. de la Soc. Geog.

Diet. Geograp. de Vosgien. 8vo. 1826. Paris.

Follen (C.) Inaug. Disc, on the Germ. Language, delivered in the Univ. Cambridge (Mass.)
Sept. 1831. 8vo. •

Franklin (W.) Journals of Senate and H. of R. of Penn. Sess. Dec. 1831 to Mar. 1832, with
Documents. 4 Vols. Harrisburg, 1833.

Furness (Rev. W. H.) Fourth Ann. Rep. of the Pres. of Harvard University to the Over-
seers for 1828—29. Cambr. (Mass.) 1830.

Gordon (T. F.) Cabinet of Amer. Hist. Vols 1, 2. History of the Spanish Discov. prior to
1520. 12mo. Philad. 1831.

Hist, of Anc. Mexico, from the Foundation of the Emp. till destroyed by the Spaniards.

2 Vols, 12mo. 1832; being 3d and 4th of the Cabinet of Am. Hist.
Gouge (W. M.) A short Hist, of Banking and Paper Money, and an Inquiry into the Prin-
ciples. 8vo. Philad. 1833.

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Green (J. — M.D.) A Monograpli of the Trilobites of N. Amcr. Philail. 1832.
Griffith (T. W.) Sketches of the early History of Maryland. Bait. 1821.

Annals of Baltimore. 1824.

Griva (T. D.) Sul' Epidemia Variolosa del 1829 in Torino aggiuntivi i Lavori Vaccinii,

&c. Turin, 1831.
Hammer (J. Von) Jahrbiicher der Litteratur. Wicn. 1818 — 31. Deficient, No. 8, 181U;

15, 16, 1821 ; 17, 1822 ; 35, 36, 1826.

Coram, of tlie Erap. Marcus Aurelius, tr. into Persian by J. Von Hammer (with ihc

Greek Text). Vien. 1830.

Wiens erste aufgohobene Turkische belagerung. 8vo. Pest. 1829.

Gescliichte des Osmanischen Reiches, Vol. 7. 1656 — 1774. Pcsl. 1830 — 2.

Harlan (R.) J. J. Audubon's Ornithological Biog., or Habits of Birds of U. S. with descrip-
tions of the Objects represented in his work, "The Birds of America." Royal
8vo. Philad. 1831.

Description of the Fossil Bones of the Megalonix, discovered in " White Cave," Virg.

Philad. 1831.
Harris (T.— M.D.) Oration before the Med. Soc. of Philad. 1831.
Hassler (F. R.) Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables. N. York, 1830. 12mo.

Comparison of Weights, of Measures, of Length and Capacity, reported to Senate of

U. S., by the Treas. Department. Wash. 1832.

A Popular exposition of the System of the Universe. N. York, 1828.

Elements of the Geom. of Planes and Solids. N. York, 1828.

Elements of Analytic Trigonometry. N. Y'ork, 182G.

Hays (Isaac — M.D.) Descrip. of a Fragment of the Head of a new Fossil Animal, from a
Marl Pit, N. Jersey, 1830.

Obs. on the Nomencl. of Wilson's Ornith. By C. L. Bonaparte. Philad. 1820.

Memoires de P. E. Morin, au sujet d'une Correspondance Meteorologique. 1827 — 9.

Paris, 8vo.

Dissert, inaug. de Fungis Venenatis Auct. M. Archerson — De Alcaloideis, Auct. E. H.

Hartung. Berlin, 1827.

Statuti della Real Acad, delle Sc. e dclle Belle Lettere eretta in Napoli. 1780.

Library of Medical Sc., or Cyclop, of practical Med. Philad.

A Collection of Medical Pamph. By Pennock, Horner, AVarrcn, J. G., Carter. V.

V. Molt, S. Jackson, Isaac Parish, E. F. Rivinus, H. L. Hodge, J. W. Monet,

Griscomb.

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On the Patholgy of the Cholera.

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Taciti Opera, ab Lipsio recensita, item Vellcii Paterculi, cum Notis. Fol. Aniw. 1048.

Memorie concernenti la Citta di Url)ino, dedicati alia M. de Giacomo III. re della Gran

Britannia, da B. B. Balbi. Fol. Roma, 1724.
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Descrip. uberior gramin. et plant. Calamariaruni Am. Sept. indigenarum, auct. H. Muh-

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8vo. Boston, 1830.
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Vandervinne (Sec. Bataviaii Soc. of Sci.) Eerstc GronJen der Javaanscho Tal, hcnevens Ja-
vaaiische Leer-cn-Leesbock, met eeue wordcnlijst, door O. L. V. (urii'he. 1831.
4to.

Grammaire de la lanijiic IMalaye. Haarlem, 1821. 4to.

Diet. HoUandais et Malais, avec Diet. Franeois et Malais. 1820. 4to.

^^— Diet. Malais, Hollandais et Franqais, par Wra. Marden, tr. par C. P. T. Ecout. 4io.

1823.
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Brux. 1831.
Vauglian (John) The Primitives of the Greek Tongue, by T. Nugent. Loud. 1818. 8vo.

Life of Elbridge Gerrj% by J. T. Austin. 2 Vols, 8vo. Boston, 1823.

Englisli Pamphlets. 12 Vols.

Comparison of the Opinions of the most distinguished British Writers on the French

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Reflect, on the Polit. of Ancient Greece, tr. by G. Bancroft, from the Germ, of A. H.

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An Hist. Sketch of the Greek Revol. By S. G. Howe. N. York, 1828. 8vo.

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J. Buxtorfii Thesaurus Grammaticus linguae sanctae. Basil, 1009. 12mo.

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G. Pasoris Lexicon Grreco-Lalinum in Nov. Testam. Hcbr. Nassov. 1021. 12mo.

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Grammatica Tedesca, da Sanfdeben. Mdano, 1750. 8vo.

Struvii (G. A.) Jurispr. Roman. German, forensis. 17 edit. Banib. 1759.

Prisellii (J.) Argonauticon American, sive Hist, periculorum Petri de Victoria el Soc

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Colomesii (P.) Opuscula. Ultraject., 1609. lOmo.

Ustadii (P.) Coelum Philos. sen Liber de Secretis Naturrr. Lug. Bat. 1572. IGmo.

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Terentii Op. omnia, cum Not. Scalig.

JoyfuU Newes out of the new-found Worlde, wherein are declared the rare and singular

Virtues of divers Herbs, Trees, Plantcs, Oyles and Stones, <fcc. Englished by
Joliii Frampton, Marchant. Lond. 1590. 4to.

Psalms of David tr. into Arabic. Lond. 1819.

Guide des Voy. aux Etats Unis d'Amer. par Manuel. Paris, 1818.

Essay on the Decline of For. Trade in G. B., and Means of restoring it. Lond. 1750.

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Life of Theod. Agr. d'Aubigne, with an Account of the Civil Wars of France, from

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Hist. Eccles. des Eglises reformees de France. Vols 2, 3. Anv. 1580.

Digest of the Records of the Gen. Ass. of the Presby. Church in America up to 1819.

Philad. 1830.

A Treatise on xVstronomy, by Sir J. W. Herschel. 8vo. Philad. edit. 1833.

Essay on Comets by A. Oliver. 1773. Winthrop's Lect. on Comets, with Biog. of

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Tract on Comets by M. Arago, tr. by John Farrar. Boston, 1833. 8vo.

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Amer. Almanac for 1833 ; Astron. part by R. T. Paine. Also, with Statist, of U. S.

of Amer. and Europe. 12mo. 1833.

Berzelius sur la Chimic, tr. par Ilerve. Paris, 1826.

Bcrgwerk's Lexicon, af Sven Rinman. 2 Vols, 4to. Stockholm, 1789.

Du Systeme Penitentiaire aux Etats Unis d'Amerique, par MJL Beaumont et Toque-

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Les Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier en Turquie, Perse et aux Indes. 3 Vols, 12mo.

;i la llaye, 1708.

Memoir of the Rev. Dr Joseph Priestley, reprinted on the Centenary of his Birth,

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Sermon on the same Occasion, by Wm. Kentish. Birmingham, 1833.

Hist, of the Lite and Voy. of Chr. Columbus, by Wash. Irving. 3 Vols, 8vo. New

York, 1808.

Accounts of Gen. Geo. Washington with the U. S. of America, for his Expenses during

the Revolutionary War. Lithographed from the original Autograph, and duly
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A short Hist of Barbadoes, from its Discovery to 1707. Lond. 1768.

The Oceana and other Works of James Harrington, with his Life by John Toland.

Fol. Lond. 1700.

Aristotelis Stagyrita; Politicorum, sive de Republicil, Lib. 8. L. Aretino Interpr. Fol.

1563.
{The Seven next following f forks are in Harper's Family Library, jmblislied
N. v. 1831—3.)

African Disc, with Illust. of Nat. Hist, by Jameson Wilson Murray.

Disc, of Polar Seas and Regions, with Illust. of N. II. by Leslie Jameson Murray, and

an Account of the Whale Fishery.

Progi-ess of Disc, on the more Northern Coasts of America.

Life of Sir Isaac Newton, by David Brewster.

Lives and Voyages of Drake, Cavendish and Dampier, with an Account of the Buccan-

iers and early Navigators.

Letters of Euler to a German Princess, on the Subject of Nat. Philos., with Notes by

D. Brewster, and additional Notes to Amer. edit, by J. Griscom.

Festivals, Games and Amusements, ancient and modern, by H. Smith.

Hist. Crit. de ITnquisition d'Espagne, par J A. Llorente, tr. par Peltier. 4 Vols,

8vo. Paris, 1818.

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Vaughan (Petty) The Hist, of tlie Conquest of ."Mexico by the Spiinianls. Hy A. do Solis,
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Hist, of America : all the principal Kiiiiriloms, Provinces, and especially Terra Aus-

tralis Incognita or Southern Continent, with the Hist, ui' the CoiuiiiesI of Peru
and Mexico. By J. Ogilby. Fol. Lond. IGS'^.
Vaughan (William) Several early Volumes of the Trans, of the Amer. Philoso. Sec, now
out of print.

The State of the Commerce of G. B. -wiili Reference to (.'olonial and oilier Produce

for 1830. W. India Ivcporlcr, No. 38, -U).

Finance Accounts of the United Kingdom of G. B. and Ireland for 18:)':, and to Jan.

1833. Loud. Fol.

Letters from Settlers of Upper Canada and ]Map ; and Description of Land in U. C. to

be disposed of by the incorporated (18'JC.) Company. Loud. 1833.

Report on the Bank of England Charter with i\Iinutes of Evidence. Lond. 1832.

Correspondence of the British Government vvidt the Governors of Sierra Leone and

other British Possessions in Africa, Island of Mauritius and Cape of Good Hope.
Fol. Submitted to II. of Commons 182.5.

Reports of the Commissioners, appointed by his ^Majesty in compliani'C wiih an Ad-

dress of II. of Commons, to imiuire into the State of the Africans captured from
Slave Traders, being part of Major JMoody's Rep. to H. of C. 1S2G. Fol.

Origin and Progress of W. India Slavery, and an Account of the British Acts relative

thereto, and which recognise the Legal, of Prop, in Slaves. Lond. 1833. Fol.

Heads of the English Bill for the Abolition of Slavery, and Obs. thereon by the >Vest

India Body of Merchants, 1833.
Vaux (Roberts) Ann. Rep. of the iManagcrs of Pennsylvania Soc. for discouraging tiie Use

of Ardent Spirits. Philad. 1831.
Wallcnstcin (Jules de) Momoires sur I'Astronomie pratique, par Montciro da Roca. Direct,

de rObserv. R. de Coimbra, tr. du Portug. 4to. Paris, 1808.

iMemoire sur I'lntcrieur do I'Afrique, par Jer. la Landc. 4to. Paris.

SpliKrischc, Theoretische, Physische Astronomie, von P. F. Schubert. St Petersburg,

1798.

Voyage en Californie, pour I'Observ. du Passage do Venus, sur le disque du Soleil,

3 Juin, 1709, par Chappe d'Auterocbc, rcdige par M. Cassini, ajjres la Mort de

C. d'A. Paris, 1773. 4to.
Eleinens de la Geometric a 3 Dimensions, Theoric dcs Ligncs, et dcs Substances

Courbes ; partie Syntht'tique. Paris, 1817. 8vo.

Elemens de Geometric, lime ed. Par A. Legendre. Paris, 1817. 8vo.

Nouvelles Tables Loxochomiques, application do la Thcorie de la figure de la Torre ii

la Construction des Cartes iMarines reduites, par Murdoch, tr. dc r.\n£;lois, par

M. De Breraard. Paris, 1832. 8vo.
Essais de Geometric sur les Plans et les Surfaces Courbes. Par S. F. La Croix.

Paris, 1812. 8vo.
Traite Element, de Trigonom. rectdin. et spherique. L'Applicalion dc I'.Mgebre ii la

Geometrie, par La Croix. Paris, 1822. 8vo.
Examen des Methodes employees pour rcsoudrc les problcmcs dc Gcomctnc. Par

G. Lame. Paris, 1818. Svo.

Vol. IV.— 5 X

490 DONATIONS FOR THE LIBRARY.

Wallenstein (Jules de) De la Correlation des figures de Geometrie. Paris, J 801. 8vo.

Annuaire du Bureau de Longitude prescnte au lloi par le Bureau, 1831 — 3. Paris,

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Astronomisches Jalir Bucli f iir das Jahr 1823. Berlin, 1820.

Schumacher, (II. C.) Astron. Hiilftafeln f iir 1823.

Blunt's Nautical Almanac. 1823.

Several Numbers of Von Zach's Monatliche Correspondenz.

Walsh (Robt.) A very large and important Collection of Political, Historical Statistical, and
Literary Pamphlets, and several Public Documents, foreign and domestic.

Ward (Sam.) New York Mathem. Diary, ed. by James Ryan, for 1832.

Warden (D. B.) L'Art de Verifier les dates, depuis 1770, jusqu' a nos jours. Vol. 4, faisant
suite a I'Hist. Chronol. d'Am.

L'Art de Verifier les dates, suite de la Chronol. Hist, de I'Amerique. Vols 13, 14.

(Bresil) Paris, 1822 — 3. With a great number of valuable Pamphlets.

Derniers momens de M. Gregoire, Anc. Eveque de Blois. Paris, 1821.

Bibliotheca Amer. or Chro. Catal. of Books relative to N. and S. Amer. Paris, 1831.

Paris Rapports de la Societe d'Agricult. de Caen. 1831.

Etat de la Sc. relative aux malad. Epidemiques, on reniarques sur les demarches de

M. Chcrvin, pour empecher Texaraen de ses Documens. Par M. Lassis.
Paris, 1831.

Notes Biog. pour faire suite a I'Eloge de M. Fourier, par M. Cousin. 1831.

Rapport par David, a I'Occasion des primes sur les Antiq. de France.

Disc, prononce par M. Brissant a la Seanco publique de I'Acad. pour decerner le Prix

Montyon.

Almanac de France 1833, par la Soc. pour I'emancipation ^intellectuelle de la France.

12mo.

La Flore et la Pomone Francoise. Livrais. 105 — 8. Prospectus with the above as

Specimens.
Watmough (J. G.) Letter of L. M'Lane, Sec. of the Treas., with Statement of Commerce

and Navigation of U. S. for 1832. 8vo.
Watson (Jno. J.) His Annals of Philad. from the Olden Time, with an Appendix relative

to the Olden Time of N. York City. Philad. 1830. 8vo.
Wigglesworth (E.) See Lieber.
White (D. A.) Second Century Lecture of 1st Congressional Church at Salem, Mass. By

Rev. C. W. Upham. 1829.
White (Rt. Rev. Bishop Wm.) 15 Nos to complete a Set of the Report of the Amer. Bible

Soc. to 1830. Also 3 Reports of French Bible Soc. Paris, 1828.
Wood (G. B. — M.D.) and Franklin Bache, M.D. The Dispensatory of the United States

of Amer. Philad. 1833. 8vo.
Woodbridge (W. C.) Amer. Ann. of Educ. and Instruction, ed. by him. No. 1, 3d series.

Boston, 1830.
Worcester (J. E.) Pronouncing and explaining Diet, of the English Language, also of Clas-
sical and Scriptural Names. Boston, 1830. 8vo.
Yard (Wm.) Several Essays on Natural History : —

On the Change of Plumage in Pheasants. On the Trachea of Birds. On a Species

of Tringa. On the Organ of Voice in Birds. Lond. 4to. From the Trans, of

Royal Soc. and Linnean Soc.

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corrigcrs, par Adulphe Ernian, servant de prospectus ii la relation (I'un X'ovagc,

par le Nord de TAsie ct les deux Oceans dans les Annccs 1828 — DO. bcrlin,

1831. 8vo. Pub. par FAcad. Roy. des Sciences.

Works subscribed for, or purchased by iMcmbers of the SocUlj, and frcsntlul In the

Library.

The Birds of America, \i\ John James Audubon, intended to be comprehended in 1 Vols,

grand folio, at S300. Vol. 1. and 3, 4 of the 2d received, and remaindir to be

delivered as published.
Hist, et Memoires de TAcademie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 1701 a 1T81. I'aris,

1730—93.
The Topog. and Hist, of the United States of Amer. witli 100 Plates, by John II. Ilinton.

2 Vols, 4to. Lond. 1832.

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Portraits of Presidents and Members of the American PiiiLOsoniicAL Society.

William Short, Portrait of Thomas Jeflerson (Pres.), by Thos. Sully.
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Subscription of some of the Members, Portrait of Robert Patterson (Pres.), by R. Pcale.

Portrait of William Tilghman (Pres.), by R. Peale.

Portrait of P. S. Du Ponceau (Pres.), by Thomas Sully.

The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Portrait of The Abbe Correa da Scrra (.Member),
by Lawrence.

The Administrators and Professors of the Museitii of Natural History, Paris, gave
to Dr Richard Harlan, to be presented to The American Philosophical Society,
Two valuable Casts, viz.

1. The Head of the Maestricht Monitor of Cuvier, described in liis Works, ' Osse-
mens fossiles, Vol. 5, p. 2, 3d edit. p. 31 ; but Cuvier finally adopted tlie Name
of Mosasaurus given to it by Conybeare.

2. The almost entire Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus Dalicodeiris from the Cliffs
of Lime Regis, Dorset Co., Great Britain.

Through the same medium of Dr Harlan :
M. David, Member of the Institute of France, presented to the Amer. Philosophical Society,
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P. J. David.' This Bust was not made for sale.

492 DONATIONS FOR THE CABINET.

Adams (John Quincy) A Collection of Minerals made by Andrew Armstrong, U. States'

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Cestus worn by a Virgin of the Sun at the Period of the Invasion of Peru by Pi-

zarro.
Brown (Fred.) A Peruvian Ewer of Antique Form found at Huaco.
Brown (P. A.) A Fac-simile in Plaster of 2 Letters found in the middle of a Stone when

sawed.

A Plate, being the Profile of the Rocks between Philadelphia and Norristown, sur-

veyed by him.

Burroughs (Marmaduke — M.D.) A very valuable and numerous Collection of Huacaros, or
Indian Antiquities, from the Cemeteries of the Ancient Peruvians, collected prin-
cipally from the Neighbourhood of Truxillo in Lower Peru, and from Arica and
Qiiilca in Upper Peru. Also a very large and interesting Collection of fabrics
from the Philippine Islands, Alsam and other Parts of Asia, comprising Manu-
factures from the Manilla Hemp, Leaf of the Pine Apple, &c. by the Natives of
those Parts. Also Specimens of the Essential Oils of Croton and Camphor from
the East Indies.

Bry (H.) Some Fossil Bones found near Washita, 50 MUes from the Town of Monroe,
described in this Vol., with a Plate.

A Specimen of Silk Cloth manufactured by Silk Worms on a Plane Surface instead of

Cocoons.

Cass (Lewis) A Specimen of Salt, 2 inches by 2;, cut out of a Mass of Salt in a Brick at
the Head of Arkansas, in which a Channel had been worn in the Salt Rock.

Coles (Edw.) Various Specimens of Lead and Copper Ore from Illinois, jMissouri, and
N. W. Territory.

D'Homergue (J.) A Cast, coined 1791, before the Establishment of the Mint (1792), with
a Head of Washington. N.B. This was presented as a Model but rejected.

Du Ponceau (P. S.) Fragments of Egyptian papyrus, found by an American Officer among
the Ruins of Thebes ; the writing in the Demotic character.

Fairman, Draper, Underwood, and Co., Specimen Sheets of Bank Note Engravings, Busts,
Vignettes, &c.

Harlan (Richard — M.D.) Several Specimens of Indian Pottery. One very large from Ken-
tucky, the rest from Peru.

Hodgson (W. B.) A Girdle of a Berber Female.

Humphreys (Sterne, Lt. U. S. Navy) A Collection of very interesting Articles collected by
him when on Board the St Louis on the Coast of America and Pacific Ocean : —
Ancient Pottery from Huaco, Minerals from Cobija, Shells, Dresses, AVar Imple-
ments, Paddles of curious Workmanship, from Feejee Islands and Marquesas.

Jones (Wm.) Collec. des Gravures des Tableaux d'apres I'Ecole Ital. contenus dans le
Musee Napoleon, avec Description, par J. Griffith. Paris, 1806.

KeafF ( ) Collection of Copper Ores from Perkoiming.

La Roche (R. — M.D.) A Specimen of Calcareous Deposit from the Tartarian Lake, 12
Miles from Rome.

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Martinez (J. J.) MSS. Chart of his Survey of llie N. W. Coast of Cuba, between Havana

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Mease (James — M.D.) A Collection of Minerals IVoni the Serra tie Pasco Mines of I'cru.
Meigs (C. D. — M.D.) Human Bones IbunJ in Brazil, dcscribcj in tlic Traiisaciioiis of ilic

Soc, Vol. 3. New Series.
Middleton (Henry) Two Russian Coins of Platina, value 3 and 0 rnlilcs.
Mifflin (Charles — M.D.) An engraved Portrait of Jolin Dallon, Manchester, G. H.
Nagy (Charles) A Telescope made by PIocll'cl of \"icnna.

A Collection of Roman, Turkish, Austrian, and Ihiiiirarian Coins and Medals.

A New Map of Hungary on a large Scale.

A Map of the Moon (Desmond), with a Description of Size, Mountains, 6cc. in (lerman,

with Marks and References.
Parker (General Daniel) Plan of New York by Longstrcth.

Survc}' of the Isthmus of Cape Cod (Mass.) and the Town of Sandwich, with a Profile

of the proposed Route for a Canal between Buzzard and Barnstable Bays.

Survey of Valley and Pond auxiliary to the above Survey.

The above surveyed by J. A. W. Smith and F. Searle of II. States Artillery.

A Map of the Country between AVashington and Pittsburgh, willi reference to tlie Oliio

and Chesapeake Canal Route and Profile, 1820, by Lt Farley, from general Map
in Engineer Department.

Routes examined between N. Orleans and Washington, villi a View to a National

Road.

Original Percil Portrait of Zaccheus Collins, late Vice Prcs. of the Society, by liOnij-

acrc. This last deposited.
Poussin (Wm. Tell) Survey of a Route for a Canal Iietwecn the Gulf of ^Mexico and tiie

Atlantic Ocean. Surveyed by Gen. Bernard and W. T. Poussin, by Order of

tiie United States. Wash. Feb. 1830.
Rawle (Wm.) Lithograph. Portrait of John Marshall, '^Hiief Justice of tlic United .States,

from a painting by Inman.
Strickland (Wm.) Plan of the Harbour of the Delaware Breakwater from the Ocean, now

executing by him. 1833.
Tanner (Henry S.) His new and authentic Map of the Globe, embracing all (he rccciu

Discoveries. Philad. 1831.

His Universal Atlas, No. 1 a 8. Philad. 1833.

Tappan (Charles & Co.) Specimens of their Bank Note Engravinsr, &c. suljmiiied to ihe

Banks.
Wetherill (C.) A Bust of John Quincy Adams, cast in Iron at Keim and Jones's Furnace,

Pennsylvania.
Wetherill (J. P.) Casts of Megalonyx Fossil Bones, found in the Wliite Cave, Kentucky.
ZoUikofler (Wm. — M.D.) Specimen of Sewing Silk, in Maryland, from Cocoons produced

by Worms fed entirely from Lettuce Leaves.

Vol. IV.— 5 Y

494

LEGACY TO THE SOCIETY.

Thomas (Isaiah), of Worcester, Massachusetts, Five Hundred Dollars.

Note. — Legacies to the Society should be made to them by their Corporate Name,
" 77(6 Jlmerican Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting Useful Know-
ledge,'' otherwise they will be void for uncertainty.

ERRATA IN DONATIONS.

Page 471, 8(A line, for Cuts in read Noa.
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2\st line, for C. H. Panans read C. H. Pander
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Page 481, ith line, for Phrenology read Phonology

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lOWj line, after at $200. insert per volume.
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INDEX

THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD AND FOURTH VOLUMES— NEW SERIES.

ABAX COBACLXUS, II, 59. IV, 426.

penniindus, IV, 426.

Aborigines of NoUh America, memoir on their population and lumuli, by H. H. BrackenrlJgc, I, 151.
Acinula candicans, IV, 266.
Acipenser brevirosiinm, I, 390.

oxyrhyjichus ? I, 394.

rubicundus, I, .3SS.

Acladium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 276.
Acremonium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S3.
Acrospermum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 266.
Acrothamniwn ziolaceum, IV, 275.
Actidium carkinum, IV, 240.
Actinodermium Sterrebeckii, IV, 255.
Aciinothtjrimn, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 249.
Acupalpus conjtmctus, IV, 435.

debilipes, IV, 435.

— ^^— obsoletus, IV, 435.

partiarius, IV, 434.

. Tupestris, IV, 435.
Adrain, Robert, investigation of the figure of the earth, and of the gravity in difTcrcnt l.itilui!e?, I, 119.

search concerning the mean diameter of the earth, 353.
Advertisement of the Amer. Philos. Soc. I, ir. II, iv. Ill, iii.
Aecidium, IV, 292.

Aegerita, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 303.
Aethalium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 261.
Agaricus, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 145.
Agonum errans, IV, 423.

limbatwn, IV, 423.

nutans, IV, 423.

obsoletum, IV, 423.

orhicoUe, IV, 423.

punctiforme, IV, 423.

sutxirale, IV, 423.

Agyrium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 1S7.

496

Airhh, thiid vocal soum!, 1, 253.

Alhldade to the plaiie table intended for the survey of the coast, II, 34S.

Alligator, observations on its anatomy and physiology, by N. M. Hentz, II, 216.

Alluvial formation, description of, I, 23. — Deposits of shells in, 24. — Inland Navigation in this class extensive
and commodious, but where it forms a sea-coast the harbours aud bays are difficult and dangerous, 59.

Alphabet of the Berber Language, IV, 38.

Aljtiicibetical Writing in all the European l.inguages has more or less deviated from its original plan, I, 232.

Altitudes of mountains of New York, New Hampshire and Vermont, by A. Partridge, 1, 147. All possible ones
on land measured by a simple appendage to (he reflecting sector, 325. Problem to find the angular
altitude or depression of any visible object, 336.

Alternaria tenuis, IV, 286.

Alytosporium, syno\ms of N. American species, IV, 274.

Amara, II, 35, 36, 37. IV, 428.

angustata, IV, 428.

basilaris, IV, 428. " •

dolosa, IV, 428.

furtiva, IV, 429.

? grossa, IV, 430.

impunctata, IV, 428.

impuncticnllis, IV, 42S.

musculis, IV, 428.

obesa, IV, 428.

sera, IV, 42S.

Amber at Cape Sable, Maryland, II, 110 and 113.

Amhlychcila, a new genus of insects, IV, 409.

American Philosophical Society, rules of, I, iv. Officers, I, v. II, v. Ill, iv. List of members, I, vi.
11, vi. Ill, V. Grant by the cily authorities of the use of the centre Engine House for an
astronomical observatory, I, xvi. Donations to the library, 1,436. 11,481. Hi, 4S9. IV, 471 — to
the cabinet, I, 452. II, 502. Ill, 509. IV, 491. Rules for the government of committees of publi-
cation, III, iii. Prefatory notice to the 3d Vol., Ill, vii. A collection of Me,xican antiquities pre-
sented, III, 510.

Ammoccetes bicolor, I, 3SG.

Amygdaloid in the vicinity of the Rocky mountains, II, 211.

Analysis of the blue iron earlh of New Jersey, by Thomas Cooper, 1, 193 — of the component sounds of the
English language, by P. S. Duponceau, I, 228.

Anchomenus cincticollis, IV, 421.

collnris, IV, 421.

decenlis, IV, 421.

decurus, IV, 421.

extensicollis, IV, 421.

Anderson, Henry James, On the motion of solids on surfaces, in the two hypotheses of perfect sliding and per-
fect rolling, wilh a particular examination of their small oscillatory motions, III, 315 and 335 Con-
cluding remaiks, 3S2.

Angiogastres, order of fungi, IV, 252.

Anisoductylus agricohis, IV, 431.

Baltimoriensis, IV, 431.

aenus, IV, 431.

carbonarius, IV, 432.

dilatatiis, IV, 431.

Iculus! Di-j. IV, 432.

rusticits, IV , 431.

Anixia interrupla, IV, 264.

Anthina ceranoides, IV, 305.

Anthracite in ihe U. Slates found only in the transition formation, I, 12.

Antiquities of Mexico, a collection presented to the American Philosophical Society, III, 510.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES NEW SERIES. 497

•.Antiquity of llie mounds on the Mississippi, 1, 15S.

■'ipiosiioiium salicinutn, IV, 265.

Apparatus wliich may seive as a subslilute lor the ship pump, I, -IST.

Jjrachniun album, IV, 253.

Jlrctic plants, their soulhern limit in N. .Vinerica, III, 2S3.

Jircfjria, synopsis of N. American species, W, 259.

Avctharea, a new genus of insects, IV, .111.

Argand Lamp, observations on tlic superior liglit which it proiluces. III, 5C.

Argillaceous and calcareous eaitlis, most propitious to vegetable production, I, 177.

Jlrgutor, II, 5S and 59.

.irillimctic, an easy solution to a useful pioblem in, I, 181.

.irpelh, second vocal sound, I, 251.

Jirlhrinium caricicola, IV, 27S.

Ariiculatiuns of the human voice, differences in, in dilTerent languages, I, 229. No idea of them can be con-
veyed by alplrabetical signs, 229, &c.

Ascubolus, .synopsis of N. .\meiican species, IV, 17S.

Aspergillus, synopsis of N. Ameiican species, IV, 2S2.

Aspirations, two in the English language, I, 246.

Astacus Blandingii, III, 464.

Asterophora, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 263.

Astronomical applications of the laws of irradiation, IV, 347, &c.

Astronomical clocks, intended for the observatories, II, 359.

Astronomical observations. See Ellicott, Roberts, Gummere, Henwick, Paine, Hassler, Patterson, JP'alker,
Lambert.

Asirosporimn vulgare, IV, 299.

.Itractobolus, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 254.

Aulif, first vocal sound, I, 250.

.luricularini, suborder of fungi, IV, 165.

Austin, James, an easy solution of a useful problem in arithmetic, 1, ISl.

Azim, fourth vocal sound, I, 253.

Azimuth, or bearing, of any particular object, how to find by means of a new instrument, I, 338. Of the sun,
may be found by the same, the meridian and latitude of the place being given, 339. Also the meri-
dian aud declination being given, 339; and the latitude and lime, 339.

Bache, A. D., meteorological observations during the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, 1831, IV, 132.

Bactridium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 276.

Baldwin, TVilliam, account of two North American species of Cyperus, discovered in the state of Georgia ; to
which is added four species of Kyllingia, found on the Brazilian coast, and on the Rio de la Plata in
South America, II, 167.

^nronieter, diurnal variations of, II, 424, &c. Observations made with it at Washington city, 431 and 436.
Observations made during the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, 1831, IV, 134.

Basalt, opinion that it is originally always amorphous, and takes a determinate form only in a state of decom-
position, II, 157.

Basilosaurus, IV, 403.

Bembidium affine, II, 86.

contractum, II, 85.

coxendix, IV, 436.

dorsale, II, 84. IV, 437.

• ephippiatum, IV, 439.

flavicaudum, II, 87.

honestum, II, 82. IV, 436.

inaquale, IV, 436.

incunwn, IV, 440.

inornatnm, II, 87.

lavum, II, 83.

Vol. IV.— 5 Z

498 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Bembidium levigatum, 11, 84. IV, 436.

niger, II, 85. IV, 436.

oppositum, II, 86. IV, 438.

/)os(re?)i«m, IV, 437.

proximum,\\,SS.

piinctato-slTiatum, II, 83.

setnifasciatuin, IV, 438.

sigillare, IV, 437.

tetracolum,U, 89. IV, 437.

tripunclatum, IV, 439.

variegatum, II, 89.

Berbers of Africa, memoir on theii- language, manners and customs, by Wm. Shaler, II, 438. Vocabularies of
the language of the Kabyleg, 453 ; — notes on the foregoing vocabularies, 460. Vocabulary of the
Mozabi dialect, 462. Grammatical structure of the Berber language, 463. Grammatical sketch and
specimens of the language, preceded by lour letters on Berber etymologies, addressed to the presi-
dent of the society, by William B. Hodgson, IV, 1. Their towns divided into two, three or four
distinct communities, who war with each other, 29. Alphabet of the Berber language, 38. Of the
article, 38. Declension of nouns substantive, 39. Examples of the numbers in nouns, 39. Inflec-
tion of an adjective, 40. Comparison of an adjective, 40. Numerals, 40. Pronouns, 40. Verbs,
and specimens of the manner in which they are conjugated, 41. Berber poetry, 44. A Berber tale,
with an interlinear translation, 46.

Big Beaver, outlet of, a noted place among the Indians, IV, 366.

Big Bone Licit, an account of two heads found there, I, 375. Teeth of the mastodon and Siberian elephant
found there, I, 376.

Birds, observations on moulting. III, 292. Observations on the genus Tetrao, with a synopsis of the species,
III, 383.

Biscaries of Africa, II, 446. Further observations on them, IV, 23.

Bison, cranium of, I, 380.

Black Lead, beds of, noticed, I, 34.

Bleaching, memoir on, by T. Cooper, I, 317. Improved method of, 318.

Blood, influence of position on its circulation, I, 300.

Bhie Iron Earth of New Jersey, analysis of, by Thomas Cooper, 1, 193.

Bhce Ridge, from Magotty to Rockfish gap, divides the primitive and transition formations, I, 41.

Bog Iron Ore, deposits of, in the alluvial, I, 25. More abundant in the alluvial of New Jersey and Maryland
than in other states to the south, 71.

Boletus, the N. American species, IV, 154.

Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, general observations on the birds of the genus Tetrao ; with a synopsis of the
species hitherto known, III, 383.

Bonasia, HI, 384 and 389.

Bones, observations on those processes of the ethmoid bone which originally form the spenoidal sinuses, I,
371. Account of two heads found at Big Bone Lick, 375.

Bos, fossil heads of this genus found at Big Bone Lick, I, 376.

Botryosporium, a new genus of fungi, IV, 306.

Botrytis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 280.

Batista, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 256.

Brachinus fumans, 11,7.

slygicornis, IV, 415.

Brackenridge, H. H., memoir on the population and tumuli of the Aborigines of N. America, I, 151.

Browne, P. Jl., description of an improved piston for steam engines, without hemp packing, I, 313.

Bry, H; letter accompanying some fossil bones found on the Ouachita, IV, 397. Some geological observations
on the stale of Louisiana, 398.

Bulgaria, synopsis of N. Ameiican species, IV, 178.

Bull, Marcus, e.\periuients to determine the comparative quantities of heat evolved in the combustion of the
principal varieties of wood and coal used in the United States for fuel; also to deteimine the
comparative quantities of heat lost by the ordinary apparatus made use of lor their combustion, 111,2.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES — NEW SERIES. 499

Description of ttie apparatus, plan of the experimiiils anil manner ol cxpcrimeuling, 9. Mode of
ascertaining the value of a given quantity of fuel, 22. Metliod of asccrlaininj; llic specific gravity
of wood, 30. Method of obtaining the product of charccrl, 31. Density or durability of llio dilTcrenl
woods, apparently not to be attributeil to tlie qu.\ulity of carbon Ihcy contain, 36. E.vpcriincnis to
determine the comparative loss of heat sustained by difTerent constructions of apparatus ordinarily
used for the combustion of fuel, 40. General table to the .ibove experiments, 60. Table exhibiting
the results of experiments made to determine the comparative loss of heat sustained by using appa-
ratus of different constructions, HI, 63.
Burrough, M., letter on the subject of a species of Orang from the N. Eastern province of British India, IV, 66.

Cabinet of the .American Philosophical Society, donations to, I, 152. II, 502. Ill, 509. IV, -191.

Cactus, an arborescent species on the head waters of the Arkausaw, 11, 182.

Caeoma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 290.

Calathus, II, 47 and 48.

Calleida decora, IV, 414.

purpurea, 414.

smaragdina, Dej. 414.

viridq^ennis, 414.

Caloccra, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 183.

Calosonia calidiim, II, 74. IV, 416.

Iceve, IV, 416.

luxtitum, IV, 416.

scrutator, II, 73.

Calcareous and argillaceous earths most propitious to vegetable production, I, 177. Calcareous earth the only
one that water can neaily perfectly dissolve, ISO.

Campanhts, his account of New Sweden noticed, 1, 341.

Campsotrichmn splendidum, IV, 283.

Campioum curvatum, IV, 27S.

Cantharellus, North American species of, IV, 152.

Cantharis marginala and bimaculata. III, 459.

Capillaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 273.

Carahici and Hydrocanthari, descriptions of N. Ainer. species, II, 1.

Carahus extermis, IV, 416.

interruplus, II, 76.

ligalus, IV, 416.

liinliatus, II, 77.

serratus, II, 77. IV, 416.

sylvosus, II, 75.

tiiictus, IV, 416.

Cardiospermum helicacabum, abundant and native on the Canadian, two hundred miles above its confluence.
II, ISO.

Carlisle, Penu., obseivations on the trap rocks near, II, 156.

CarocoUa helicoides, IV, 103.

spinosa, IV, 104.

Cartridges, leaden, memoir on, by W. Jones, I, 137.

Casnonia rufipes, IV, 412.

Castalia, observations on this genus, IV, 107.

Catalogue of plants collected during a journey to and from the Rocky Mountains, II, 172. Of Mexican Anti-
quities presented to the American Philosophical Society, III, 510.

Ceiiangium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 238.

Cephalotrichum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 304.

Ceratium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 305.

Ceraiosporium, a new genus of fungi, IV, 300.

Ceuthospora phueocomes, IV, 248.

Chaetomium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 265.

500 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Chalk formation, not yet discovered in the United States, 1, 15. Decomposes into a good soil when level, 55.

Charcoal in ditferent woods, method of ascertaining the quantity of, II, 31. This method of obtaining charcoal
successfully practised on a large scale, 33.

Chart, vertical one of the Ohio river, II, 124.

Chauliognathus, a new genus of insects, of the family Lampyrides, III, 460.

marginatus, 460.

bimaculatus, 461.

Cherokee language, analogous in one of its forms to the Berber, II, 443.

Chimneys, observations on them. III, 52, &c.

Chinese language, observations on, I, 235 ; — and Cochin Chinese, notice on the comparative vocabulary
brought to this country, by J. White, III, 72. Chinese characters cannot be read alike in every
language, not even in those which have the greatest resemblance, 72.

Chlanius astivus, II, 62.

circunicinctus, IV, 418.

emarginatus, II, 63.

impunctifrons, II, 64.

laticolUs, II, 64.

lithophilus, II, 62.

nejnoralis, II, 65.

Pennsylvanicus, II, 66.

pusillus, II, 63. IV, 418.

sericeus, II, 61.

soccatus, IV, 419.

soUtariiis, II, 65.

tomeniosus, IV, 418.

vigilans, IV, 419.

Chloridium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 276.

Chondropterigious fishes, several N. Amer. species described, I, 383.

Chordostylum capillare, IV, 2S4.

Chrysoberyls from Haddam and Brasil, analyses of, II, 116.

Cicindela, several N. American species described, by T. Say, I, 401. Description of the habits and larva of
these insects, 401. Essential character of the genus, 405. Artificial character, 405. Natural cha-
racter, 406. Species, 409.

abd07ni7iaUs, 425,

decimnotala, 423.

denlicnlata. III, 253.

dorsalis, I, 415. IV, 410.

duodecim-guttata, Dej. IV, 411.

formosa, I, 422.

hceinorrhoidalis, III, 254.

hirticollis, I, 411. IV, 410.

marginala, I, 417. IV, 410.

micans, I, 426.

ohscura, I, 418.

punctulata, I, 420.

purpurea, I, 419. IV, 410.

pusilla, I, 424.

sexguttata, I, 414. IV, 410.

splendida. III, 254.

unicolor, Dej. IV, 410.

unipunctata, I, 412. IV, 410.

violacea, I, 425.

vulgaris, I, 409. IV, 410.

Circviotrichum candidum, IV, 276.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES NEW SERIES. 501

Circtdaiion of the blood, influence of position on, I, 300. la the alligator, II, 21ii lo 227.

Cladosporiitm, synopsis of N. .American .>:pccles, IV, 277.

Clasteiispoi itim, a new genus ol funa;i, IV, 300.

Clalhrus, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 252.

Clavaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, ISl,

Climate of (lie country about the river Delaware, observations made on it at au caily period, 1,310. 01 Wash-
iugton, very moist during a great part of the year, 11, 431. Of Washington and St Petersburg com-
pared, 433.

Cliostoimim cornigaluin, IV, 240.

Clivina bipustulutci, II, 20. IV, 415.

globidosa, II, 23.

Uneolala, U, 22.

pallida, l\, 22.

pallipennis, II, 24.

guadrimaciilata, IV, 415.

sj^hcuricollis, II, 23.

viridis, II, 21. IV, 416.

Clocks, astronomical, intended for the observatories, II, 359.

Cloud, Joseph, account of some c.'cperiments made on crude Platinum, and a new process for separating Palla-
dium and Rhodium from that metal, I, 161. Au attempt to aecertaiu the fusing Icmperaturo of
metals, 1G7. Inquiry into the causes why the metals in a solid slate appear to be specifically lighter
than in a state of fusion, 170.

Coal, formation at Richmond, noticed, I, 31. Extent of, in the United Slates, 39. Used with advantage as
manure, 73. Formed by the decomposition of vegetables imbedded between stony strata, I, 179.
Description of fossil vegetables contained in, I, 265. Coal-field of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, 269.
Indications of, in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, II, 207.

Coast of the United States, papers relating to the survey. See Hassler.

Coccotiichitm, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 274.

CoelosporiumfnUiculosum, IV, 279.

Coltetosporium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 274.

Collin, JVicholas, observations made at an early period on the climate of the country about the river Delaware,

collected from the records of the Sweedish colony, I, 340.
Cohjinbetes ambiguus, II, 96.

bicarinatus, II, 9S.

erytroplerus, II, 95.

fenestralis, 11,95. IV, 443.

glyphicus, II, 'J9.

gutticollis, IV, 442.

interrogatus, IV, 443.

niiidus, II, 9S.

obtusatus, II, 99.

seriatus, II, 97.

stagninus, II, 100.

ta:niolis, IV, 442.

venustus, II, 9S. IV, 443.

Comet of 1S07, observations on, by A. Ellicott, I, 94.

Condor, notice of an anatomical peculiarity in its structure, III, 466.

Coniosporiiim, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 265.

Connewago hills of Pennsylvania, Trap rocks of, II, 156.

Conoplea hispidula, IV, 27S.

Consonant, or Organic sounds, twenty-one in the English language, 1, 246.

Contents of Vol. I, xxi. II, xiii. Ill, is.

Cooper, Thomas, analysis of the blue iron earth of New Jersey, 1, 192. Memoir on bleaching, 317.

Copper, beds of the ore, noticed, I, 29 and 34. Fusing temperature of, 169.

Vol. IV.— 6 A

502 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

C'optotomus, a new genus of insects, IV, 443.

Coremmm, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S2.

Correa de Serra, J., observations and conjectures on the formation and nature of the soil of Kentucky, I, 174.

Opinion on the soil of the Elkhorn tract, 180.
Coryneum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 806.
CVam'um, of a fossil deer, described, I, 378. Of the American Elk and Moose, 378. Of a fossil ox, 379. Of

the Bison, 380.
Cratacanthus Pennsylvanicus, IV, 430.
Craterium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 268.
Crihraria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 260.
Crinula, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 183.
Crocodilus lucius, observations on its anatomy and physiology, II, 216.
Cryptosporium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 299.
Crystalline lens, peculiar structure of, as connected with irradiation, IV, 345.
Currents, tables of observations made during twenty-six voyages to and from Europe, II, 142. Periodical

ones seem to prevail between the Bank of Newfoundland and Europe, 144. Water always warmer

in currents than out of them, 151.
Ctjchrus bilobus, II, 73.

elevatus, 71.

stenostomus, 72.

unicolor, 71.

Cymindis decorus, II, 8. IV, 414.

laticollis, IV, 413.

;)i7os!(s, II, 10. IV, 414.

platicollis, IV, 413.

purpureus, II, \0. IV, 414.

sinuatus, II, 8.

Tiridipennis, II, 9. IV, 414.

Cyperus sparsiflorus , II, 166.

ovatus, II, 167.

Cyphella, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 1S4.
Cytispora, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 247.

Dacrina, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 305.

Dacrynnjces, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 186.

DactyVium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S3.

Daedalea, the N. American species, IV, 160.

Daplus incrassatus, IV, 430.

Deaths in the cily and liberties of Philadelphia, for eight years, 1809 to 1816, with the diseases, ages, &c., I,

430. For the year 1817—18, 453.
Debris of granite, &c., scattered over the valley of the Ohio, I, 41 and 85. II, 133, Sic. — and Missouri, 135 ; —

lying in heaps, 137.
De Butts, Elisha, account of an improvement made on the differential thermometer of Mr Leslie, I, 302.
Declination may be found by a new instiument, the meridian and latitude of a place being given, I, 339. Also,

the latitude and lime being given, 339.
Decomposition of rocks, I, 43. Of vegetables, imbedded between strong strata, compared with the same pro-
cess in the atmosphere, 178.
Delaware, state of, geology, nature of the soil, internal navigation. Sac, I, 74. Observations on the climate of

the country about the river Delaware, made at an early period, 340. Indian name of this river,

II, 355.
Delaware Indians, grammar of their language. III, 65. Names given by them to rivers, streams, places, &c.,

in Penneylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, &.C., IV, 351.
Del Rio, Andres, memoir on silver ores, reduced by the method of Becquerel, IV, 60.
Dematium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 287.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES — NEW SERIES. 503

Dermea, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 237.

Vermosporium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 302.

Diachaea Itiicoslyla, IV, 260.

Dials, description and use of a very simple instrument foi selling tliem up, I, 333.

Diary of the weather, kept on the Delaware during the years 164-1 — 5, by John Canipanius, I, 312.

Diccelus dilalattts, II, 6S.

elongatus, 11,63. IV, 421.

purpuratus, II, 67. IV, 421.

sculptilis, II, 68.

splendidus, II, 69.

violaceiis, II, 67.

Dicaeoma, IV, 293.

Dichaena, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 227.

Dichosporium aggregatum, IV, 263.

Dictydium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 260.

Didymiiim, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 257.

Didymosporium, syoopsis of N. .American species, IV, 29S.

Dij} of the strata in the United States, I, 21.

Diphthongal sounds, I, 2.5S.

Ditiola, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 179.

Dona/ioKS to the library, 1,436. II, 4S1. 111,487. IV, 471. To the cabinet, I, 452. 11,502. 111,509.
IV, 491.

Dorsey, John Syng, account of a large wen successfully extirpated, I, 29?.

Dothidea, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 230.

Downs on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, II, 131.

Drake, Daniel, geological account of the valley of the Ohio, II, 124. Opinion on the Iransporl.iiion from the
north, of the great blocks of granite, &c. which are spread over the Ohio valley, 137.

Draw-gate, description of a rolling one, as applied to water-mills, 1, 307.

Dromia, II, 13.

Dryopldhtm, a new genus of fungi, IV', 26S.

Diiponceau, Peter S., English phonology, or an essay towards an analy.=is and description of the component
sounds of the Knglish language, I, 22S. Series of letters to him on the hinguage, manners and cus-
toms of the Berbers of Africa, II, 43S. Letter from him to the president of the society, enclosing the
above communications, 43S. Grammar of the language of the Lcnni Lcnape, or Delaware Indians,
translated from the German manuscript of the late Rev. David Zeisbcrger, for the American Philo-
sophical Society, III, 65. Translator's preface, 63. Notice of the comparative vocabulary of Pallas
and of the Milhridates, 65 to 63. Present state of philology, 69. Notice of a vocabulary of the
Chinese and Cochin-Chinese languages brought to the United Stales by .1- White, 72. A remaik-
able character which pervades all the Indian languages from Greenland to Cape Horn, 7G. The In-
dian languages are lich in words and regular in their forms, and ilo not yield in those respects to any
other idiom, 77. Multitude of ideas combiaed with the verb in the Indian l.inguages, 84. Notice
of the Rev. David Zeisberger, 86. Notice of an essay on a uniform orthography for the Indian lan-
guages, 90. Introduction to the grammar, 97. Concluding note, 24?. His opinion, that the gram-
matical forms of a language, or its organization, are the work of nature, and not of civilizalion or its
arts, 249. That the arts of civilization may cultivate and by that means polish a language lo a cer-
tain extent, but cannot alter its organization, 249. That the contrary opinion, which appears generally
to prevail in Europe, is the result of the pride of civilized men ; a passion inherent in our nature,
and the greatest obstacle that e.xisis to the investigation of truth, 249. Grammatical i-kflch and
specimens of the Berber language : preceded by four letters on Berber etymologies, addressed lo
hiniby William B.Hodgson, IV, 1. Memoir of the Rev. John Heckewelder on ihe names given by
the Delaware Indians to rivers, streams, places, kc, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and
Virginia: also names of chieftains, with the significations, and biographical sketches, Sic., IV, 351.
Observations on the etymology of Tinicum and Ohio, 352.

504 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Dynamics, of solids on supporting; surfaces, in the two hypotheses of perfect sliding and perfect rollins, with a

special consideration of the laws of their oscillatory motions, III, 316.
Dytiscus himarginatus, IV, 442.

confluens, IV, 440.

fimhriolatus, II, 91.

hahilis, IV, 441.

mediatus, II, 93.

tanioUs, II, 94. IV, 442.

verticalis, II, 92.

Earth, investigation of the figure of, by R. Adrain,!, 119. Research concerning its mean diameter, I, 353. To
find a sphere agreeing with the terrestrial spheroid in as many important circumstances as possible,
I, 353. Its radius and the gravity on its surface should be equal to the semidiameter and gravity of
the terrestrial spheroid in lat. 35° 15', 365. Its radius and the length of a degree of a great circle
reduced to English miles, 366.

Earthquake at Philadelphia, on the 17lh of December, 1737, I, 352.

Eclipse, liaiar. observations made on that of Jan. 4, 1806, by A. Ellicott, I, 93.

solar, of February 12, 1S31, observations made on it, in diflferent parts of the United Stales, IV, 125 ; at

Philadelphia, by J. Roberts. 125 ; at Burlington, N. Jersey, by John Gummere, 12S ; at Columbia
College, N. York, by J. Renwick ; at Cape Malabar Light-house, by Robert Treat Paine, 130 ; at
Washington city, by F. R. Hassler, 131 ; at the University of Virginia, by R. M. Patterson, 132 ; at
Philadelphia, by S. C. Walker, 12S. Meteorological observations made at Philadelphia, by A. D.
Bache, 132. Solar spectrum observed, 129. Magnetic needle observed, 129.

Eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, observations on, by A. Ellicott, I, 93.

of the sun, on the construction of, by John Gummere, III, 467.

Elaphotnyces cerrinum, IV, 255.

Elaphrus fuliginosus, IV, 417.

riparius, II, SO.

niscarius, IV, 417.

Elephant, teeth of this animal found at Big Bone Lick, I, 376.

Elim, fifth vocal sound, I, 254.

Elk in former times came as far as the Delaware, I, 345. Description of its cranium, I, 378.

Elkhorn tract of Kentucky, I, 174. Opinion on its formation, I, ISO.

Ellicott, Andrew, Astronomical observations communicated by, I, 93. Observations on the lunar eclipse of
Jan. 4, 1806, 93. On the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, 93. On the comet of 1S07, made at Lan-
caster, 94.

Elvellacei, order of fungi, IV. 169.

En^ZJsft /rtTi^uag-e, no attempt has yet succeeded to ascertain and fix its pronunciation, I, 231. Its principal
characteristics are strength and rapidity, I, 241. Contains twenty-nine elementary sounds, I, 246.

phonology, or an essay towards an analysis and description of the component sounds of the English lan-
guage, I, 228.

Enteridium cinereum, IV, 261.

Entophyta:. IV, 290.

Eplcoccum, synopsis o( N. American species, IV, 303.

Epochnium monilioiJes, IV, 275.

Epomis tomentosus, II, 60. IV, 41S.

Erineum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 289.

Erysiphe, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 269.

Ethmoid bone, observations on those processes of it which originally form the sphenoidal sinuses, I, 371,

Etymologies, of the Berber language, four letters on, by Wra. B. Hodgson, IV, 1.

Eurotium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S5.

Excipula, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 246.

Exidia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 185.

Exosporium, IV, 228 and 306.

Expansion of iron and brass, experiments on, I, 210.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES NEW SERIES. 505

Experiments, on fuel, by M. Bull, III, 1. On the poison of the rattle-snake, by R. Harlan, III, 300 and 400.

Pyrometric experiments made at Newark, N. Jersey, by F. R. Hassler, I, 210.
Eye, peculiar structure of the crystalline lens, as connected with irradiation, IV, 315.

Favolics, North American species of, IV, 152.
Feronia adoxa, II, 46.

angtistata, II, 36. IV, 42S.

alrimcdia, II, 39.

autumiialis, II, 48.

basilaris, II, 35. IV, 42S.

caitdicalis, II, 56.

chalciies, II, 56.

cincticoUis, II, 52. IV, 421.

consiricta, IV, 426.

convexicoUis, II, 50. IV, 424.

coracina, IV, 426.

cuprlpennis, II, 50.

decmtis, II, 53. IV, 421.

(fecoro, 11,53. IV, 421.

deparca, IV, 426.

extenskolUs, II, 54. IV, 421.

gregaria, II, 47.

honesta, II, 51.

hypolilhos, II, 59.

impunctata, II, 45. IV, 428.

impwuncoUis, II, 36. IV, 428.

interstitiaUs, II, 57. IV, 432.

Hmbata, II, 49. IV, 423.

lineola, II, 37.

longkomis, II, 40. IV, 121.

lucnilanda, II, 55.

jncesia, II, 42.

mvscuUs, 11, Z5. IV, 428.

muia, II, 44.

nutans, II, 52. IV, 423.

obesa, II, 37. IV, 428.

oblongo-notata, IV, 424.

obscura, IV, 424.

obsoleta, II, 57. IV, 423 and 424.

ochropeza, II, 54.

octopimctata, II, 51.

panipes,U, 33.

parmata, II, 49. IV, 424.

permunda, IV, 424.

placida, II, 43.

punctiformis, II, 5S. IV, 423.

recta, II, 58. IV, 421.

sigillata, II, 42.

stygica, II, 41.

siibmarginata, II, 45.

tartarica, II, 44.

terminata, II, 48. IV, 432.

ventralis, II, 46.

unicotor, II, 40.

Vol. IV.— 6 B

506 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Fibrillaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 288.

Figure of the earth, investigalion of, by R. Adrain, I, 119. ■

Fishes, several N. American ones described by C. A. Le Sueur, 1, 383.

Flstulina, the N. American species, IV, 161.

Forest, a submarine one in the eastern part of England, I, 179.

Fornmla, Maskelyne's, for calculating the parallax in latitude and longitude, I, 99.

Fortifications, supposed, of the aborigines of North America, are nothing more than the traces of palisadoed
towns and villages, 1, 153.

Fossil animal, desciiption of a fragment of the head of a new one, found in N. Jersey, by I. Hays, III, 471.
Description of a new genus and nev? species of extinct mammiferous quadruped, by J. D. Godman,
■178. Description of a vertebra of a Saurian animal found in Louisiana, IV, 397.

bones, found at Big Bone Lick, description of them, I, 375. Descriptions of the inferior ma.xillary bones

of Mastodons, IV, 317. Notice of fossil bones found in the state of Louisiana, 397. Notice of the
discovery of the remains of the Ichthyosaurus in Missouri, 405.

gum or resin, II, 115.

vegetables, in the coal strata, I, 265. May be conveniently arranged under four classes, 265.

Fossils, very abundant in the great secondary formation of the United States, I, 19 and 193.

Fractions, vanishing ; memoir on, by J. Mansfield, I, 200.

Fringilla tristis, remarks on its change of plumage. III, 294.

Fuel, experiments on, by M. Bull, III, 1. Mode of ascertaining the value of a given quantity, 22. Experi-
ments to determine the comparative loss of heat by the ordinary apparatus used for combustion, 40.
Table exhibiting the results of the above. III, 63.

Fungi, of North America, synopsis of, IV, 141. Conspectus of the system adopted, 143. Genera that are
wanting, 144. New genera proposed, 144. List of those first discovered in N. America by L. D.
Schweinitz, IV, 309.

Fusarium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 302.

Fusidium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 300.

Fusing temperature of metals, an attempt to ascertain it, I, 167.

Fusisporium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 275.

Fusus fluvialis of Say, a new genus founded on it, IV, 122.

Galena, large deposits of, at St Louis, I, 40.

Galerita Americana, II, 15.

Gasteromycetes, class of fungi, IV, 252.

Geastrum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 255.

Geest of the valley of the Ohio, II, 136.

Geoglossum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 181.

Geographical distribution, of plants, memoir on. III, 274. Division of the globe into botanical regions. III,

279. Examples of the range of North American plants delineated on a map, 283. Observations on

the geographic.il distiibutlon of land quadrupeds, 282.
Geological sections of the United Slates, I, 90. Account of the valley of the Ohio, by Daniel Drake, II, 124.
Geology, of the United States, observations on, by Wm. Maclure, I, 1. Of the North of Europe, 9. Regula-

rily of the geological structure of North America, 10. Of the valley of the Ohio, by Daniel Drake,

II, 124. Of the western part of the valley of the Mississippi, by E. P. James, 191.
Georgia, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., I, 81.
Gil/soyi, John B., Observations on the Trap rocks of the Connewago hills near MIddletown, and of the stony

ridge near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, II, 156. His opinion that basalt or greenstone is originally

always amorphous, and that it takes a determinate form only in a state of decomposition, II, 157.
Gilmer, Francis William, memoir on the geological formation of the Natural Bridge of Virginia, I, 187.
Glonium, synopsis of N. Ameiican species, IV, 240.
Glucina in Chrysoberyl, II, 119 and 121.

Gneiss probably extends over half the primitive formation of the United Slates, I, 32.
Godman, John D., description of a new genus and new species of extinct mammiferous quadruped. III, 473.

Remarks on this genus, by I. Hays, IV, 317.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES NEW SERIES. 507

Gold, found in the primitive formation, I, 31. Fu?inf; temperature of, 163.

Goniosporium jtuccinoides, IV, 273.

Gonylrichuni caesititn, IV', 175.

Grammar of tlic Ijnguase of ilif Lcnni Lcnapc or Delaware Indian*, III, C5. Tlie word« to lie pronounced
according to tlie powers ol the German alpliabet, SO. An article in this lan^uafjo, fl-^. Of nouns,
9S. Of niunbers, 100. Of adjective.^, 103. Degrees of comparison, 101. Gemleis, 105. Of nu-
merals, 106. Ordinal numbers, lOS. Of the computation of time, lOS. Names of the months, 109.
Of pronouns, 109. Demonstrative and relative pronouns, 110. Of verb.«, II 1. First conjucatiou,
113. Second conjugation, 112. Third conjugation, 151. Fourth conjugation, 15(>. Fillh conju-
gation,150. Sixth conjugation, 195. Seventh conjugation, 20(5. Kightli conjugation, 211. Irre-
gular verbs, 223. Adjective verbs, 225. Adverbs, 233. Alphabetical list of llicm, 237. Adverbial
verbs, 240. Prepositions, 245. Conjunctions, 247. Interjections, 247.

Grammntical sketch and specimens of the Berber language, by \Vm. I!. Hodgson, IV, 1.

Granite, detaclied masses lying on the secondary Ibrmation, I, 41 and S5. II, 133 and 137. Hypothesis
respecting their transportation, 137. Heaps of these masses in certain situations, 137. Granitic
ridge of the Rocky mountains, 195.

Gravity indilTerent latitudes, investigation of, by R. Adrain, I, 119. .Augmentation of, in proceeding from tiic
equator to the pole, is as the square of the sine of the latitude, 121.

Grouse, general observations on these birds, with a synopsis of the species hitherto known. III, 3?3.

Guepinia helrelloiJca, IV, 1S4.

Gulf stream, table of observations on it, by John Hamilton, II, 145. Impossible to define, with any degree o(
accuracy, its precise limits, 146. -After passing the tail ot the liank of Newfounrlland, the main
stream proceeds in a south east direction, 146. Its counter currents, 146. By lire frequent use o(
the thermometer, the navigator may always discover when he touches upon it, 146. Directions for
sailing in the Gulf stream, or its counter currents, 152. Irregular in its courses and undefineil in its
limits, which are considerably changed by (he prevailing winds, 154.

Gummere,John, memoir on the construction of eclipses of (he sun. III, 467. Observations made at the time
of the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, 1S31, IV, 12S.

Gutturals, two in the English language, I, 260.

Gymnomycetcs, class of fungi, IV, 290.

Gynmosporaiigiuinjuniperi, IV, 307.

Gyrinus Americanus, II, 107.

ann/is, II, lOS. IV, 447.

emarginatus, II, lOS. IV, 447.

limbatus, II, 109.

obtusus, IV, 447.

parens, IV, 44S.

Gypsum, in the United Slates, only found west of a certain line, I, 21. None found in the primitive in this
country, 3.3. E.-stensive beds in the secondary formation, 39. Its piopcrlies as a manure noticed.
55. Very abundant on the Canadian river, II, 213.

Haddam, in Connecticut, Chrysoberyls found there, II, 116.

Haliphis \2-punctalus, II, 106. IV, 446.

iriopsis, II, 106.

Hamilton, John, tables of observations on the winds, the currents, the Gulf stream, the comparative temper-
ature of the air and water, &c., made during (wenty-six voyages to and from Europe, II, 140. The
currents which prevail between the Bank of Newfoundland and Europe appear (o be periodical, 144

Haplaria grisea, IV, 2S0.

Bnplotrichum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S0.

Harlan. Richard, let(er (o N. M. Heniz on the physiology of the alligator, II, 226. Expcrimen(.s made on (he
poison of the rattle-snake, in which the powers of (he hieracium venosum, as a specific, wcie «-f ted ;
together with some anatomical observalions on (his animal. III, 300. General remarks on llic same,
312. Further experiments on the poison of the rattle-snake, 400. Description of a new species ol
astacus, 464. Notice of an anatomical peculiarity observed in tho structure of the condor of the

508 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOKD, THIRD

Andes, 466. Description of a species of orang from the North Eastern province of British East India,
lately the kingdom of Assam, IV, 52. Notice of fossil bones found in the tertiary formation of the
state of Lonisiana, IV, 397. Notice of the discovery of the remains of the Ichthyosaurus in Mis-
souri, IV, 405.

Harpalus agricolus, II, 33. IV, 431.

amputalus, IV, 432.

Baltimoriensis, II, 33. IV, 431.

bicolor, 11,26.

ccBnus,U, 34. IV, 431.

caliginosus, II, 26. IV, 431.

catbonarius, II, 32. IV, 432.

eraticus, II, 27.

faunus, II, 2S.

herbivagus, II, 29.

hylacis, II, 31.

irkolor, IV, 432.

iripennis, II, 30.

Mexicanus, IV, 432.

ocrealus, IV, 433.

Pennsylvanicus, II, 28.

rusiicus, II, 32. IV, 431.

similis, II, 29.

terminatus, IV, 432.

viridis, II, 31. IV, 432.

vulpeculus, II, 30. IV, 432.

Hassler, F. R., an account of pyrometric experiments, made at Newark, N. Jersey, I, 210. Note on the pre-
ceding memoir by Dr Patterson, I, 227. Papers on various subjects connected with the survey of
the coast of the United States, II, 232. Circular letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, 232.
Letter to Mr Gallatin, 234. Plan for putting into operation the said survey, 241. Catalogue of the
instruments and books collected for the purpose, 246. Comparison of the French and English
standard measures of length, and regulation of the bars for the base line apparatus, 230, De-
scription of the apparatus for measuring base lines, 273. Description of the two feet theo-
dolite, 2S7. Methods of observing with the two feet theodolite, 294. On the signals and
system of wires in the telescope, SOS. Additions made to the repeating circle with two teles-
copes, 315. On some adjustments of the repeating circle, 320. Methods of observing a series
of vertical angles with the repeating circle, 322. Peculiar method of observing time with the
repeating circle, 326. Description of the repeating theodolite of one foot diameter, 32S. Method
of observing horizontal angles with the repeating theodolite, 336. Method of observing vertical
angles with the repeating theodolite, 338. Description of the repealing circle of reflection, 341.
Method of observing with the repeating reflecting circle, 345. Description of the plane table, and
the alhidade to the same, 348. Description of magnetic needles, 354. Peculiarities of the five feet
transit instruments destined for the observatories, 357. On the astronomical clocks intended for the
observatories, 359. Plan of an observatory proposed to be built at Washington, 365. Promiscuous
remarks upon the principles of construction, the choice and trial of instruments, 371. On the me-
chanical organization of a large survey, and the particular application to the survey of the coast, 335.
Exemplars of the day-book and journal of results, 409. Results of the observation of the solar
eclipse of February 12, 1831, made at the city of Washington, IV, 131.

Hays, Isaac, desciiption of a fragment of the head of a new fossil animal, discovered in a marl pit, near Moores-
town. New Jersey, 111,471. Descriptions of the inferior ma.xillary bones of mastodons in the
cabinet of the Ameiican Philosophical Society, with remarks on the genus Tetracaulodon, IV, 317.
Dentition of these animals, 328. Four new species indicated, 334.

Heart of the alligator, anatomical observations on its structure, II, 216.

Heat, as evolved by the combustion of the principal varieties of wood and coal used in the United States, e.^pe-
riments on. III, 1. Observations on its diminution during the solar eclipse of February 12, 1S31.
IV, 133 ; and on the power of the lens to produce combustion during the same period, 139.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES — NEAV SERIES. 509

Heckewelder, Rev. John, D3mes given by the Lenni Lenape, or Delaware Indians to rivcri", etreams, places,
&c., in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia ; also, namej of cljietlaius, with lliu sig-
nifications and biographical sketches, &c., IV, 351.

Helicomijces roseits, IV, 2S7.

Helicosporium vegctum, IV, 2S0.

Helicolrichum pulvinalum, IV, 276.

Helix Carolinensis, IV, lOS.

Helminihosporium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 279.

Helotium umhonatum, IV, 1S4.

Heloellii, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 170.

/fenii, JV". ^/., observations on the anatomy and physiology of the alligator of North America, 11, 21C. De-
scriptions of eleven new species of North American insects. III, 253. Remarks on the use ot the
maxillaj in coleopterous insects, with an account of two species of the family Tclephorida;, and of
three of the family MordelliJw, which ought to be the type of two distinct genera, 458.

Herbarium of Muhlenburg, presented to the society, I, 453.

Hericium, IV, ISO.

Hicracium venosum, its powers as a specific for the bite of the rattle-snake tested. III, 300. Further experi-
ments, 400.

Hilobates hoolock, IV, 52.

Himanlia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2SS.

Historical and literary committee, report of, I, si. Literary notices published by, I, .xii.

Historical notices, on the settlement of the country on the river Delaware by the Swedes, I, 340.

Hodgson, TflUiam B., grammatical sketch and specimens of the Berber language ; preceded by four letters on
Berber etymologies, addressed to the president of the society, IV, 1. Hypothesis that the Berber is
the original language of all North Africa, including the Egypts and Abyssinia, 25. Plan of the town
of Eghwaat, IV, 29. Remarks upon the Tuarycks, 31.

Holm, Thomas Campanius, his account of New Sweilen noticed, I, 341.

Hour of the day, how to find by a new instrument, I, 33S. Of the night, may be found by the same, the right
ascensions of the moon, or of any other planet or fixed star being given, together with that of the
sun, 339.

Hudson, only river in U. States in which the tide passes through the alluvial, primitive, transition, and into the
secondary, I, 67.

Human bones, found on the coast of Brazil, account of them. III, 285.

Hyiinum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 161.

Hydraulic lime, used in constructing the Erie canal, analysis of it, by H. Seybert, II, 229.

Bydrocanthari and Carabici, descriptions of North American species, II, 1.

Hydrocantlius tricolor, II, 105.

atripe7iyiis, IV, 447.

Hydroporus affinis, II, 104.

bifidus, IV, 444.

catascopium, II, 103.

discicollis, IV, 446.

inlerrttptui, IV, 445.

lacustris, II, 103.

niger, II, 102.

nudatus, IV, 444.

oppositus, II, 102.

sericatus, IV, 445.

undulatus, II, 102.

Hygrometer, of Saussure, observations made with it at Washington city, II, 436. Observations made with the
hygrometer, during the eclipse of Feb. 12, 1S31, IV, 134.

Hymenella, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 1S7.

Hymenomycetes, class of fungi, IV, 145.

Hyphelia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 262.

Vol. IV.— 6 C

510

INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Hyphotnycetes, c\as3 of (iingijlV, 211. »

Hyphidrus punctaius, IV, 444.

Hj^jodermmm, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 297.

Hyria, observations on this genus, IV, 67.

Hysterimn, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 243.

Ice, fields of, have probably transported from northern regions the large blocks of granite which are scattered

over the basin of the Ohio, II, 137.
Ichlhyosmirus, discovery of the remains of this animal in Missouri, IV, 405.
lllosporlum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 265.
Indian chiefs, names of, with biographical sketches, by Rev. John Heckewelder, IV, 3S3, &c.

fort, in the neighbourhood of Lexington, Kentucky, description pf, I, 310.

languages, a remarkable character which pervades all of them, from Greenland to Cape Horn, III, 76.

Are rich in words and regular in their forms, and do not yield in those respects to any other idiom,

77. Multitude of ideas combined with the verb in these languages, 84. Also with the other parts

of speech, 84. Have no declensions properly so called, 93.

names of rivers, places, Sic, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, IV, 351, &c.

tumuli, I, 151.

Indians, kind treatment of them by the Swedish settlers on the Delaware, I, 347.

/nseds, of North America, several described,!, 401. 11,1. Ill, 233 and 460. IV, 409.

Institale ? maximum, IV, 263.

Instrument, for setting up sun-dials, and for many other useful purposes, I, 333.

Instruments, collected for the survey of the coast of the United States. See Hassler.

lofusiformis, IV, 122.

Iron, limestone and manures support the greatest part of the expense of canals, even in England, 1, 73. Fusing

temperature of, 167. Experiments to determine the expansion of four iron bars, and the diij'crence

between their expansion and that of brass, I, 210. Note on the same subject, 227.
Irpex, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 163.
Irradiation, memoir on, by Benjamin F. Joslin, IV, 340. General law respecting, 344. Peculiar structure in

the crystalline lens, 345. General conclusions, 346. Astronomical applications, 347 and 348.
Isaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 304.

James, E. P., catalogue of plants collected during a journey to and from the Rocky mountains, during the
summer of 1S20, II, 172. Remarks on the sandstone and floetz trap formations of the western part
of the valley of the Mississippi, 191.

Jones, f-fllUam, memoir on leaden cartridges, I, 137. Farther communication on the same, I, 141.

Joslin, Benjamin F., memoir on irradiation, IV, 340. Law respecting irradiation, 344. General conclusions,
345.

Jupiter's satellites, eclipses of, I, 93.

Kabijles of Africa, on their language, manners and customs, II, 446. Grammatical sketch of the Berber lan-
guage, as spoken by this people, IV, 1.
Kentucky, observations and conjectures on the formation and nature of its soil, I, 174.
King crab, description of this animal by an early Swedish writer, I, 345.
Kyllingia leiicocephala, II, 170.

rigida, 169.

squarrosa, 169.

tenuis, 163.

Labials, three in the English language, I, 259.
Labio-dentals, two in the English language, I, 260,
Labrella, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 249.
Laccophilus maculosus, 11, 100. IV, 444.
proximus, II, 101.

AND FOURTH VOLUJIES NEW SERIES. 511

Lachnobolus cinereus, IV, 2G2.

Lagopus, III, 3S3 an J 392.

Lambert, William, absliact of calculations to ascertain (he longitude ol the capitol, in WaahinKton city, I, J03.

Lampreys of Norlh America ilesctilied, 1, 3S3.

Language, English, an essay towards an analysis and description of the component sounds of, I, 22-*. Oral
language subject to change, 1, 233. No analogy in nature between wrillon »igin and woc.ls spoken.
any more than between words and ideas, 1, 233. Written language of China, 235. 01 the Ikibcru
of Africa, meiuoir on. 11, 43S. Analogous in one respect to that of the Chcrokoes, 113. Tho
grammatical forms of a language ate the work of nature, and not of civilization or its arn, the com-
mon opinion to the contrary notwithstanding, III, 219. 01 tho Berbers, grammatical sketch and
specimens of it, IV, 1.

Lathrolitim armaium, IV, 453.

btcolor, IV, 45-1.

cinctum, IV, 454.

coitfluetitum, IV, 456.

dimidialum, IV, 455.

miUepunctalum, IV, 456.

similipenne, IV, 453.

-: sphiericolle, IV, 455.

Latitude, Maskelyne's formul.> for calculating the parallax in, I, 99. To Ond, by a new instrument, the mcii-
dian and declination being given, I, 339.

Lead, in the transition formation, noticed, I, 37. Large deposits of tho ore at St Louis, 4il. Fusing temper-
ature of, I, 169. Red lead used in a new method of bleaching, I, 31?.

Lea, Jsaac, description of six new species of the genus Unio, embracing the anatomy of the oviduct ol one of
them, together with some anatomical observations on the genus, III, 259. Description of a new
genus of the Naiades, and also of eleven new species of Unio, from the rivers of the United Slates ;
with observations on some of the characters of the Naiades, 403. Observations on the Naiades,
with descriptions of new species of that and other families, IV, 63. Supplement to the foregoing
memoir, 105. Description of a new genus of the family Melaniana of Lamarck, 122.

Leaden cartridges, meraoir on, by William Jones, I, 137. Letter from the Secretary of War lespecting the
same, 144.

Leangium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 25S.

Lebia atrive7itris, II, 13.

borea. III, 255.

fuscala, Dej., IV, 414.

grandis. III, 255.

ornata, II, 13. IV, 413.

platicoUis, 11, U. IV, 413.

solea. III, 256.

tricolor, II, 11.

viridis, II, 14. IV, 414.

zittala, 11,12.

Lemalis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 184.

Leniii Lenape, or Delaware Indians, grammar of their language. III, 65. Naiacs of rivers, Sic, in Pcnnsyl
vania. New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, Stc, IV, 351.

Lentinus, North American species of, IV, 152.

Leolia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 170.

Leplostroma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 250.

Le Sueur, C. A., description of several species of chondropterigious fishes of North America, with their v»iie-
ties, I, 3S3.

Lexington, Kentucky, Indian fort in the neighbourhood of, I, 310.

Lewis and Clarke, fossil bones observed by them on the Yellowstone river, IV, 403.

Library of the American Philosophical Society, donatious to, I, 436. II, 4S1. Ill, 439. IV, 471.

Licea, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 25S.

512 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Lichenopsis, a new genus of fungi, IV, 308.

Light, Jiminution of, produced by the eclipse of February 12, 1831, IV, 133.

Lime, hydraulic, used in constructing the Erie canal, analysis of it, by H. Seybert, II, 229.

Limestone, no secondary found south-east of the primitive in the U. States, I, 11. Foundation of most of the
level countries, 14. An extensive and regular formation of, in Europe, described, 15. Beds of pri-
mitive limestone, noticed, 22 and 30. Limestone of the transition formation, noticed, 36. Of se-
condary formation, noticed, 39. Its easy solution and facility of decomposition, considered as
affecting soils, 46. Wilh iron and manures probably supports the greatest part of the e.s'pense of
canals, even in England, 73. Its absence in the western part of the valley of the Mississippi, II, 213.

Linguals, four in the English language, I, 261.

Lingua -dentals, four in the English language, I, 261.

Linguo-palatnts, three in the English language, I, 261.

Lithocarpi, I, 265.

LithophyUi, I, 265.

Lithoxylon, I, 265.

Longitude, Maskelyne's formula for calculating the parallax in, I, 99. Of the capilol in Washington city, 103.

Lophium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 240.

Louisiana, fossil bones found in, IV, 397. Some geological observations on this state, 393.

Lycogala, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 256.

Lycoperdon, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 256.

Maclure, William, Observations on the geology of the United States of North America ; with remarks on the
probable effects that may be produced by the decomposition of the different classes of rocks on the
nature and fertility of soils ; applied to the different states of the union, agreeably to an accom-
panying geological map, I, 1. General remarks on the method of pursuing geological researches, S.
Observations on the different chains of European mountains compared with those of the United
Slates, S. E.xplanation of the geological map, 19. Inquiry into the probable effects the decompo-
sition of rocks may produce on the nature and forlilily of soils, 43. The same, considered in refer-
ence to the accompanying geological map, 62. Explanation of the geological sections, 90.

Macrosiagon, a new genus of insects, of the family Mordellonse, III, 462.

Macrosporium, IV, 275.

Magellanic premium regulations, I, viii.

Magnetic iron ore, beds of, at Franconia, &c., I, 22 and 34. Wrought to advantage in northern part of New
Jersey, 71.

Magnetic needle, its variation may be found by a new instrument, I, 339. Description of those intended to be
employed in the survey of the coast, II, 354.

Mammoth. See Mastodon.

Manganese, found in the primitive formation, I, 34. Observations on it as applied to bleaching, 317.

Mansfield, Jared, memoir on vanishing fractions, I, 201.

Manticora, IV, 309.

Manures, iron and limestone support the greatest part of the expense of canals, even in England, I, 73.

Marl, found in New Jersey, I, 24. One of the best depositions for making a good soil, 58.

Maryland, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., I, 75. Indian names of rivers, creeks, &c.
IV, 377.

Maskelyne's formula for calculating the parallax in latitude and longitude, I, 99.

Mastodon, teeth of this animal found at Big Bone Lick, I, 376. Descriptions of the inferior maxillary bones
of these animals, IV, 317. Dentition of, 328. Species of, 332. New species indicated, 334.

Maxilla:, on the use of, in coleopterous insects. III, 458.

Measures of length, comparison of the French and English standard, II, 250.

Megacephala Carolina, IV, 410.

Meigs, C. D., account of some human bones found on the coast of Brazil, III, 285.

Melanconium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 297.

Melania acuta, IV, 101.

elongata, IV, 120.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES — NEW SEUIES. 513

.Velania suhularis, IV, 100.

tubcrcularis, IV, 101.

Melano-GetuUans of Ptolemy, iilenlic.il with the Wadrcagans and Wiirgehns of Africa, IV, 23
Melolontha porcina. III, 256.

variolosa. III, 256.

Memhers of the American Philosophical Society, list of thcin, 1, vi. U, vi. Ill, v. IV,

Menispora glauca, IV, 175.

Meridian, the Litituile of the place and time being given, how to 6nd by a new in<(tumcnl, I, 339. Also, iho

declination of the moon, or of any other planet or fixed star, together with the latitude of the plicc

being given, 339.
Meridian line, to draw a true one on any plane level surface, by means of a new inislrumenl, I, 337.
Merulius, synopsis of the N. American species, IV, 160.
Metallic substances lound in the primitive I'ormation ot the United States, I, 3-1. In the transition formation,

37. In the secondary, 40.
Metals, an attempt to ascertain the fusing temperature of, I, 1G7. Inquiry into the causes why they appear to

be specifically lighter when in a solid state than in a state effusion, 170.
Meteorological obsercations, made during the eclipse ol Feb. 12, 1S31, by A- 0. Bache, IV, 132.
Meteorological tables, made on the North Atlantic ocean, II, 140. At the city of Washington, -121.
Mexican antiquities presented to the American Philosophical Society, list of ihem. III, 510.
Minerals, in the primitive formation of the Uiuted States, I, 33.
Mississippi, territory of, geology, nature ol the soil, climate, internal navigation, Sic, I, 83. Basin of. gcolosy.

nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., 85 and 175. Remarks on the sand-stone ami flij.t7. tiap

formations of its western part, by E. P. James, II, 191.
Missouri, territory of, geology, nature of the soil, fee, I, S6. Fossil bone lound in, IV. -105 and 40S.
Mitranijces, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 255.
Mitrula, synopsis of N. American species, IV, ISl.
Mulops, IV, 427.

Monilia, synopsis of N. .American species, IV, 2S6.

Monograph of the North American insects of the genus Cicindela, 1,401.
Moon, eclipse of, January 4, 1S06, I, 93. Singular appearance of it during the solar eclipse of Ffdiruary 12,

1S32, IV, 131.
Moose, description of its cranium, I, 37S.
Murchella, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 169.
MordellidcE, a new genus of. III, 45S.
Morio Georgia, II, 25.
Mortality of the city and liberties of Philadelphia, from 1S09 to 1816, with a statement of the diseases, igej,

Sic., being an abstract and the results of eight annual slalenients, published by the board of health,

I, 430. Appendix to the above, for the year 1317 — IS, 453.
Motion of solids on surfaces, in the two hypotheses of perfect sliding and perfect rolling, with a particular

examination of their small oscillatory motions, memoir oB, by Henry .lames Anderson, III, 315.
Moulting of birds, observations on, III, 292.
Mounds, an extensive one near St Louis, I, 154. List of the most considerable ones on Ihc Mississippi and

Ohio, 155.
Mountains of Europe compared with those of N. America, 1, 17. Pyrenees, Carpathian, &c., modify climate

by shutting out northerly winds, 67. The Stony mountains arc covered at their summits with per-
petual snows and glaciers, 86. Tables of the altitudes of mountains in New York, New H.ir.jpshirc

and Vermont, by A. Partridge, 147. Geological observations on the Rocky mountain- of North

America, by E. P. James, II, 191.
Mozabis of Africa, on their language, manners and customs, 11, 449, &c. Further observations, IV, 22.
Mucor, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 285.
Muhlenberg, Rev. H., his herbarium presented to the society, I, 452.
Muriatic acid, distilled over red lead in a new method of bleaching, I, 318.
Mycogone, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 275.
Myriococcum prceeox, IV, 253.

Vol. IV.— 6 D

514 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Myrothedwn, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 263.
Myxosporium croceum, IV, 300.
Myxotrichum chartarum, IV, 276.

J\raematelia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 186.

A'aiades, observations on this family of shells, by P. H. Nicklin, III, 395. A new genus proposed, with ob-
servations on some of the characters of the family, 403. Observations on this family, vpilh descrip-
tions of new species, IV, 63. On the teeth in this family, considered as a generic character, 67.

JVasal somids, I, 256.

J\ratural bridge of Virginia, on its geological formation, by F. W. Gilmer, I, 187.

JVebria pallipes, II, 7S.

JVemognatha nemorensis , III, 258.

JVew England, geology, nature of the soil, &c., I, 64. Sea coast abounds in good harbours, 65. Internal
navigation exceedingly bad, 65.

J^ew Jersey, geology of, nature of the soil, &c., I, 70. Indian names of rivers, places, &c., IV, 375.

JVew York state, geology, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., I, 67.

JVicklin, Philip Houlbrooke, observations on Lamarck's family of the Naiades, III, 395.

JVidularia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 252.

JVorth Carolina, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., I, 73.

JVoterus bicolor, IV, 446.

JVothiophilus porrettus, IV, 41S.

semistriatus, 11, 81. IV, 417.

J\''uUy, Eugenins, investigation of a theorem proposed by Dr Rittenhouse, respecting the summation of the
several powers of the sines; with its application to the problem of a pendulum vibrating in circular
arcs, I, 396. Solution of a general case of the simple pendulum, II, 466.

JVuttall, Thomas, description of a new species of Sarracenia, IV, 49.

Obituary JVotiees, I, xviii. II, is. Ill, vii. IV,

Observatory, ordinance of the city councils, granting the use of the centre engine house to the American Phi-
losophical Society, I, .xvi. Two, necessary for cariying into effect the proposed plan of a survey of
the United States, II, 241. Peculiarities of the five feet transit instruments destined for them, 357.
Astronomical clocks intended for them, 359. Plan of one proposed to be built at Washington, 365.

Ochre, found abundantly in the alluvial formation, I, 25.

Odacantha Pennsylvanica, I!, 16.

dorsaZis, I!, 17. IV, 412.

Oedemium atruni, IV, 278.

Officers, of the society, for 1818, I, v. For 1825, II, v. For 1S30, III, iv. For 1834, IV,

Ohio river, geological account of its valley, by Daniel Drake, 124. Has a channel below the bottom of the
alluvial deposits, to which it is confined when not swelled by rains, 128. Hypothesis to account for
the great elevation of its older alluvial banks, 129. Its southern tributaries flow in deeper channels
than the northern, 130. In its old alluvial formation, the only aquatic animal remains which were
discovered were the shells of a species of Mya, which does not seem to exist in the river at present,
130. Valleys of this quarter probably not the work of causes which have acted regularly and unre-
iciltingly ever since the recession of the sea, 131. Indian name of, IV, 352 and 367.

Oidium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 285.

Olisthopus cinctus, IV, 424.

parmatus, IV, 424.

Omophron labiatum, II, 79.

Onygena, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 263.

Oodes? parallelus, IV, 420.

Oomin, seventh vocal sound, I, 256.

Ophonus insterstitialis, IV, 432.

Optical illusions, IV, 347, &c.

Orang, description of a species from the north eastern province of British East India, IV, 52,

AND FOCRTn VOLUMES — NEW SERIES. 515

Ord, George, some observations on the mouUiog of birds, HI, 292.

Oreb, siitli vocal sound, I, 255.

Ores of different metals, found in the piimilivo formation of the United Slates, i, 34. Id the transition, 37.

In the secondary, 40.
Organic remains in the sandstones of the Upper Platte and Atkansaw, II, 11)5, Sic.
Organic sounds, I, 246 and 259.
Orthography of the English language, no innovation needed in, I, 236. However, mut.itions have, and will

again take place, 237. An essay for a uniform one for llic Indian iauguagc!", noticed. 111, 90.
Oscillalory motion, observations on. III, 315.
Ostracoderma spadiceum, IV, 262.
Ostropa, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 227.
Ouachita river, fossil bones found on, IV, 397.
Oxyporus stygicus, IV, 459.
Ozytelus riigulosus, IV, 460.

sculptus, IV, 460.

Ozonium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S7.

Pachyma cocos, IV, 264.
Paederus cinclus, IV, 457.

discopunctatus, IV, 457.

Paine, Robert Treat, observations of the eclipse of the sun of Feb. 12, 1?31, made at Capo Malabar Light-
house, IV, 130.
Palladium, a nev? process for separating this metal and rhodium from platinum, I, 161.
Panagccus cnicigerus, II, 69,

fascialus, 70.

Pangus caUginosna, IV, 431.

Partridge, A., tables of the altitudes of mountains in the slates of New York, New Hampshire and Vermont,

I, 147.
Pasimachus siilsukatus, II, 19.

depressus, 11, 19.

Patellaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 236,
Patrohus longicornis, IV, 421.

Patterson, Robert, note on Mr Hassler's memoir respecting the expansion of iron, 1, 227. Description and
use of a simple appendage to the reflecting sector, by which it is rendered capable of mca.^^uring all
possible altitudes on land, by reflection from an artificial horizon, 325. Description and use of a
very simple instrument for setting up sun-dial9, and for many other useful purposes, 333. Solution
of several problems by the above apparatus, 336. Error in the above solutions, arising from the
refraction of the sun, &c., how to allow for it, 339. Memoir on an improvement in the common
ship-pump, I, 367. Description and rationale of a simple apparatus, which may serve as a substi-
tute for the ship-pump, and which will require no manual labour whatever, f, 427. Obituary notice
of him, 11, \x.
Patterson, P.M., observations on the solat eclipse of Feb. 12, 1831, made at the University of Virginia, IV, 132.
Pelor avidus, IV, 42S.
Pendulum, observed lengths of in different latitudes, 1, 120. Vibrating in circular arcs, applicaUon of a theorem

to, 395. Solution of a general case of the simple pendulum, II, 467.
Penicillum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 282.
Pennsylvania, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, (ac, I, 71. Indian names of river*, places,

&C., IV, 355.
Percus, II, 40.

Perichtrna, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 258.
Periconia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 304.
Periola pubescens, IV, 265.

Perisporium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 270.
Petersburg, St, its climate compared with that of Washington, II, 433

516 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Petromyzon Jlmerieanus, 1, 3S3.

nigricans, I, 385.

peziza, synopsis of American species, IV, 170.

Phacidium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 242.

Phallus, synopsis of N. American species, IV,

Philadelphia, morlality of, for eight years, 1S09 — 16, with a statement of the diseases, ages. Sec, I, 430. Ap-

penilix to the above table for the year 1817 — 18,453. Observations, made at an early period, on

the climate of the country on the river Delaware, I, 340. Indian name of, IV, 355.
Philology, observations on its present state, III, 69.
Phlebia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 165.
Phlebomorphia, synopsis of N. Americ.in species, IV, 283.
Phoma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 24S.
Phonology, English, I, 288.

Photometer, observations made with it during the eclipse of Feb. 12, 1831, IV, 133.
Phragmidiiim hedysari, IV, 297.
Phyllopia, N. American species of, IV, 137.
Physarum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 257.

Fhysick, Br, his practice of employing position to empty blood vessels for surgical purposes, I, 300.
Phytolithus cancellatus, I, 2S0.

Dawsoni, I, 293.

Martini, I, 291.

notatus, I, 294.

parmatvs, I, 286.

reticulaius, I, 291.

— . — siilcatus, I, 277.

tesselatus, I, 295.

transversus, I, 293.

verrucosus, I, 26S.

Pickering, C, memoir on the geographical distribution of plants, IH, 274.

Pilcati, order of fungi, IV, 145.

Pilobolus, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 254.

Pinophilus latipes, IV, 456.

Pistillaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 1S4.

Piston for steam engines, an improved one described, I, 313.

Pittsburgh, Indian name of, IV, 367.

Pittocarpium flavum, IV, 261,

Plane table for the survey of the coast, and the alhidade to the same, II, 343.

Plants, collected during a journey to and from the Rocky mountains, during the summer of 1820, catalogue of

them, II, 172. Geographical distribution of, III, 274.
Platinum, some exporiments on, and a new process for separating palladium and rhodium from (hat metal, I,

161. Fusing temperature of, 169.
Platysma, IV, 425.
Plumbago, beds of it, noticed, I, 34.
Podisoma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 307.

Podosporium, a new genus of fungi, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 278.
Pocci7iJS, II, 55 and 56. IV, 421.
Pogonus rectus, IV, 421.

Poison of the rattle-snake, experiments made on it, III, 300. Further esperimenta on the same subject, 400.
Polyactis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 282.
Polyangiwn vitellinum, IV, 253.
Polyporus, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 154.
Polythrincium trifolii, IV, 278.

Population and tumuli of the aborigines of North America, I, 151.
Porotheleum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 160.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES NEW SERFES. 517

Primitive formation prevails cast of tlie Huilion, and constitutes the highest mountains, I, 21. South of ihe
Delaware the first rock after the alluvial, 21. Description of, 25. Not favourable to Ihe formin);
of soil fit for vegetation, 49.

Problem in arithmetic, an easy solution of one, by James Austin, I, ISl. To find the anpiUr altllude or de-
pression of any visible oliject, 337. To draw a true meridian line, on any pl,\nc level lurlice, 337.
To find the azimuth or bearing of any visible object, 338. To fiml the hour of the day, 338. Re-
lating to the figure of the earth, to find a sphere agreeing with the spheroid in as many important
circumstances as possible, 354, 356, 357, 359, 3G1, 362 and 364. Of a pendulum vibrating in cir-
cular arcs, theorem applied to, 395.

Pronuncialion, of the English language, no attempt yet made has succeeded in ascertaining and fixing it, I,
231 . Reasons given for the failure, 231. Of words, does not constantly remain tlio same, 233.

Prosthemium beliiligmtm, IV, 249.

Pteroflichiis, 11, 41, 42, 43, 47 and 59.

Plerula plumosa, IV, 1S3.

Puccinia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 295.

Pumice stotte, substance resembling, which floats down the Missouri, found in detached masses in tho vicinity
of trap rocks about the baso of the Rocky mountains, II, 212.

Pyrenium, synopsis of American species, IV, 187 and 266.

Pyre7iomycetes, class of Fungi, IV, ISS.

Pyrochroa? elei^ans. III, 257.

infumala. 111, 257.

Pyrometer of Wedgewood, several objections to, I, 167.

Pyromeiric experiments, made at Newark, New Jersey, by F. R. Ilassler, F, 210.

Quadruped, extinct, description of a new genus and new species of, III, 473.
Quadrupeds, observations on their geographical distribution, III, 2S2.

Racodium cellarc, IV, 275.

Raduhim, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 164.

Rattlesnake, experiments on its poison, together with anatomical observations. III, 30(1. Further experi-
ments, 400.

Records of the Swedish colony on tho river Delaware, extracts from, I, 340.

Reed-bird, remaiks on its change of plumage. III, 294.

Red lands, which cross Viiginia, noticed, I, 63.

Red lead, employed in a new method of bleaching, I, 313.

Red sandstone formation, described, I, 28. Found in the vicinity of the Rocky mountains, II, 204.

Reflecting sector, description and use of a simple appendage to it, by which it is rendered capable of measuring
all altitudes on land, by reflection from an artificial horizon, I, 325.

Remvick, James, observations on the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, 1S31, made at Columbia College, New York,
IV, 130.

Repeating circle, for the survey of the coast, additions made to, II, 315. On some adjustmcnis of, 320. Mc-
° thods of observing a series of vertical angles with it, 322. Peculiar method of observing t.mc with

it, 326.
Repeating circle of reflection, for the survey of the coast, description of, II, 341. Method of observing with

Repeating theodolite, of one foot diameter, for the survey of the coast, description of, II, 323. Method of
° observing horizontal angles with it, 336. Method of observing vertical angles with it, 335.

Report of the historical and literary commillee, 1, xi. Of the committee on the memoir on leaden carlndgcf,
1, 143. or Ihe committee on astronomical observations, containing observations made In difTcrenl
parts of the United States on the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, 1S31, IV, 125.

Resin, distilled from relinasphalt, II, 113.

Respiration, in a case of disease, performed by one side of the thorax, I, 331.

Reticularia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 262. , . , i ■ r ■. ii

RetinasphaU, discovered at Cape Sable, INIagoihy river, Maryland, description and chemical anilysu of it. ll.
110. Is apparently a fossil guiu or resin, II, 115.

Vol. IV.— 6 E

518 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Shipiphorus dimidiatus, limbatus, zni tristis. Ill, 462.

Rhizina undulata,rV,nO. i :. / - : . • , ■ .

Rhizopogon, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 252.

iJA(iOC(onia, synopsis of N. Ameiican species, IV, 264. ,

Rhodium, a new process for separating ttiis metal and palladium from platinum, I, 161.

Rhytisma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 241.

Right ascensio7i, of the moon, or of any other planet or fixed star being given, to find the meridian, I, 339.

Rio, Andres del, memoir on silver ores reduced by the method of Becquerel, IV, 60.

River navigation of the primitive and transition formations, its character, I, 72. Of the secondary formation,

its character, 57.
Roberts, Joseph, observations made at Friends' observatory, during the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, 1831.
Rocks, their different modes of decomposing, I, 43.
Rolling draw-gate, desci iption of one, as applied to water mills, I, 307.
Rugilus dentatus, IV, 457.

Sacidium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 251.

Salt, only found weslwaiJ of a ceitain line, I, 21. Extensive beds of, noticed, 41. Masses, found west of the
Mississippi, H, 213. Licks, springs, and saline efflorescences abundant near the Rocky mountains,
II, 214. Extensive repositories probably exist on the Arkansaw and Red river, II, 214.

Sand-stone, old red, its limits, &c., in the United States, I, 28. And fioelz trap of the western part of the
valley of the Mississippi, II, 191. Red sand-stone, similar to that of the eastern part of New York,
very abundant in the vicinity of the Rocky mountains, 204. The same not seen in the eastern part
of the valley of (he Mississippi, 204.

Sarcnpodium circinnatum, IV, 303.

Sarea, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 178.

Sarracenia cakeolata, IV, 49.

Saurodo7i, a new genus of fossil animals. III, 476,

lanciformis. III, 476.

Leanus, III, 477.

Say, Thomas, a monograph of N. American insects of the genus Cicindela, I, 401. Descriptions of insects of
the families Carabici and Hydrocanthari of Latreille, inhabiting North America, II, 1. Descriptions
of new North American insects, and observations on some already described, IV, 409.

Scarites subterraneus, II, 18.

Schizoderma, IV, 297.

Schizophyllum, the N. American species, IV, 154.

Schizoxylon, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 249.

Schweinitz, L. D., synopsis fungorum in America Boreali media degentium, IV, 141. List of the species first
discovered in America by him, IV, 309.

Scleroderma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 255.

Sclerotiurn, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 266.

Scolicotrichnm, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 276.

Scorias spongiosa, IV, 305.

Secondary furmalion, great extent of, in the United States, 1, 14. Description of, 3S. Has many properties
favourable to the growth of vegetables, 54. An easy river navigation one of the most valuable ad-
vantages attached to this class of rocks, 57.

Sector, reflecting, a simple appendage to it, by which it is rendered capable of measuring all altitudes on land,
1,326.

Seiridium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 306.

Sellers, JVathan, description of a rolling draw-gate, as applied to watermills, I, 307.

Sepedonivm mi/c^jihihim, IV, 275.

Septaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 297.

Serra, J. Correa dt, observations and conjectures on the formation and nature of the soil of Kentucky, I, 174.

Seyhert, Henry, analyses of the chrysobetyls from Haddam and Brazil, II, 116. Analysis of the hydraulic
lime used in constructing the Erie canal, 229.

Shaler, William, letters on the language, manners and customs of the Berbers, or Brebers of Africa, II, 43S.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES NEW SERIES. 519

Ship-piimp, an improvement in, I, 367. A snbslilulo for, which will require no manual labour, 127.

Short, C. ]V., description of an Indi.iii fort in the neif;libouil]0od ol Lc.vinglon, Kenlucky, 1, 310.

Silver, fu-int; temperature of, I, Kit). Ores reduced by the method of Becquercl, IV, lit).

Simla Hoolock, IV, 52.

Sines, investi^.ilion of a theorem rcspeclini; the sumniatiou of the several power,* of, I, 395.

Sistoirema, «ynop>is of N. .\mericaii species, IV, ItiS.

Solettia, synop-is of N. Anieiican species, IV, ISO.

Snow, fill of, on the Del.iwarc, on the lOih of October, I, 350.

Soils, how inOuenced by the decomposilion of rocks, I, 43 and 177. Observations and conjectures on ilt foi-

niation and nature in Kentucky, 174. Conclusions rcspcclinf; the same, ISO.
South Caroliiui, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &.C., 1, 79.
Sparasfis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, ISO.
Spalhuleaflaui'la, IV, ISl.

Specifics, reputed, for the bite of the rattle-snake, III, 300, &c. The Hieracium vcnosum tested, 3UU.
Spermodennium rvfum, IV, 269.
Spermoedia chvus, IV, 2G9.

Sphaerin, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 1S3.
Sphaeroyiema, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 247.
Sphaerobolus, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 254.
Sphaerosporium, a new genus of Fungi, IV, 303.
Sphenoidnl sinuses, observations on, I, 371.
Spheracra, a new genus of insects, IV, 412.
Sphere, to find one agreeing with the terrestrial spheroid in as many important circumstances as possible, I,

353. lis radius, and the length of a degree of a great circle, 366.
Spilocaea, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 297.
Spondylocladiuinfumosum, IV, 2S4.
Sporidesiniuin, synopsis ol N. American species, IV, 306.
Sporophleian gramineum, IV, 278.
SpoTOtrichum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 271.
Spiimaria, synopsis of N. Amejican species, IV', 261.
Stachylidium, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 283.
Staphylinus apicialis, IV, 451.

ater, IV, 452.

blandiis, IV, 449.

connexus, IV, 448.

cyanipennis, IV, 451.

dimidiatus, IV, 450.

ephippiatus, IV, 44S.

inversus, IV, 449.

iracundvs, IV, 449.

tachinifarmis, IV, 450.

nmbratdis, IV, 451.

viduatus, IV, 451.

violaceiis, IV, 451.

Stars, phenomena explained by irradiation, IV, 347, 6tc.

Steam ens;ine, an injproved piston described, I, 310.

Steafomalous tumour, a large one successfully extirpated, I, 293.

Steinhauer, Rev. Henry, memoir on the fossil vegetables of the coal strata, I, 265.

Stemonitis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 260.

Slenolophus ductus, IV, 434.

Stenus colon, IV, 45S.

femoratus, IV, 459.

geniculatus, IV, 453.

quadripunctalus, IV, 459.

stygicus, IV, 45S.

520 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIKD

Steropus, IV, 424.

Stictis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 179.

Stilbospora, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 299.

Slilbum, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 284.

Slomis granulatus, IV, 427.

Stratification, regulari(y of, in North America, I, 10. East of New York runs nearly north and south ; to the

southward and westward it runs nearly north east and south west; and in both instances dips to the

east, 21. Horizontal in the secondary formation, 38 and 175.
Submarine forest in the eastern part of England, 1, 179.

Summation of the several powers of the sines, investigation of a theorem relating to, I, 396.
Sun-dials, description and use of a very simple instrument for setting them up, I, 333.
Survey of the coast of the United States, papers relating to. See Hassler.
Swedish colony on the river Delaware, historical notices concerning it, I, 340.
Symphynota, a new genus of the family of the naiades. III, 442.

aiata. III, 448.

bi-alata. III, 445.

bilineata, IV, 98.

complanata. III, 443.

— compressa. III, 450.

cygnea, III, 456.

gracilis. III, 452.

infata, IV, 99.

laevissima. III, 444.

ochracea, III, 455.

tenuissima. III, 453.

Syjiopsis of North American Fungi, by L. D. Schweinilz, IV, 141.

Table, of the mortality of the city and liberties of Philadelphia from 1809 to 1816, with a statement of the
diseases, ages, Stc, I, 430. Appendix to the above, for the year 1817 — 18, 453. Of observations
on the winds, currents, Gulf stream, comparative temperature of the air and water, &c., made on
the North Atlanlic ocean, during twenty-six voyages to and from Europe, between the years 1799
and 1817, inclusive, by John Hamilton, II, 140. Of meteorological observations made at the city
of Washington, 436. General table to the experiments on fuel, by M. Bull, III, 60, Of results of
experiments made to determine the comparative loss of heat sustained by the ordinary apparatus
made use of for combustion, 63.

Tapirus mastodonloides, IV, 324.

Teeth of the niaslodon, observations on, IV, 317, &c.

Telephorida:, a new genus of. III, 458.

Telescope, for the survey of the coast, on the signals and system of wires in, 303.

Temperature, of the air and water and soundings, table of, made during twenty-six voyages to and from Europe,
II, 147. Of the water much colder on banks than on soundings shelving gradually, 143. Table of
the mean of the air and water, in the Atlanlic ocean, in different latitudes, during every month of
the year, II, 150. Of the water, always warmer in currents than out of them, II, 151. Table of
the mean of the air and water, between the latitudes of 40° and 50" N. and the longitudes of 15"
and 45" W. Mean, at Washington city, for the months of May, June and July 1823, was nearly
equal to the mean at noon of the preceding month, 429. Of the air during the eclipse of Feb. 12,
1831,1V, 133.

Teocalli, compared wiih the mounds situated between the Arkansaw and St Francis rivers, I, 156.

Tetracaulodon, a new genus of extinct raammiferous quadrupeds, III, 484. Remarks on this genus, by I.
Hays, IV,317, &c.

mastoilonloideum, III, 484, and IV, 336.

Coltinsii and Godmani, 334.

Tetracolimn luhercularice, IV, 286.

Tetrao, geneial otiscrvaiions on these birds, with a synopsis of the species hitherto known, by C. L. Bona-
parte, III, 383.

AND FOURTH VOLUMES — NEW SERIES. 521

Tetrao albtts, III, 393.

bonasia, 389.

Canadensis, 391,

cvpido, 392.

hybridus, 390.

lagopus, 393.

obseurus, 39!.

phasianelhis, 392.

scoticus, 393.

telrix, 391.

itmbellus, 389.

urogalliis, 390.

urophasiatius, 390.

Thamnidhun, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 285.

Thehbonts stercoreus, IV, 254.

Thelephora, synopsis oIN. American species, IV, 165.

Theodolite, for the survey of llie coast, description of it, II, 2S7. Methods of observing with, 291.

repeating, for the same purpose, description of it, 328. RIelhoJ of observing horizontal angles with it,

836. Method of observing vertical angles with the same, 333.

Theorem, investigation of one proposed by Dr Rittenhouse, respecting the summation of the several poweri of
the sines, with its application to the problem of a pendulum vibrating in circul.\r arcs, I, 395.

Thermometer, an account of an improvement made on the diffcrcnlial therniomcler of Mr Lcshc, I, 301. 01
little use in indicating soundings off the coast of Ireland, II, 1 19. A very important and useful in-
slrunient in navigation, yet not entitled to implicit confidence, 15-1. Observations with it during
the solar eclipse of Feb. 12, IS31, IV, 133.

Thorax, a case of disease in which one side was at rest while the other performed Iho motions of rupinlioD in
the usual way, I, 381.

Time, of the day, how to find by a new instrument, I, 338. Of the night, the right ascensions of the moon,
or of any other planet or fixed star being given, together with that of the sun, may be found by the
same inslrument, 339. The meridian and latitude of a place being given, how to find the time,
declination and azimuth of the sun, 339. Tho meridian and declination being given, to find the
latitude, time and azimuth, 339. Peculiar method of observing it, with the repealing circle, 11,326.

Tioga, some of the Five Nations stationed here for the purpose of ascertaining what persons wore coming into
their country, IV, 362.

Tombuctoo, a peiiodical caravan between this place and Orao, II, 443.

Torula, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 2S6.

Towns of the Berbers, divided into two, three or four distinct communities, who war with each other, IV, 29.

Transit instruments, destined for tho observatories, peculiarities ol them, U, 420.

Transition formntio7i, necessity of such a class, discussed, I, 12. Description of, as it occurs In the V. Slates,
I, 35. The greatest part of the rocks of this class decompose into soils favourable to vegetation,
51. Water not so pure as that of the primitive class, 53.

TVojJ./ormairon, newest flffitz, not yet discovered in the United States, I, 15. Of the western part of the
valley of the Mississippi, II, 191. Description of the same, 209.

J^ap-rochs, of the Connewago hills, near MidJIetown, and of Stony ridge, near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, ob-
servations on, by John B. Gibson, II, 156. Nothing in the position of the former to indicate an
igneous origin, 159.

Trechus conjunciiis, II, 90. IV, 435.

partiarius, II, 90. IV, 434.

rupesiris,U, 91. IV, 435.

Tremella, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 185.

Trichia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 259.

Trichoderma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 263.

Trichodermacei, o'Jer of fungi, IV, 261.

Trichospermi, order of fungi, IV, 255.

Trichothecium roseum, IV, 275.

Vol. IV.— 6 F

522 INDEX TO THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD

Tioost, G., description and chemical analysis of the retinasphalt, discovered at Cape Sable, Magothy river,
Maryland, II, 110. Notice of a new crystalline form of the yenite of Rhode Island, 478.

Tuarycks of Afiica, notice concerning them, II, 452. Remarks upon them, by Wm. B. Hodgson, IV, 31.
Remarkable for their commercial habits and warlike propensities, 31. Vocabulary of their lan-
guage, 35.

Tuber cibaiiutn, IV, 252:

ruieccu/arid, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 301.

Tu/os/oma, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 256.

Tumour, a large one successfully extirpated, I, 29S.

Tumu/j and population of the aborigines of N. America, I, 151.

Tusks ot the mastodon, observations on, IV, 317, &c.

Tympanis, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 237.

Tyjihala, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 183.

Unio, some anatomical observations on the genus, III, 260. Manner of taking their food, 261. IV, 65.
Muscles which seem to have escaped attention, 262. Oviducts of the U. irroratus are different
from those of any other species yet examined, 263. Observations on the genus, by P. H. Nicklin,
395. Description of eleven new species from the rivers of the United States, 403. Teeth of, 407.
Colour, 409. Elevations on the surface of the disks, 410. Epidermal colours, 411. Beaks, 413.
Muscular impressions, 414. Ligament, 415. List of North American species, with synonyms, 415.
Critical remarks on Lamarck's species of Unio, 421. Observations on the manner in which the
elevations on thejsurface of the disks are formed, IV, 63. Observations on the teeth in the Naiades,
67. Additional species described, 105. Large size of some species, 106.

aculissimus, IV, 89.

anguslalus, IV, 114.

anoilontoides, IV, SI. ■ ■ •

arcajormis, IV, 116.

asper, IV, 85.

asperrimus, IV, 71.

ater, 111,426.

hrevidens, IV, 75.

C(E) ulcus, IV, 95. '

cakeolus, 111,265. '

castaneus, IV, 91.

circulus. III, 433.

— — congarceus, IV, 72.

cuprinus, IV, 94.

decisus, IV, 92.

donaciformis, HI, 267.

ebenus, IV, 8i.

elegans, IV, S3.

elUpsh, 111,268.

fahalis, IV, 86.

formosus, IV, 111.

glans, IV, 82. ' -

heterodon, HI, 428.

incurvus, IV, 97.

iris, HI, 439.

irroratus, HI, 269. Description of the oviducts, which are different from those of any other species yet

examined, 270.

lacrymosus. Ill, 272. ■ ' »

lanceolatus. III, 266.

letis, IV, SO. * -

mullipHcaius, IV, 70.

multiradiaius, III, 434. - iJk ■

AND rOURTn VOLUMES — NEW SERIES. 523

Unio multislriatus, IV, 91.

obesus,lV ,96. Erior io the locality of this species corrected, lOS.

occideiis, III, 435.

oUrarius. IV, lOS.

orieiif, IV, 73. Peculiarity in its habits, 107.

imtxtlus. III, 4^1.

perplexus, IV, 112.

pilens, IV, 119.

2^lantilalus, III, 431.

;nis/i(/i7/us, IV, 79.

2nii:tulusus, IV, 76.

pyramiJaliis, IV, 109.

rubigino^us, III, 427.

secuiis. III, 437.

sokniformis, IV, S7. Peculiarity in its habits, IOC.

stapes, IV, 77.

suboraliif:, IV, IIS.

subrotunJua, IV, 117.

sxtlcatus. III, 430.

trapezoiiies, IV, 69.

trigonus, IV, 110.

Dari'coji/s, IV, 90.

zig-zag, lit, 440.

United Stales, cnast of, papers relating (o its survey — Sec Hassler. Observations on the gcolocy of, by Wm.

Mjclnre, I, 1.
Ujierrhiza Boscii, IV, 255.
Uredo, IV, 290.

Valvata arenifera, IV, 104.

Vanishing fractions, memoir on, by J. Mansfield, I, 200.

Variation of the magnetic needle, may be found by means of a new instrument, I, 339.

Vaughan, John, letter to him, describing an Indian fort in the neiglibourbood of Lc.^innlon, Kentucky, I, 310.

Communication of an abstract and results of eight annual statements of the deaths, with di'cajes,

ages, &.C. in the city and liberties of Philadelphia, I, 430.
Vegetable moxdd, considered as a criterion of the richness of soils, I, 43. Stratum of, generally thin in all

countries, I, 173. Too deep in Kentucky to have been produced by forests growing on the spot,

179 ; and probably the produce of an uncovered bed of coal, 180.
Vegetables, decomposition of, in the atmosphere, dilferent from the same process when they are imbedded be-
tween stony strata, I, 173.
X'erpa Caroliniana, IV, 170.

Vermicidaria, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 228.
Verticiltum, synopsis of N. Aiuerican species, IV, 233.
Vibrissea truncoruni, IV, 173.
Virginia, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., I, 76. Indian names of rivers, persons, &c.,

IV, 379.
Vocabularies of the language of the Kabyles of Africa, II, 453. Of the Mozabi dialect, 462. Cornparalive, o(

the Chinese and Cochin-Chinese, brought to this country by J. White, notice respecting. III, 72

or the language of the Tuarycks of Africa, IV, 35.
Voccd sounds, seven in the English language, I, 246 and 249.
Vocals, two in the English language, I, 262.
Voice, variety of sounds produced by the human voice, I, 229.
Volcanic productions, none found east of the Mississippi, 1,23. This class of rocks has many ptopertiof

highly favourable to vegetation in its decomposed state, 60.
Volutella quercina, IV, 179.
Vowels represent the vocal sounds, I, 246.

524 INDEX TO THE FIRST FOUR VOLUMES NEW SERIES.

TVadreagans of Africa, observations on their language, manners, &c., IV, 23. Identical with the Rlelano-
GiEtulians of Ptolemy, IV, 23.

Walker, Sears C, observations of the beginning and end of the eclipse of the sun of Feb. 12, 1831, made at
Philadelphia, IV, 128.

Wallenstein, Jules de, memoir pour accompagner le tableau des observations m^teorologiques faites a Wash-
ington, depuis le 17 Avril 1823, jusqu'au 18 Avril 1824, II, 421.

Ware, JV. .5., note accompanying a fragment of the javp of a fossil animal from Missouri, IV, 405.

Washington city, abstract of calculations to ascertain the longitude of the capitol, by William Lambert, I, 103.
Plan of an observatory proposed to be built there, II, 365. Meteorological observations made there,
421. Its climate compared with that of St Petersburg, 433.

Water, Xio\. so pure in the transition formation as among the primitive rocks, 1, 53. Springs are of very different
qualities in the secondary formation, 57.

Weather, diary of, kept on the river Delaware during the years 1644 and 1645, by John Campanius, 1, 342.

Wedgetcood's pyrometer, several objections to, I, 167.

Wen, a large one successfully extirpated, I, 293.

Western States, geology of, nature of the soil, internal navigation, &c., I, 85.

West Point, altitudes of the mountains near, 1, 148.

White mountains of New Hampshire, altitudes of, 1, 149.

Winds, table of observations on them, made during twenty-six voyages to and from Europe, II, 140. Westerly
winds prevailed more than half the time during the preceding voyages, 143. Table of observations
made at Washington city, 437.

Wistar, Caspar, observations on those processes of the ethmoid bone, which originally form the sphenoidal
sinuses, I, 371. An account of two heads found in a morass called the Big Bone Lick, 375. Ac-
count of a case of disease, in which one side of the thorax was at rest, while the other performed
the motions of respiration in the usual way, I, 381.

Wood and coal, experiments on the heat evolved by their combustion, III, 1. Shell-bark hickory taken as the
standard in the above experiments, being of greater weight than any other, an<l disengaging in its
combustion an equal quantity of heat from any given weight, 21. Method of ascertaining the spe-
cific gravity of wood, 29. Method of obtaining the product of charcoal, 31. The same practised
successfully on a large scale, 33. The density or durability of the different woods, apparently not
to be attributed to the quantity of carbon they contain, 36.

Wurgelans of Africa, observations on their language, manners, &c., IV, 23. Identical with the Melano-
Ga;tulians of Ptolemy, IV, 23.

Wyoming, Indian name of, IV, 361.

Xantholinus cephalus, IV, 452.

emmesus, IV, 452.

hamatus, IV, 453. ^

Xylomacea, order of fungi, IV, 249.

yellow- stone river, fossil bone found near, IV, 405 and 403.
Tenite, of Rhode Island, notice of a new crystalline form of, II, 478.

Zeisberger, Rev. David, a grammar of the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians, III, 65. Notice

respecting him by P. S. Duponceau, 86.
Zinc, fusing temperature of, I, 169.
Zythia, synopsis of N. American species, IV, 247.

THE END.